How many heating modes are there in China? Please elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages.

(1) Advantages and disadvantages of various heating methods on the market at present.

As we all know, the traditional coal-fired boiler is gradually replaced by a new heating mode because of environmental pollution, and the mode of using coal as heat source has changed. In addition to urban cogeneration central heating, other coal-fired boiler rooms of different sizes are faced with the task of changing coal into gas, and the heating cost and heating cost will also rise. Although the central heating system with urban heating network, regional heating network or large centralized boiler room as heat source is still the main body of urban residential heating mode. However, household heat metering in China has entered the stage of gradual implementation from the pilot stage.

In recent years, many new residential quarters in China have adopted some new heating facilities. Comparing and analyzing these heating methods, there are roughly the following kinds:

1, household central air conditioning system

Type: air cooling and water cooling.

Advantages: high grade, good appearance and high comfort. "Air cooling" with fresh air system is more comfortable. When buying a house with central air conditioning system, developers usually give it away for free.

Disadvantages: The cost is high, each set is worth tens of thousands of yuan, the paving cost per square meter is as high as 500 yuan, and the operating cost is high (mostly for electricity). It is mostly used in hotels and high-end apartments, which is not suitable for most ordinary families.

2. Floor radiant heating

Type: Heat source can be provided by domestic gas heating stove, municipal heating pipe network, residential boiler room and other different ways, as a "substitute radiator" buried under the floor.

Advantages: the ground temperature is uniform, the room temperature gradually decreases from bottom to top, the comfort is high, it is very clean, and it saves energy by more than 20% compared with most heating methods; Can increase the indoor use area by 2% to 3%, which is convenient for decoration and furniture placement; Adjust the temperature at will.

Disadvantages: it is not convenient for secondary decoration; Maintenance is troublesome, so it is necessary to choose high-tech environmental protection pipes with good pressure resistance, temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and thermal stability; It has an impact on the height of the floor, and laying pipes needs to occupy about 8 cm of space; Carpeting the floor will affect the heating effect; Over time, the furniture may be deformed.

3. Electrothermal film heating system

Type: Most of them are suspended ceilings, and a few are laid in walls or even under floors.

Advantages: less one-time investment and long service life. It is more energy-saving to use in energy-saving rooms with strong sealing, heat preservation and heat insulation, and the operating cost should be between coal and gas. Each room can adjust its own temperature. Although controversial, electric heating is definitely a trend. At the same time, Beijing requires that all new commercial houses should adopt metered heating from this year 10.

Disadvantages: High requirements for energy-saving performance of residential buildings. You can't drill holes to nail the ceiling, which will restrict residents' decoration.

4. Independent gas (or electric) heating furnace

Type: Natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gas and electricity are used as energy sources, which are divided into different types of household heating stoves.

Advantages: heating time can be set by yourself and measured by households. When there is no one at home, it is only necessary to maintain a low temperature of about 4 degrees (antifreeze effect). Some brands can also provide domestic hot water. Compared with traditional heating, it is advanced, energy-saving and safe. It can be installed on the wall or in the corner of the room, and the price is mostly from several hundred yuan to 1000 yuan.

Disadvantages: There are hidden dangers such as safety and pollution (except electric heating). It is said that high-rise residential buildings in urban areas have been largely controlled, and low-density residential buildings in suburbs are more suitable.

5. Household electric boilers

Type: divided into different imported brands.

Advantages: small floor space, simple installation, convenient operation, heating and domestic hot water supply. High comfort, suitable for large low-density houses and villas. The most advanced features are multiple time periods and different preset functions of temperature control.

Disadvantages: large initial investment and high operating cost. This product is not suitable for low-valley electric heat storage to achieve the most energy-saving effect.

6. New energy storage electric heater

Type: This is the latest electric heating furnace.

Advantages: clean, energy-saving and money-saving. It automatically turns on at eleven o'clock in the evening, stores heat while radiating, and automatically turns off the power at seven o'clock the next day, and starts to release the heat stored at night, without consuming electricity during the day.

Disadvantages: Suitable for small rooms. It has just been tried out, and the product quality and technology need to be further tested.

7. Digital module combined gas roof boiler

Digital modular gas-fired roof boiler is a high-tech product introduced from abroad in recent years. However, there are still potential safety hazards and environmental pollution problems in this product, as well as softening heating water and descaling boilers and pipelines. It has been forbidden to be installed on the top floor of the building.

8. Water source heat pump air conditioning system

Using water source heat pump air conditioning system, it is necessary to set up underground compensation backwater equipment and centralized circulating water system. In addition to increasing the scale of investment, it will also involve many complex factors such as water resources and environmental protection, which is difficult to implement. In water-deficient areas, it is forbidden to use such equipment.

(2) Scientific analysis of heating mode

1, what kind of heating method is the most scientific?

Some people think that all modern heating equipment is scientific, environmentally friendly, energy-saving and applicable, which is actually a misunderstanding. For example, although the oil-gas heater is a modern heating equipment, although it has an automatic alarm and shutdown device for oil-gas leakage, the reliability of electronic equipment cannot reach 100%. If the leakage point is not in the detection area, or because of wind and other reasons, the leakage concentration cannot reach the alarm and shutdown standard of the detection point, and the power supply system fails, the automatic alarm and shutdown device will not work normally.

Because the heating system of oil-fired and gas-fired boilers is a closed-loop system, the pressure in the boiler rises sharply due to combustion, and it may explode at any time. Although oil and gas stoves have the functions of temperature and pressure detection and protection, these detection and protection functions also have reliability problems. If the maintenance is not timely, the consequences will be unimaginable.

When you go out or have to stop the furnace for some time for other reasons, don't forget to drain the water in the system, otherwise the pipes and water storage tanks may freeze.

Domestic oil and gas stoves need a lot of oxygen when they work. When we close doors and windows to save energy, it not only competes with us for limited indoor oxygen, but also causes local air pollution. If the whole community uses domestic oil-gas stoves for heating, people will be in a relatively large air pollution area and their health will be endangered.

It is a very difficult problem to clean the burners and pipes of oil and gas stoves. Domestic tap water is "hard" water rich in minerals. It is impossible for us to soften the water in the system like the heating company to ensure that the boiler will not scale for a long time; It is also impossible for us to add scale remover to water regularly, clean and remove dirt by ourselves, like small and medium-sized boilers. Then we can only adopt the method of regular cleaning, which is really a very troublesome and difficult thing for our family. In the heating system, pipes are mostly corrosion-resistant steel pipes, and radiators are mostly cast iron or steel. The corrosion of high-temperature water will be aggravated, the service life will be greatly shortened, the safety will be reduced and the maintenance cost will be greatly increased.

Electric water heaters and central heating electric boilers suitable for household use can replace gas heaters with unsatisfactory thermal efficiency, safety and environmental protection, but at present, the single type and variety of this product is its fatal weakness, and its equipment capacity, single household power supply capacity and whole building power supply capacity still need scientific data basis. Especially, the combination of heating water and domestic hot water is difficult to avoid scaling under the condition of water hardness in Beijing, which will affect the heat conversion efficiency and the service life of the system.

Whenever water is used as heat transfer medium, there are problems of softening heating water and descaling boilers and pipelines. The problems such as running, leaking, dripping and leaking of the system are inseparable from a lot of maintenance and nursing work. In particular, the water heating and floor heating technology requires extremely high installation quality and materials of the system, which is slightly negligent and the consequences are unimaginable. After the water heating and floor heating technology was adopted in a residential area in Beijing, 30 property maintenance personnel only paid 1 10,000 yuan in maintenance compensation in less than one year.

It can be seen that modern heating methods may not be suitable for the needs of ordinary people. What ordinary people need is a heating method that is scientific, safe, environmentally friendly, economical, convenient, comfortable and energy-saving, but many developers and relevant leaders have not really considered this.

2. Electric heating will be the main heating mode in the future.

Heating seems trivial, however, with the sustained development of social economy, residents' requirements for heating are becoming more and more prominent, which has become a major event related to national environmental protection policy, reform and development and social stability.

The air pollution in China is mainly soot pollution. In recent years, the national coal consumption has been high. Take Beijing as an example, it consumes 27 million tons of coal every year, and only 6 million tons of coal will be burned for heating in winter. This pollution to Beijing's atmosphere is obvious. Beijing attaches great importance to this, starting with changing the energy structure, implementing central heating and transforming coal-fired boilers to fully control soot pollution. In 2000, the transformation of more than 500 heating boilers in Chengba District 1 ton/KLOC-0 was completed. This alone can reduce the city's coal consumption by 6.5438+0.2 million tons and reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by more than 9,000 tons.

With the improvement of people's material living standards, people have new requirements for the comfort and safety of heating in winter. In the case of central heating, different floors, different orientations and other factors will cause considerable indoor temperature difference, and residents with low room temperature will naturally complain. There is no doubt about the heating quality of residential quarters and houses with gas as energy source. However, sulfur dioxide, total suspended particulate matter and inhalable particulate matter produced by gas combustion still have a certain impact on regional air quality. In addition, the problem of fire and explosion prevention of gas devices can not be ignored. Because some domestic enterprises producing this kind of boilers started late, the technology is not mature and stable enough, the safety of gas boilers can not be guaranteed enough, and some people do not install, use and maintain them properly, which makes the explosion of gas boilers hurt people from time to time.

Taking Beijing as an example, after comprehensively investigating the advantages and disadvantages of various heating methods, Beijing vigorously promotes electric heating which is land-saving, environmentally friendly, safe, reliable and convenient to charge. The pollution rate of electric heating is zero, and there are not many devices needed to realize electric heating, which is very safe. The room temperature is completely adjusted by the residents themselves. In terms of charges, households can completely eradicate intentional arrears by buying IC cards first and then using electricity. The comprehensive cost of this heating mode is lower than that of centralized coal-fired boilers and urban central heating. The total heat consumption of heating in Beijing is 6 1.8/kwh/m2/ heating season, and the cost of electric heating is 27. 19 yuan /m2/ heating season (calculated by peak-valley electricity price, it can be reduced by 30%-50%), compared with coal-fired boilers 18 yuan /m2/ heating season and cities. Under the premise that China's electricity has been relatively loose and electric heating has many obvious advantages, electric heating has become an important direction of urban heating development in the future.

3. Reasonable application of electric heating

In recent years, the power supply in many parts of the country is sufficient, and the power sector has vigorously promoted measures to encourage the use of electricity. Due to the general trend of power supply conditions, the use of electric energy for heating will have great development.

At present, electric heating used in residential buildings is mainly divided into two categories.

One is an electric boiler. The difference between this kind of equipment and the traditional heating method is only to reduce environmental pollution, and other aspects have not changed much, and even the cost has increased, which is unacceptable to ordinary people.

The second category refers to the electrothermal radiation heating system, which is a new heating method that uses electricity as energy and transmits heat through infrared radiation, including electrothermal film, heating cable and electrothermal plate. However, in order to apply this heating method reasonably, people need to know some of its characteristics.

First of all, building envelope must save energy: different building envelope, heating system design heat load is different. Only when installed according to the design capacity can the designed heating temperature be reached. The better the thermal insulation performance of the building, the lower the operating cost of heating. The external wall of the building must be provided with insulation layer, which should meet the requirements of energy-saving design standards for civil buildings. Building doors and windows must use energy-saving doors and windows, the roof should have insulation layer, and the first floor should have insulation layer to reduce heat loss.

Second, the building height should be appropriate: the low-temperature radiant electrothermal film heating system and geothermal cable are suitable for energy-saving buildings with a heating height not exceeding 3.5m and a height not lower than the use requirements. If the height is greater than or lower than the relative height, other supporting heating equipment can be used.

Third, the power distribution of buildings should be appropriate: when installing electric heating systems, the number of installations and local power policies should be comprehensively considered, and there are enough power resources, and the local electricity price should be considered as appropriate. The problem of capacity expansion should be considered in the renovation of old houses, and the design should be carried out by professional HVAC and electrical engineers according to the thermal calculation data.

Fourthly, there are many factors that affect the operation: because electric heating can be controlled by each household, when the neighboring households turn off electric heating for reasons such as going out, or when the overall occupancy rate of the whole building is less than 95%, the electricity consumption of the unit household will increase.

In addition, when there is no one at home, you must set the running temperature to avoid freezing the household's tap water pipe after turning off the electric heating.

5. The installation specification of electrothermal film heating system should be observed: any installation method that violates the installation specification of low-temperature radiation electrothermal film heating system will affect the heating effect of electrothermal film heating system and bring potential safety hazards.

The Technical Specification for the Application of Low-temperature Radiant Electrothermal Membrane Heating compiled by Beijing Building Standardization Office was approved and implemented by Beijing Construction Committee and Beijing Planning Committee on September 28th, 2002.

To sum up, electric heating not only has many advantages that other heating methods do not have, but also has some corresponding problems. According to the different economic conditions in different regions of our country, we should fully consider the economic affordability of local residents, and rationally adopt electric heating according to the different needs of various residential users, as well as technical conditions, economic benefits and property management.

4. Power policy support

In recent years, the power supply in many parts of the country is sufficient, and the power sector has vigorously promoted measures to encourage the use of electricity. For example, in September 2002 1, the Beijing Municipal Economic Commission issued "Preferential Policies and Measures for Electricity Consumption in Low Valley of Electric Heating in Beijing" (J.D.C. [2002] No.65438 document +02 1), pointing out that "electric heating users spend every year to March of the following year1. Starting from 165438+ 10/in 2002. Due to the general trend of continuous improvement of power supply conditions, the use of electric energy for heating will be greatly developed and the preferential conditions will be continuously improved.