Details of quadrangles in Beijing

The so-called quadrangle, "four" refers to the east, west, south and north directions, and "combination" refers to the structure that all four houses are surrounded together to form a "mouth". After hundreds of years of construction, Beijing quadrangles have formed a unique Beijing style from the plane layout to the internal structure and interior decoration.

Regular quadrangles in Beijing generally sit in the East-West Hutong facing south. The basic form is that the north room (main room), the south room (inverted room) and the east and west rooms are separated on all sides, and then surrounded by high walls to form a four-in-one and open a door. The gate is located in the southeast corner of the house. Generally, there are 3 rooms in the north room, 5 rooms in the front room, 3 rooms in the east room, 3 rooms in the west room and 4 rooms in the south room, including door openings and hanging doors *** 17. If each room 1 1- 12 square meters, the total area is about 200 square meters.

Because the yard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and pile stones to beautify the environment. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share the beautiful world endowed by nature.

Extended data:

brief introduction

The quadrangles in Beijing are made of brick and wood, purlins, columns, beams (rafters), sills, rafters, doors and windows, partitions, etc. are all made of wood, and the walls around the wooden shelves are made of brick. Beams, doors, windows and rafters should be painted with colored pictures. Although they are not as brilliant as the palace gardens, they are also colorful.

Walls are used to building walls with floor bricks and broken bricks. As the saying goes, "there are three treasures in Beijing ... rotten bricks can't build walls." Most of the roof tiles are blue tiles, which are interlocking. Before the eaves are dripped, or the tiles are not laid, all the roofs are painted with blue ash, which is called "grey shed".

1. Gate

The quadrangular gate generally occupies the area of a room, and the parts are quite complicated. Only the names are gatehouse, doorway, gate (door leaf), door frame, waist seal, plug, walking board, door pillow, sill, threshold, door pin, big edge, plastering, threading, door core plate and door cymbal.

The gate is generally black oil, and red oil and black couplets can be added. Into the gate, there are hanging flower doors, moon doors and so on. Hanging flower door is the most gorgeous decorative door in quadrangles. It is called "hanging flowers" because the eaves of the door are arched to separate the inner and outer courtyards. Outside the door is the living room, concierge, garage and other "outhouses", while inside the door is the bedroom "inner room" where the master lives. If there is no hanging door, you can use the moon door to separate the inner and outer rooms.

2. Window sill wall

Windows and sill walls are embedded in the large frame between the upper sill (without lower sill) and the left and right columns. The upper window frame can be supported, while the lower window frame is usually fixed. In winter, Korean paper or cellophane is often used to stick windows, which are bright inside and dark outside, which can not only prevent the invasion of cold air, but also keep sufficient indoor light.

Stick a window screen or cold cloth on the window in summer. This is a window screen made of wood in various counties in southern Beijing. It looks like cloth instead of cloth, which can provide ventilation and relieve indoor heat. Add a piece of paper outside the cold cloth, roll it up during the day and put it down at night, so it is also called "rolling window". Some people use a window with an upper branch and a lower branch.

3. Door curtain

There are many sandstorms in Beijing in winter and spring, and door curtains are often used in residential buildings. Generally speaking, people hang a cotton curtain with plywood in winter, a sandwich curtain with plywood in spring and autumn, and a bamboo curtain with plywood in summer. Poor families can use grass curtains or broken felt curtains. The door curtain can be hung, and the purpose of installing plywood on the upper, middle and lower parts is to increase the weight and not be lifted by the wind. Later, the door curtain was replaced by an air door, but bamboo curtain was still used in summer, which was cool, bright and practical.

4. Ceiling

The ceilings of quadrangles are all made of sorghum stalks and covered with paper. Beijing ceiling pasting is a technology. In the quadrangle, the ceiling, walls, curtains and windows are all covered with white paper, which is called "Four Whites in the End". Ordinary people go there once every few years, and the rich "four times a year".

It is very cold in winter in Beijing. The residents in the quadrangle all sleep on the kang. There is a coal stove buried underground in front of the kang, and a fire is built in the stove. When the kang is empty and the fire enters the kang hole, the kang bed will heat up and people will feel warm when sleeping on the hot kang. Most of the coal used to burn kang is produced in Xishan, Beijing. There is a difference between raw coal and pulverized coal. Coal powder and loess are shaken with coal balls to burn kang or cook.

5. Screen wall

In the past, there was a wall-like thing inside and outside the courtyard gate, that is, the shadow wall, also called the zhaobi. Every yard has a screen wall, most of which are in the gate. As the old saying goes, ghosts can't turn, they can only go straight, so setting a shadow wall inside the door can play a role in blocking. At the same time, the screen wall also plays a role in blocking the line of sight, so that the whole yard can see through without being seen through at a glance.

Screen wall is also an important place to highlight the master's status, taste and financial resources. The screen wall is divided into three parts from top to bottom, and the top is ceramic tile, which, like the ceramic tile on the house, leads the rain away from the screen wall body so as not to erode the screen wall body. In the middle is the main body of the screen wall, usually a brick frame, with various auspicious words or patterns in the middle. The following is sumeru, which is generally the scenery of mountains and seas.

References:

Beijing quadrangle (Beijing traditional quadrangle building) _ Baidu Encyclopedia