Duk-hak, Marco Polo, and childhood friend? What is the relationship between these three?

Learn with erudition, inquire with scrutiny, think with deliberation, discern with clarity, and act with certainty.

Au Xue is a phrase from the Analects of Confucius:

" Au Xue is a good learning, keep the death of the good way, dangerous states do not enter, chaotic states do not live. "

The meaning of this sentence is that a gentleman in the world should be good at learning, and he should be able to hold on to the good way until death, so that a dangerous country will not be entered, and a chaotic country will not be inhabited. So the word "Duxue" means to be dedicated? However, we usually use "笃深" to describe very deep feelings, so does the word "笃" here also mean "dedicated"? Of course not. So how many meanings does the word "笃" have?

Duk, horse line Dunti. From the horse, bamboo sound. --Xu Shen, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"

According to Xu Shen's explanation, the character 笃 is used to describe a horse walking slowly, and is structured as a form-sound character, with horse as the form side and bamboo as the sound side.

Duan Yucai explained Xu Shen's statement in detail:

Tuk, the horse walks late. The head of the horse is like a head of the horse. The head touches the ground. The horse's behavior is solid and slow. The ancient Chinese character for Zhu was borrowed from Tuk. To all bamboo sound. The second part said. Zhu, also thick. Duk line and Zhu abolished. The exegesis said. Tuk, solid. Also said. Duk, thick also. Where the scripture passes on the word Duk, solid thick two training enough to package. Exegesis Duk Zhu and listed. All training thick. Interpretation of the name said. Duk, also build. Building, solid, also known as. Thick, after also. There will be an end afterward.


Duan Yucui believes that Duk is a pseudo-character of Zhu, which is used to express the meaning of solidity and depth, and then the character Duk was retained, but the character Zhu was rarely used again. Nowadays, we generally read Zhu as [zhú], the ancient name for India. For example, in the classic song "The Maiden of the Sky", it is only when you look up the dictionary that you realize that it is also pronounced [dǔ].

Since it's a form-sounding character, it's important to understand the meaning of the word and also the shape of the character.

The character for "杜" hasn't changed much, it's still the same upper and lower structure, but with a slightly simplified way of writing "马", which means "bamboo + horse" = "杜".

Some people explain that the character for bamboo represents a bamboo cage, and horse represents a horse's mouth, so Tuk means to put a breathable bamboo cage head on the horse's mouth, so that the horse can't chew the weeds on the side of the road, with the purpose of reducing the temptation of the grass on the horse, and increasing the horse's alertness and concentration, so that it can better serve the master, and be ridden by the people. This was a must for horse gangs in the past when one person drove more than one pack horse. In fact, not only horses, but also oxen, donkeys, and mules working in the countryside wore cage heads. This practice can still be seen in some rural areas, farmers will put a cage head on the mouth of the oxen when pulling the plow, so that the oxen can concentrate on plowing.

Cage head is mainly made of wire, bamboo, leather, hemp rope and other materials, bamboo cage head in ancient times, the majority of modern horse shows and horse racing will still use the cage head, mostly woven with leather rope. As the name suggests, the cage head is caged head, and the shape of the cage is very similar, is a set of mules and horses, such as the mouth of the mesh, like a mask worn on the head of the livestock, usually also with the nose and the set of restraints and sets, can be used to tie the reins. But the most important role is not this, cage head is mainly to prevent livestock tearing, nibbling crops, stealing mouth, etc., but also driving function. When plowing with horses or pulling mills with mules, the owner would put the cage head on them, so as to prevent it from eating the grain in the crops and mills. When going out to pull something, in order to prevent them from moving around looking for something to eat, affecting the walking speed or work efficiency, will also give it to wear a cage head.

" Horses without cages - not easy to manipulate"

This hiatus is used to describe those who lack discipline and are not good at managing and dominating.

"Horse ants wearing a cage head - to small to big",

this sentence refers to those who can not bear the heavy responsibility.

Horse ants wearing cage heads

In some places, horse ants are treated as the same thing as horse chewers, but there is a difference between the two.

First of all, the cage head is covered on the head, and the chew is put on the mouth. Secondly, the cage head is very light, mostly bamboo, rope made; chew very heavy, iron. A horse's chew, also called a mouthpiece or armature, refers to the metal part of the implement that is attached to the reins and put over the horse's mouth. It is used to control the horse's movement well. Once again, there are many different shapes of horse chews, the most common being movable, and different types of horses require different types of chews. Finally, the cage head is usually used when working, but the chew is usually essential, especially for horses. Whether it's a Mongolian horse that you ride and sit on daily or a horse on the racetrack, you need to have a horse chew. Riders who want to control the speed of the horse's traveling or want the horse to stop can do so by pulling the reins. Because when the rider pulls the reins, the horse chew is pulled in the horse's mouth, and the horse can receive the command from the owner.

Atsu: bamboo horse.

In addition to indicating that the oxen and horses wear bamboo cages, there are people who believe that the character 笃 is bamboo horse, indicating fixed immobility, which is derived as persistence, solidity .

Riding a bamboo horse is an ancient children's game, is a bamboo pole as a horse, "riding" between the two crotches, - hand holding the pole head, pole tail trailing the ground, running like a horseback riding, so it is called riding a bamboo horse. Modern also have similar children's toys, is a common wooden horse, can be swayed back and forth. The ancient bamboo horse is fixed, can not be flexible like modern toys can be shaken. Therefore, the word "duk" has the meaning of fixed, which is derived from the meaning of perseverance and stability.

The birth of this game and the role of the horse is inseparable. In ancient times, often war, men on the battlefield, war horse neighing, the children of the family also went to the battlefield to kill the enemy as the ideal, to do the game also imitated the war, learning to ride a bamboo horse, but also the competition, the winner can be called "Bamboo Horse General". From the Three Kingdoms to the North and South Dynasties, many famous generals, such as Xiahou Yuan's third son Xiahou Heng, sixteen countries after the cool Lord Lv Guang, when they were young, are locally famous "Bamboo Horse General". It can almost be said that the history of wild horses domesticated by humans as war horses for as long as the history of children riding bamboo horse games.

The first written records of the bamboo horse game in the Han Dynasty.

"After the Han Book - Guo Kai biography" recorded that Guo Kai for the official y loved by the people. When he was passing through the west river Jibei, the children rode their bamboo horses along the road to greet him, and said that they would see him off when he returned.

When Guo Kai started to arrive at Xingbu, he was greeted by hundreds of children on bamboo horses when he arrived at Xiehe Meiji.

When Guo Kai arrived at Xingbu, he was greeted by hundreds of children on bamboo horses.

The idiom of "Bamboo and Horses" is derived from the idiom of "Bamboo and Horses", which is often used to praise the virtues of local officials, such as

When the children were greeted by the bamboo and horses, the two old men saw each other for the first time in the orchid goblets.

The children were not yet acquainted with each other, but the bamboo horses were eager to see you. --Meng Jiao "Sending the State Li Dafu"

"Shishu Xinyun" also has a record of the bamboo horse game:

? Duke Huan said to all of them, "When I was young, I rode a bamboo horse with Yuan Yuan***." --Liu Yiqing, "Shishu Xinyu - Pinzao"

Bamboo horses were extremely common in the Tang Dynasty, and Tang poems often describe riding bamboo horses as a representative game of childhood.

The children rode the bamboo horses with a smile, and the drunken guests were taken to the immortal boat.

The most famous is Li Bai's "Changganxing":

Lang rode a bamboo horse, and went around the bed to get plums. I'm not sure if you're going to be able to get a good deal on this, but I'm sure you're going to be able to get a good deal on this. The two of them are not in conflict with each other.

The term "bamboo" is used to describe the innocence and intimacy of children. If there is a childhood experience of riding bamboo horses together, it can be regarded as a young acquaintance, then grown up will be called "bamboo horse good" or "bamboo horse", these two idioms describe the childhood is very good friends, mostly used to refer to the male, because the enthusiasm for riding bamboo horses are mostly The two idioms describe very close friends in childhood.

By the Song Dynasty, the bamboo horseback riding had evolved into a folk dance with a very local flavor, called "Bamboo Horse Lantern", "Running Bamboo Horse" or "Bamboo Horse Club". On New Year's Day, when farmers have nothing to do, men, women and children will form a bamboo horse lamp team, blowing and beating, walking and dancing. The bamboo horse is made of bamboo scissors, with several layers of thick paper glued on the surface, painted with colorful materials, and then coated with tung oil. The horse's neck is tied with a bell, and the sides of the horse's belly are painted with false legs and feet in the shape of a horse. The number of bamboo horse dance actors can be more or less, a person can be riding, jumping and other performances, known as the sole horse, two people more performances, "the little couple back to the mother's home", four people more performances, "three Ying war Lu Bu" and so on. Now the rural social fire show still retains this form of performance.

The written records of the bamboo horse game was first seen in the Han Dynasty, and the Dunhuang murals of the children riding the bamboo horse map, is China's earliest children's riding bamboo horse map, a true depiction of the life scene, a realistic reproduction of the children circulated in the simple and easy to implement the "bamboo horse" image. To be precise, a simple bamboo pole on the crotch of the bamboo horse game, in the 1960s in urban and rural children and teenagers are still popular, but different areas of the material used in different local conditions, called also different. The bamboo horse of that time was relatively simple, just a small bamboo pole or a small wooden stick, or even a broomstick. Compared to the Song dynasty portrait stone in the production of beautiful bamboo horse, Dunhuang murals in the bamboo horse is closer to the modern reality, but also the longest circulation of the bamboo horse game.

Dǔ

① In this sense, the horse is slow.

This meaning is only found in ancient texts, such as dǔ dǔ mu mu (盘旋旋旋旋)

② adjective: the horse's mouth over the bamboo cage, so that it concentrates. Concentrated, dedicated, loyal .

e.g. Duding , Duding , Duding learning , Duding Zhi

Friends are not Duding , not filial.

Friends who are not assured, are not filial. Filial Piety

The prudent thinking, discernment, and surety of action. --Li Ji ? Zhongyong (The Mean)

He is a man of assured learning and strong memory, respectful and thrifty, and filial.



Song? Su Shi, "Shao Mao Cheng Poetry Collection"

③ adjective: thick, deep.

e.g. Atsushi, Atsushi deep, Atsushi sick

Sun Quan is sick Atsushi .

Sun Quan is very sick. Zhuge Liang's Biography

Large and Atsu .

Sun Quan is very sick. Tang Style. Pepper Chat

I am very pleased with you, and I will never forget you.

I am proud of my virtue, and I will never forget it.

I am not assured of my duty, and my work is very shallow. Liu Zongyuan's "Reply to Wei Zhongli's Book on the Way of the Master"

④ Adverb: very y.

e.g. Duchen, Duchen?

⑤ Elephantine.

e.g. Duk Duk (onomatopoeia, the sound of a horse's hooves), Duk Duk Duk (the sound of a monk's wooden fish striking when he recites sutras), Duk Suk (the sound of a horse's hooves)