The Tusi system of Mo Tusi government office

"Tusi system" is the national policy used by the ruling class of feudal dynasty to solve the problem of ethnic minorities in the southwestern part of the country, the meaning of which is to tie up and not to extinguish, still following the "tie up system" of Tang Dynasty. Politically, it consolidated its rule, economically, it allowed the original production mode to be maintained, and it was satisfied with the collection of tribute. Therefore, it was a system of oppressing the minorities both politically and economically. The Tusi system of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region started from the "tie-up system" in Tang Dynasty, formed in Song Dynasty, flourished in Ming Dynasty, collapsed in Qing Dynasty and ended in the beginning of the 20th century, which is more than 1,000 years long.

The Tusi system in the Zhuang area originated from the civil servants of the Qin and Han Dynasties, started from the tie-up system of the Tang and Song Dynasties, was formed and developed in the Yuan Dynasty, flourished in the Ming Dynasty, collapsed in the Qing Dynasty, and died in the period of the Republic of China. Tusi system from the beginning to the demise of more than 1,000 years of long history.

The legacy of the Zhuang Tusi system -- Nong's Tusi Yamen

Tusi system is also known as the "Tujia system". In Guangxi, the rulers implemented the Tusi system with the aim of "ruling the barbarians with the barbarians". In Tang and Song Dynasty, the system was called tie-up state system, and local ethnic leaders were appointed by the central dynasty to be the civil officials of the government, state and county. Yuan Dynasty strengthened the military rule, and set up the military officials such as envoys, envoys, pacifiers, envoys, and chiefs of the government. Ming inherited the system of Song and Yuan, and further improved the system of assessment, appointment and dismissal, tribute, and conscription of native officials.　　Tusi system is essentially a feudal lordship system, Tujia is both the highest political ruler, but also the local lord, master of the military, political and financial power, the serfs have the right of "life, death and deprivation". Tusi system set up a set of strict ruling institutions, governance jurisdiction of political, economic, cultural and litigation, penalties and so on. Politically, it relied on the feudal dynasty, hereditary title, border division, and militarily, the implementation of the system of native soldiers, in order to plant the official field, military service, the serfs organized into the native official armed forces, to maintain the rule of the native officials and for the dynasty to conscript. Economically, the native officials were the highest owners of the land under their jurisdiction, and they practiced economic exploitation such as labor rent and rent in kind. Cultural and educational aspects, the people are not allowed to Tusi system is a feudal lord system, although more backward than the feudal system, but in certain historical conditions suitable for the minority areas of a special system, the minority areas of the improvement of productive forces, socio-economic development, and to strengthen the exchange and integration of ethnic groups, to safeguard the unity of the multi-ethnic state has played a positive role.

Guangxi region tusi system existed for hundreds of years, now Guangxi still has rich cultural heritage of tusi, mainly tombs, sites and cultural relics. Most of the tombs are Ming and Qing Dynasty tombs, which are generally composed of sealing mound, tomb room, tomb enclosure, altar and Shinto path. There are single burials as well as joint burials, and the burial style is once. Ming Dynasty Tusi tomb sealing mound for bun-shaped or helmet-shaped, Qing Dynasty Tusi tomb is more for the word tower type or pavilion type. Tusi ruins are ancient city ruins, yamen ruins, military ruins, road ruins, temples, towers, pavilions, bridges, stone carvings and so on. Cultural relics include jade, iron, gold, inscriptions, stone carvings, seals and so on. These cultural heritages are precious historical materials for studying the politics, economy and culture of the Tusi system in the Zhuang region.

The influence of the Toji system on the politics, economy and culture of the Zhuang region

The influence of the Toji system on the politics, economy and culture of the Zhuang region was multifaceted. The central dynasty appointed prestigious and powerful leaders of local ethnic minorities as officials, divided their boundaries, made them lead their own land and people, and maintained their original social structure, economic patterns and customs, which eased the conflicts between the central dynasty and the border ethnic minorities, kept the social stability of the ethnic areas, and thus promoted their economic and cultural development. At the same time, the two-way cultural exchanges between the Zhuang region and the Han people also had a far-reaching impact on the politics and culture of the Zhuang region.　　The book "Traditional Zhuang Culture and Modernization" (Guangxi People's Publishing House, 1998), edited by Zhou Guangda, summarizes the basic features of the traditional Zhuang culture as uniqueness, ****hua, inclusiveness and duality. Its inclusiveness is mainly reflected in: ① a lot of Tusi head of Chinese culture level is high, absorbed a lot of knowledge of Chinese culture. ② Some of the Zhuang region's officers and native people were originally Han Chinese or other ethnic minorities, after the strong Zhuang culture has been melted. (3) The Tusi system was originally a tool of the feudal dynasty to oppress the people, but the people were easy to obey, so it could exist for a long time. Combined with historical facts, it can be affirmed that the cultural exchanges between Zhuang and Han during the period of the Tusi system had greater development than before, and medicine is an important part of culture, so in the two-way exchanges between Zhuang and Han cultures, the Zhuang medicine also got greater development.

Promotion of Zhuang medicine

As mentioned before, the Toji system has promoted the political stability and economic and cultural development of the Zhuang area under the specific historical conditions, and at the same time, the Toji system has promoted the Zhuang medicine, which is shown as follows:

The heritage of Zhuang Toji system- Nong's Tusi Yamen

1. Medical institutions under the Tusi system Under the Tusi system, there are official medical institutions, and a certain number of full-time medical personnel in the official and private sectors, which is clearly recorded in the local records. According to incomplete statistics, the Ming Dynasty Jiajing ten years (1531) more than 40 states and counties in Guangxi Zhuang settlement of the Tusi have a medical department, such as Qingyuanfu, Si'en County, Tianhe County, Wuyuan County, Yongchun County, Nanningfu and so on (all for the Zhuang settlement). The medical officers of these medical departments are natives, and there are also people who specialize in medicine among the families of the Toji (see Chapter 5, Section 5 for details), which shows that Zhuang medicine has a certain social status under the Toji system, and this is one of the aspects of the Toji system that promotes the role of Zhuang medicine.　　2. The importance of the native officials to Zhuang medicine The importance of the native officials to Zhuang medicine is manifested in the worship and commemoration of famous doctors, god doctors and medicine kings, as well as some commendatory measures to national medicine.　　In the Qing Dynasty, it is recorded in the Records of Ningming Prefecture - Volume 1 - Ancestral Shrines and Temples that the Temple of Medical Spirit is located at the foot of the city near the east gate. Yi Ning County Records - Volume 43 - Ancestral Halls and Sacrifices" said: "Medicine King Temple, in the North Gate Street, the left side of the Dongyue Temple. Liuzhou County Records - Volume III, said: Medicine King Temple, in the West Gate. And so on. Before the Qing Dynasty, the Zhuang region basically no Western medicine, Chinese medicine is not many. These were set up to commemorate the temple doctor, medicine king, although not marked out the name, but to a large extent can be said to be a folk doctor, in the Zhuang region that is the Zhuang doctor, because of their medical skills, can relieve the pain of disease for patients as well as their noble medical ethics and by the masses of the people's admiration. Xincheng Tusi Yamen nearby, there is still a temple built in the Qing Dynasty Sanjie Temple, Sanjie is an internal medicine, external medicine, the five senses are proficient in the divine doctor, and very famous, to set up a temple to enjoy the people's incense. The fact that the temple can be built next to the government office of the Tusi can also reflect the lofty image of this divine doctor in the minds of the Tusi officials and the local people.　　Toast on the national medicine to take some commendation measures, for the development of national medicine, should also have a certain role in promoting. Guangxi Qingyuan Xie left camp three division general (name of the native official) Li Mou presented to the famous doctor Tan Jingxiu a plaque, the book of the four words of the wonderful hand; some folk Zhuang doctor because of the medical skill, moral and respected and was selected as a local celebrity local history, such as "Rongxian County" : Lu Shunde, the ancient Ding village people, the grant of the fine medical science, authored the "treatment of parasites of the new formula" a book. Xiangxian County Record: Hood Deborne, a native of Tonggeng Village ...... is good at treating bruises. Sanjiang County Records: Hou Difu, Jialin Village, Zhaizhuang Township ...... good at pulse and using herbal medicine. And so on. It is because of the Zhuang medicine in the Tusi system by a certain degree of attention to some special diagnostic and treatment methods and prescription, secret formula to be summarized initially and gradually improve, such as the Zhuang medicine shallow prick therapy, Zhan Ma rescue method, Artemisia twisted juice taken internally to cure miasma, etc., as early as the Song Dynasty documents have been recorded. Southern Song Dynasty medical book classification, also appeared in the "Ling South" category (specializing in the Lingnan minority medical prescription). Qing Dynasty "Liucheng County Zhi" pointed out that: patients take medicine, not all limited to Zhongjing Shuhua, between one or two flavors of herbs used in the strange and effective. Other acupuncture and moxibustion, to women are especially good at. The famous Zhuang medicine line point moxibustion therapy, its main heir is the end of the Qing Dynasty, the early Republic of Liujiang female Zhuang medical Kai Qin.

Negative impact on Zhuang medicine

Politically, the Tusi system is a product of the national oppression policy of using barbarians to control barbarians. The Tugong was the ruler of the area which was granted by the feudal dynasty and dominated exclusively. In the area ruled by the Shi Shi, the Tugong both hold the political privileges, but also fully control the economic sphere, this feudal territorial dictatorship than its former slavery, although it is the progress of society , but it is not what the ideal paradise, but has its reactionary, sinful, brutal side, especially the development of the system of the Tugong to the late Ming Dynasty, the decadent degenerative more clearly manifested itself. Tuji self-reliant male long, arbitrary, power desire expansion, often occur between the Tuji armed intrusion. In the toast family within, also often because of the competition for the official position and kill each other. As a result of the long years of war, frequent war, seriously hindered the development of social productive forces in the Zhuang region.

The legacy of the Zhuang Tusi system--The East Flower Hall of the Mo Tusi Yamen

The low level of productivity development has affected the further development of Zhuang medicine from the economic base. First of all, the professional Zhuang medical team is restricted, especially to the government-run medical institutions in the Zhuang doctors, the number of even fewer, the vast majority of Zhuang doctors, can only be scattered in the folk medical practice. In the late Qing Dynasty, some folk compilation of local records, although there are still records of the Medical Department, in fact, these institutions have long disappeared, but also failed to rebuild. This situation directly affects the academic development of Zhuang medicine. Secondly, due to the subdivision is not fine, most of the Zhuang medical treatment methods can only stay in the experience stage, failed to further improve, and some even due to a lack of successors and drowning lost. Tusi conquests for years, for poison, poisoned arrows and other things, as one of the important weapons, is more important, and for the folk of common diseases, diseases, endemic disease prevention and treatment, is not enough attention, and thus stagnate the development of the prevention and treatment of these diseases.　　The narrow, conservative and closed ideology under the Tusi system is also a negative factor that cannot be ignored for the development of Zhuang medicine. According to the literature, Ge Hong and other medical scientists in the Jin Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan and other literati officials in the Tang Dynasty, have spread Chinese medicine to the Zhuang area; the early years of the Song Dynasty, Wei Ping, Guangnan West Road, Chen Yaosuo set of test formula carved stone Gui Zhou stage, the governor of Yongzhou, Fan Min, ordered the ban on obscene rituals, the city drug to treatment, and engraved the book of the treatment of the book, placed in the wall of the hall. The aforementioned people for the promotion of traditional Chinese medicine has done a certain amount of work, but due to the backwardness, conservatism and closure of the Tusi system, the Zhuang region of traditional Chinese medicine is underdeveloped. Such as the Zhuang settlement of Jingxi County until the eve of liberation is only one or two Chinese medicine stores in the county. Some have read a few books of Chinese medicine folk doctors, a clinical prescription, patients served with fewer than the test. This is probably due to the fact that there was a lack of subtlety and adaptability. This means that the doctors were not very good at what they did. From this, we can see that under the Tusi system, Chinese medicine, which had a relatively complete theoretical system, was not able to influence and penetrate into Zhuang medicine to a large extent, which was unfavorable to the development and improvement of Zhuang medicine. In addition, under the Tusi system, Zhuang medicine is often cloaked in superstition, which restricts its development.　　Objectively evaluating the influence of the Tusi system on Zhuang medicine, it should be said that there are both positive and negative sides, which can not be denied or affirmed in full. The Tusi system has its historical merits in preserving the national and local characteristics of Zhuang medicine, and has enabled Zhuang medicine to be developed to a certain extent in the long years. In addition, in the case that the Zhuang people have not yet formed their own national standardized text, Zhuang medicine can actually be passed down through the oral teaching and part of the Chinese data, which can not help but think that there is a certain relationship with the system of the Tusi, and its positive role of the side can not be ignored.

Xincheng Mo Tushi Yamen - "Zhuangxiang Palace" (see illustration) Xincheng "Mo Tushi Yamen" in 1996 by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection units. It is China's largest existing tusi building, the most complete preservation of the tusi architectural complex, known as the "Zhuang hometown Palace". Has a high historical and cultural research value and tourism development value, is the study of the Tusi system rare physical information. Tusi Yamen received a lot of film and television artists. TV series "Liu Sanjie", "a generation of honest history Yu Chenglong" and other more than 10 works are in this shooting inside and outside the scene. Mo Tushi Yamen is also famous for this, filling the blank of Guangxi Tushi tourism.　　Xincheng "Mo Toji Yamen", was built in the Ming Dynasty Wanli ten years, the jurisdiction of the total area of 389,000 square meters, of which the building covers an area of more than 40,000 square meters of the main building by the wall, the gate, the cell, the barracks, the main hall (i.e., the head of the hall), the gallery (also known as the Hanalang), the East Flower Hall, the West Flower Hall, the second hall, the east room, the west room, the three halls, the rear garden (i.e. boudoir) and other components.　　Mo Tushi in Xincheng hereditary time up to more than 470 years, there have been four times to relocate the Yamen, originally built in the village of Gushang, then moved to the village of Panxian, and then moved to the village of Guyao. Later moved to the foot of Cuiping Mountain. Mo Toji Yamen gate on the porch of the two wooden pillars, hanging a carved couplets on the pillars. The gate is the ceremonial gate.　　Along the road in the yard pick up the stairs, came to the main hall, the hall is placed in the center of the case, the case is placed in the Hall of wood blocks and tokens, pens, inkstones and so on. After the table is active screen, hanging on the "mirror hanging high" plaque, left and right were placed on the drums, gongs each side, a variety of weapons listed in order, "shun", "silence" big sign word towering

The atmosphere of the city is very solemn and horrible.

The legacy of the Zhuang Tusi system -- Asia's first Tusi Yamen: Mo Tusi Yamen

West Hall is the first trial of the Tusi officials on the prisoners, the place of punishment. At the end of the corridor is the second hall, which is also a three-question hall, separated by screens on the left and right. The left room is where the magistrates deal with their daily affairs, with the built-in literature and four treasures; the center is the council hall, with tables and chairs, etc.; and the right room is the bedroom and study of the master. Front windows are hollowed out windows, bird and flower patterns, realistic images, lifelike. The pattern of this window is imitation of Xincheng Zhuang brocade pattern production.　　The entire Tusi Yamen building are brick and wood structure, through the frame, hard corner, carved beams and painted buildings, vermilion lacquer columns and sorghums, not only has the style of the classical palace building in the Central Plains, but also the southern ethnic minority architectural flavor, reflecting the Zhuang region's national characteristics. Therefore, it is known as the "Palace of the Zhuang Township".

The legacy of the Zhuang Tusi system - Nong's Tusi Yamen

Nong's Tusi Yamen (

Nong's Tusi Yamen is located in the north street of the city of Guangnan County (now within the city of a small) sits north to the south, covering an area of 11,000 square meters. Now the first elementary school site for Guangnan County. Yamen along the four steps up, divided into the gate, the door, three doors. The gate is erected on the "hereditary army house" straight plaque. In front of the door to build a brick wall, about 6 meters wide, 5 meters high. The lobby entrance set a pair of stone lions, the left side of the drum shed, set up two prisons. In the front yard, there is an agent room, signing room. East and west for the study, council chamber. Backyard has five phoenix building, embroidery building. Yi's ancestral tablet is located in the last courtyard of the house. Yamen deep courtyard, huge scale. The existing yamen hall, seven open room, hiatus roof, lifting beam wood frame, 9 meters high, through the surface width of 14.3 meters, 21 meters deep, wood pull 42 trees, with coarse material, building magnificent. Nong's Tusi from Yuan to Yuan 12 years (1275) to the Republic of 37 years (1948), in Guangnan hereditary 28 generations, 673 years. The tusi system in Zhuang area is a special political system and ethnic policy implemented by the feudal dynasties in the central plains to the ethnic minorities in Guangxi, which originated in the Tang and Song dynasties, established in the Yuan dynasty, perfected in the Ming dynasty, declined in the Qing dynasty and died out in the Republic of China period, during which it has experienced more than 1,000 years of history, and has produced an important impact on the development of the local ethnic community in Guangxi, and occupies a fairly important position in the study of Guangxi local and ethnic history, and has become a major part of the local community of Guangxi. It occupies an important position in the study of Guangxi local history and ethnic history, and has become a noteworthy issue in the study of Guangxi local ethnic history. So far, the research on the Zhuang tusi system by domestic and foreign academics has made remarkable achievements. The earliest scholar who made an in-depth study of the Zhuang tusi system was Huang Xianfan, the patriarch of Zhuang studies. Although some scholars had conducted preliminary discussions on the Zhuang Toji system before him, for example, Mr. Liu Jie's autobiography, "The Barbarians of the Ridge Table", published in 1934, included a special chapter 23, "Toji", which gave an overview of the Toji system's origins, political structure and economic, social and family organization, and the section, "Toji in Guangxi", emphasized the importance of the Zhuang Toji system. The section "Guangxi's Toji" focuses on the origin of the Toji in western Guangxi, and does not specifically discuss the Toji system in the Zhuang region. The earliest paper to discuss the "Zhuang Toji system" in depth was Huang Xianfan's July 1962 paper, "Toji System in Western Guangxi".

The Legacy of the Zhuang Toji System--Asia's First Toji Yamen: The Plaque on the East Flower Hall of Mo Toji Yamen

"Toji" and "Toji" are two different concepts. different concepts. The word "tuguan" is a word that has existed since ancient times, and it began to become the name of the official position and official who ruled over the ethnic minorities in the Song Dynasty. The original meaning of the word "tusi" refers to the government offices that ruled over ethnic minorities, which began to appear during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. The "Tushi" was divided into two systems: civil and military. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the terms "Tujia" and "Tushi" were mixed up. Tusi system is set in the minority areas of the local administrative organs - Tusi as the center of the implementation of indirect rule of the political system, so it should not be called "Tuji system", but should be called "Tusi system It should be called the "Tusi system" instead of the "Tuji system".　　It is generally believed that the content of the "Tusi system" is mainly to regulate the relationship between the native officials and the feudal dynasty, which is manifested through some specific measures taken by the feudal dynasty in this regard. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the vast majority of the "tusi system" set up in Guangxi was in the Zhuang region of western Gui. In his long paper "Tusi system in Guixi", Mr. Verhoeven thinks: "In Tang Dynasty, some tie-up prefectures were set up in Guixi, and the chiefs of these prefectures were local chieftains, but the political system and social organization remained unchanged. After Song Ping Nong Zhigao, they appointed Di Qing's subordinates and local native chiefs to be the tie-up officials, set up a lot of Tujia county dongs, and practiced the feudal rule in the territory ......", and then in the article, they made a study on the "economic system" on which the "Tusi system" of Guiqi West Zhuang area depended. He then discusses the "economic system" on which the "Tushi system" in the western Zhuang region was based, arguing that "the Tushi fully possessed the land as the means of production" and that "the Tushi incompletely possessed the serfs who were the direct producers". He then used this as the basis for his argument that "the feudal society of the lords of Tujhou County in western Gui was built on the basis of the undeveloped society of the clan tribes," claiming that the feudal society of the lords of Tujhou County in western Gui was not built on the basis of a slave society. This claim of his is now recognized by most scholars of Zhuang Studies. Huang Xianfan's assistant, Wang Zhaowu, a member of the investigation team, published an article entitled "Investigation of Land Relations in Daxin County during the Period of Tujuan Rule" (Guangxi Daily, November 1, 1962), which was a supplement to the 1956 Daxin County Zhuang Survey Data and combined the survey data with a study of land relations in Daxin County during the period of Tujuan rule.　　As a matter of fact, as early as 1956, when Mr. Huang led the members of the "Guangxi Ethnic Minority Social and Historical Survey Group" to conduct a social and historical survey of the ethnic minorities in Guangxi, he focused on the academic investigation and data collection on the system of the tusi system in the Zhuang area. At that time, he led the "Zhuang group" members and assistants Su Guanchang horseback riding to the counties of Tian et al, Longguang, Debaos, etc. as well as leading assistants Wang Zhaowu and others to Daxin County to investigate, mainly to collect the historical materials of the era of the rule of the native officials to go. In December of the same year, Huang Xianfan organized the compilation and printing of the "Guangxi Boys Historical Materials - Tusi System" (mimeographed), including: Tusi system, Zuojiang Tusi system, Right River Tusi system, Tang, Song and Yuan Tusi County history, Guangxi County Records, Xiyuan barbarians, Guangyuan state barbarians Zhan Miscellaneous Records of the right river Zhuang people's customs, the ridge outside of the generation to answer the record of the Tusi County, the Tusi Chi listed in the General Records of Guangxi (Tusi one or two) Tusi County in Taiping Province, belongs to the investigation group! It is a summary of the historical materials of the Zhuang tusi system collected by the investigation group. Subsequently by the guangxi zhuang autonomous region museum history group edited "guangxi tusi system data compilation" oil printing publication.

Research on the Tusi System in Guangxi

Some foreign scholars who have studied Huang believe that, with regard to the issue of "Tusi", Huang was in agreement with Liu Jie's early claim that most of the Tusi in Guangxi were the Shantungers (Han Chinese) who had come to Guangxi with Diquan's southward march during the Song Dynasty when he was leveling Nong Zhigao. This is the viewpoint of Mr. Verhoeven in "A Brief History of the Boys in Guangxi". However, after many years of research, in July 1962, Huang Xianfan published an article entitled "The Tushi System in Western Guangxi", in which he actually changed his opinion. He said in the article: "After the uprising of Nong Zhigao in Songping, many of Di Qing's subordinates were sent to Guixi to work as Tujia, and there were quite a number of local chiefs who were appointed as Tujia. And in the former people, the real chieftain claiming to be with Di's southern expedition, and have the merit to stay in the defense, not a few people. According to Guangxi Fangzhi, Song in the left, right river and some areas of Yishan appointed by the earth official, the establishment of the earth state county hole, the latter when the former fiefdom釆邑, about thirty people, listed in the following table ...... (omitted). Most of these Tujuns were of Shandong origin. Although some are earth chieftain, as well as the successive sealing, but there is a *** with the same characteristics, that is, the implementation of the territorial system of feudal rule, such as the table on the earth official Luo Shinian, full of local Zhuang, but he returned to the clan after the sealing of the 'brothers, children and nephews of one hundred and sixty people, make up both ends of the enshrinement of the official, Shi Shi ban Phi band class under the temple service' (Song Hui Yao Zhi Zhuan Zhi). The Song Huiyao Serials, Book 198, Fanyi V)'. The implementation of the reactionary policies of the Song rulers aided and abetted the tyranny of all policies. All the policies were oppressive and exploitative, and there was no difference between them and the foreign officials, they could be called the same as the raccoon of the same hill." Huang Xianfan at this time of the "Tusi view" has changed, he believes that: Di Qing's subordinates to Guixi as a local official, most of the local tribal chiefs (Zhuang ruling group) claimed to be with Di's southern expedition, the generation of merit to stay. Later, his student, Prof. Su Guanchang, published an article entitled "A preliminary study of the ethnic composition of Guangxi's native officials" in 1963, in which he argued that "Guangxi's native officials in the Song Dynasty were all boyars", [Su Guanchang: "A preliminary study of the ethnic composition of Guangxi's native officials", National Unity, 1963, No. 2 and No. 3], which was merely a response to Huang Xianfan's "View of the Tusi". It was only the inheritance and development of Huang Xianfan's "View of the Tusi". Later, his students Su Guanchang and Li Ganfen published "The Positive and Negative Effects of the Tujia System in Guangxi" (Su Guanchang, Ethnic Studies, No. 3, 1981), "Tujia in Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Academic Forum, No. 5, 1983), "Overview of the Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting Up of Setting up of tie-up Prefectures or Tufu Prefectures, Counties, and Dongs in Guangxi in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 1, 1986), and "The Setting up of Setting Up of Tujia in Qing Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 1, 1986). (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 2, 1987), "Overview of the Academic Symposium on the Tusi System" (Li Ganfen, Guangxi Ethnic Studies Newsletter, Nos. 1-2, 1988), "Tusi System of Guangxi in the Yuan Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 2, 1988), and "The Problem of Rehabilitation of the Tusi System in Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 2, 1988). (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, 1989, No. 3), "Discussion on the Reorganization of the Tujia System in Guangxi during the Qing Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, 1990, No. 1), "A Brief Discussion on the Tusi System in the Zhuang Region" (Li Ganfen, Journal of the Central University of Ethnic Studies, 1990, No. 3), and "The Decline of the Tujia System in Guangxi during the Qing Dynasty" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, 1991, No. 1). (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 1 and No. 2, 1991), "Three Discussions on the Ethnic Composition of the Tujia Officials in Guangxi" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, No. 2, 1992) and other essays and published the book "Research on the Tujia System in Guangxi" (Su Guanchang, Guangxi Ethnic Publishing House, 2000), which made him become an expert of research on the Tujia system of the Zhuang people. During this period of time, "Historical Story of Guangxi Xincheng Toji" (edited by Qin Guiqing, Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House, 1990) and "Genealogical Integration of Zhuang Toji" (edited by Bai Yaotian and Taniguchi Fonan, Guangxi People's Publishing House, 1998) are all monographs on the study of the Zhuang Toji system. As for the successive publication of the relevant papers, is more numerous.

Research on the Toji System and Rehabilitation in the Zhuang Region-Professor Li Liangyu and his doctoral students

Research on the Toji System and Rehabilitation in the Zhuang Region--Professor Li Liangyu and his doctoral students' series of essays is the first time that the concepts of rehabilitation in the Zhuang region have been differentiated into two concepts: the narrower one and the broader one. The narrow sense. The narrow sense of the Zhuang region to return to the flow of land, specified, Qing, Republic of China three periods of the central government will be the Zhuang region of the hereditary system of tusi gradually transformed into the flow of the system of ambassadorial election, until all abolished the Zhuang region of the tusi system. The broad sense of the Zhuang region to change the land to return to the stream, refers to the Qin conquest of Lingnan after the central government of the Zhuang region gradually transformed into the process of management area in line with the Central Plains. This transformation process included the tie-up period, the period of the Tusi, and the period of regional ethnic autonomy, with the central government adopting different ethnic policies in different periods.　　The historical and cultural characteristics of the Zhuang people, after their independent origin and development before the Qin Dynasty and their reorganization after the Qin Dynasty, can be summarized as follows: a long tradition of self-governance, the "Dong" as a social unit, obvious symbols of ethnic groups, a systematic language and writing system, and the gradual enhancement of the influence of the Han culture, etc. Generally speaking, researchers of Zhuang studies believe that the Zhuang people have a long tradition of self-governance.　　Generally speaking, researchers of Zhuang studies believe that the reorganization of the Zhuang areas in the Ming Dynasty was a failure, and even if there are some positive points, the weight of the positive points should not be too large. Prof. Li Liangyu, after careful research, suggested that the problem of the Zhuang region's land division had been solved in the Ming Dynasty, specifically in the Jiajing six years, after Wang Shouren split Tianzhou and Si'en two major Zhuang land divisions, the fate of the Zhuang land divisions had been completely decided by the central government. During the Qing Dynasty, after the Yongzheng period of changing the big to stay small, the Zhuang region has been very declining, to the end of the Guangxu period, the Zhuang land division system has been to the edge of being abolished. During the Republican period, after the old Gui system, the new Gui system of warlords of the reorganization of the land.... The system of land division in the Zhuang area was completely abolished.　　The land reorganization and relegation changed the pattern of the Zhuang settlement area, and more and more Han Chinese began to live in the core settlement area of the Zhuang, forming a pattern of multi-ethnicity mixed settlement in the Zhuang area. The land reorganization and relegation completely changed the traditional politics, economy and culture of the Zhuang, and made the Zhuang area closer and closer to the Central Plains. The reclassification has had a significant impact on the ethnic integration and assimilation of the Zhuang and Han peoples, and has made it more difficult to maintain the boundaries of the Zhuang ethnic groups. There is a positive relationship between land reclassification and Zhuang sinicization: the deeper the reclassification, the deeper the sinicization. The deeper the reintegration, the deeper the sinicization of the Zhuang.　　(As of "Study on the Tusi System and Rehabilitation in the Zhuang Region" - published in March 2007 by Prof. Li Liangyu and his doctoral students), in the former Sicheng Cen's Tusi area, the Zhuang people in all villages and hamlets built large and small temples dedicated to General Cen, who is actually the same person as General Cen, the god of the Zhuang community. In fact, General Cen is the local deity of the Tusi, and the local people almost regard General Cen as an omnipotent deity. Beliefs similar to those of General Cen in the Sicheng area are of great significance to the study of the formation and development of China's pluralistic and integrated culture.