Ming Xuande blue and white porcelain material and the characteristics of decoration

The blue and white porcelain was produced in the Tang Dynasty, in the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen firing technology of blue and white porcelain is becoming more and more mature, to the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, the blue and white porcelain in the firing technology reached a peak, so that the ceramic industry has "blue and white first Xuande" said. Xuande blue and white porcelain beautiful shape, a variety of types, mainly to the daily life of the main utensils, such as bowls, plates, jars and so on.

Xuande period, there are "all the materials are ready, the blue and white is expensive" said. History shows that the Xuande blue and white mostly with Zheng He brought back from the Western "Su Nai Boqing" cobalt material, color deep bright, such as sapphire, often between the lines of the halo phenomenon, such as ink painting ink halo, coupled with scattered black spots, so that the picture produces extraordinary artistic effect.

After the innovation and development of the Ming Yongle period, the Xuande dynasty became an important period in the development of Ming dynasty blue and white porcelain. Xuande period of political stability, economic development is faster, the world is more affluent, for the development of porcelain industry provides a good social environment. Coupled with the Xuande emperor himself loves art, good at painting and calligraphy, under his advocacy, the prevalence of art, the creation of blue and white porcelain also has a certain impact.

The Xuande official kiln green flower production process is mature, with a wide range of decorations, floral, animal, human and geometric can be seen, especially the twining lotus and Baoxiang flowers for more. Characteristic motifs include: dragons with open mouths and tongues, high protruding upper jaws, fat bodies, vertical hair, hair and front hair, five-clawed dragons with their claws and toes connected to a circle before and after; back to the body of the brushstrokes connected to the body, not see two groups of paintings at the beginning of the Ming dynasty; swallow leaves in the stem with a thicker double line hooked to the tip of the leaves, not to the tip of the triangle; lotus petals not filled with color and petals full of color in the heart; and with the court of the court of the color of the ladies, and so on.

Xuande folk kiln blue and white there are two kinds of thick and thin, painting brushwork is diverse, sparse and simple decoration. First seen along the mouth of the Sanskrit one week for decoration. Bowl heart clerical and cursive "Fu" character, or spiral flower heart, plum branches, wheel leaf lotus, twining branch lotus. The outer wall decoration has twining branches of lotus to eight treasures, spiral structure with hydrangea, spiral seawater cloud pattern. Flower center arrangement such as pineapple scales, flowers and leaves fat and short twining branch lotus. Folk kiln blue and white mostly more concise generalization, strength and quality is slightly inferior to the official kilns, glaze is less moist, painting method is free and easy, with a more haphazard brush, the picture composition is very concerned about the mood, full of folk life, lively and interesting. Folk kiln ware carcass made of porcelain stone and kaolin, white, porcelain degree is good, compared with Yongle folk kiln ware carcass thinning. Colored mostly light egg green, glaze fat and shiny, glaze with bubbles and orange peel brown eyes.

Xuande blue body thicker than the Yongle dynasty, tire precision and delicate, white and hard. Plum vase, large plate, large jar is mostly unglazed white sandy bottom, very smooth by hand, foot edge has flint red spots. Small and medium-sized wares are glazed. The glaze is fat and moist, soft luster is not blinding, more white in green, commonly known as "bright green glaze". The glaze is not flat, like orange peel, commonly known as "orange peel glaze", very few have open flakes. If observed under high magnification, the glaze is full of small and large bubbles, even small bubbles rubbing large bubbles. Xuande dynasty, no matter what varieties of porcelain, almost all of this glaze.

The blue and white materials are imported, domestic two kinds of imported Suma Li Qing material depicted mainly. Ming Wanli years Wang Shimao "Peeping day outside multiply" book records: "I dynasty is set up exclusively in the floating Liang County of Jingdezhen, Yongle Xuande between the House of firing, so far for the expensive, when it is sweet white to the eye for the usual to the Suma from the green for the decorative". Qing dynasty Lanpu "jingdezhen pottery record" has also been mentioned. A line of pat line collection collection, one three one land seven seven two, seven seven land eight Ms. Wang. Painting decorations are used alone, but also mixed use, often according to the different decorations and decide to use that kind of cobalt material to depict that part of the decorations. When drawing often use domestic materials to outline the line, imported materials rendering.

Suma Li Qing this imported green material, iron content is particularly high, low manganese content, so called "high iron and low manganese" material. Suma Li Qing hair color deep and colorful, in the case of a good atmosphere in the fire can be burned out of the gem-like color; high iron content is easy to make the hair color dark blue, color cohesion thick place will form a black-brown crystalline spots, in a certain light under the color of the tin light, and was a triangular crystallization, hand stroking glaze surface unevenness. If the glaze layer here is thin will appear dry, no light phenomenon; domestic cobalt material presents a color blue with gray, no black-brown rust crystalline spots; another light color, there is a halo phenomenon, elegant color; in the imported and domestic two kinds of color mixing, color bright, color heavy and light, with the characteristics of two kinds of cobalt material.

Ming Xuande Blue and White Dragon Flat Vase

This vase has a rounded mouth with a slightly flared rim, a long neck that widens from the top to the bottom, a flattened rounded belly, and an oval shallow footrim. It is decorated in blue and white, with the mouth and neck of the bottle painted with one week each of scrolling grass and twining lotus. Abdomen for the blue and white seawater dragon pattern, a strong and powerful white dragon in the boundless sea swimming, the white dragon back to the body of the curved, hair and beard fluttering, limbs outstretched, out of the blue. Green and white waves rolling up and down, surging, and see a little black spots, with the sky, water splash, face to face. Especially with the blue and white dragon eyes, the more apparent.

A fine and rare imperial bowl with a fine and rare imperial bowl of a fine and rare emperor with a fine and rare bowl of a fine and rare emperor. A fine and rare bowl with a deep walled, slightly folded back, convexly decorated with a pair of stringed bowls, the mouth with a protruding neck. The bowl is decorated with a fine bowl of blue and indigo, the upper part of which is decorated with twining lotus flowers, which are in full bloom, and the upper part of which is decorated with Buddhist symbols, such as the wheel of the law, the snail, the precious stone, the precious umbrella, the lotus flower, the two fishes, the precious vase, and the dish, decorated with a band of flowers and decorated with extended branches of curling leaves, which bring to light the fullness of the Buddha's wisdom. String pattern under the folding waist to add another branch of flowers, simple and elegant. The rounded dome of the bowl is painted in blue and white, with a lotus flower in the center, its stamens slightly convex, and a fine and rare bowl with a fine and rare decoration. Inside the cover and in the heart of the bowl are inscribed in blue and white with six characters in regular script, only the latter being double-circled. The bowl is a fine example of the eight auspicious elements, and the bowl is a good example of the Buddha's teachings, which are widely practiced. Such Xuande heavy, the source of the thread, rare, as few as a morning star.

Ming Xuande celadon twining flowers Tianqiu vase

Yong Xuan celadon set of ancient and modern essence, the integration of Chinese and foreign styles, has always been a model for the celadon porcelain, its color and luster, exquisite style, treasures, is the peak of the development of celadon porcelain, the later generation doubly respected, much imitation, far-reaching impact. This piece of blue and white twining flowers Tianqiu vase, that is, for the Xuande dynasty of blue and white works in the classic works. The bottle is rounded and upright, with a slightly flared mouth, long neck, bulging belly, and rounded foot. The whole body is decorated in blue and white, with the abdomen painted with entwined floral motifs, the branches and leaves are entwined in a dense and sparse manner, and the delicate flowers are distributed among them, making them particularly eye-catching. The shoulders and neck are painted with a variation of the lotus petal pattern. The whole vessel is white and creamy, the blue and white color is pure, the painting work is skillful, the lines are smooth, and it has excellent visual effect.

Xuande blue and white porcelain to win the decoration, decoration painted very rules, never out of the border line. Painting brush and outline rendering two kinds of solid brush, solid brush is mostly fine lines, outline rendering more coarse lines and ornamentation, smooth lines, clear lines, a sense of completion. Decoration rough, random drawing without outline, commonly known as "a point painting".

The decorative material range is relatively broad, flowers, birds, fish and insects, people and landscapes are omnipresent. Pattern painting, the use of small brush rendering fill color, due to the pen small dip material is limited, need to constantly re-dip material painting, which makes the pattern leaves many shades of brushstroke marks. Its composition are to achieve generalization, exaggeration and trade-offs, enhanced decorative. In addition, Xuande blue and white decoration is also used in combination with molding, engraving and other methods. In summary, Xuande blue and white decoration is a wide range of materials, composition with new ideas, rich decorative techniques, painting is magnificent, with a strong artistic influence.

The main pattern is twining and folding flowers, twining peony, twining lotus, twining chrysanthemums, twining lingzhi, twining marionette, pine and bamboo repentance, Baoxiang flower, gardenia, Ganoderma lucidum, lilies, bunch of Lotus, camellia, loquat, daylily, lotus lotus, bamboo and stone Basho. The most common is depicted with a combination of camellias, chrysanthemums, peonies, and lotus flowers. And often several kinds of flowers are interlaced and repeated. Tangled lotus is also more common in Xuande blue and white porcelain, mostly bilateral lotus petals. Depicted very fluent, rough lines, free and lively, painting layout according to the type of ware to pay attention to changes, both flexible and changeable and have a strong regularity, showing that the decorative art of the time and skillful painting skills.