What are the three major printing technologies in ancient China?

They are batik, twisted valerian (tie-dyeing) and sandwich valerian (openwork printing).

There were three printing techniques in ancient China, namely batik, tie-dyeing and ribbon-cutting (openwork printing). Batik is an ancient traditional textile printing and dyeing handicraft of ethnic minorities in China. After painting flowers on the cloth with a wax knife dipped in molten wax, impregnating with fuel and dyeing to remove wax, the cloth surface presents various patterns of white flowers on a blue background or blue flowers on a white background. In impregnation, it naturally cracks as resist agent wax, which makes the cloth surface show special cracks.

Tie-dyeing, called twisted valerian in ancient times, is commonly known as tie-flower. It's a dyeing method that ties the fabric partially so that it can't be dyed. This is a traditional hand dyeing technique in China.

Jiawale is a traditional and unique dyeing process of Han nationality, and it is a process method of dyeing with chuck. A clamp is two matching flower plates engraved with patterns, which clamp the cloth for dyeing.