Diversity of domestic architectural development across?

I. Historical specificity of modern Chinese architecture

(A) the time difference between the modern West and modern China from the world, the start of the modern era is different in different countries. 1640, the outbreak of the bourgeoisie revolution in Britain, the western world into the period of modernization, the industrial revolution greatly improved the productive forces, creating the era of manufacturing big machines, which is the germination of capitalism This is the history of the emergence, establishment and basic finalization of capitalism, the emergence and development of capitalism, and the gradual formation of the capitalist world system and the transition to imperialism. China's modernization process lagged behind that of the West by two hundred years. In 1840, the Opium War broke out, and British cannons blasted open the gates of China, forcing China to move towards modernization. For China, which had continued its feudal system for more than 2,000 years, the capitalist countries created by the Industrial Revolution were undoubtedly the strongest ever. The powerful productive forces and new culture that fell from the sky brought China, which had been absent from the Industrial Revolution, a two-hundred-year span of time.

(2) The difference between the development of Western modernization and that of China's modernization Mr. Xu Jilin and Mr. Chen Dakai, in "The History of China's Modernization", divided the world's modernization process into two categories, one of which is the "Early-onset Endogenous Modernization", which refers to the process of modernization of the United Kingdom, the United States, and France by means of their own society's internal initiating factors. The other category is "late-onset exogenous modernization", which mainly refers to "Germany, Russia, Japan and developing countries including China, whose modernization process was initially triggered and stimulated by the existential challenges of the outside world and the demonstration effect of modernization". The demonstration effect of modernization". In China's ancient feudal society of more than 2,000 years, Chinese culture was roughly a continuous monolithic culture.

Even though China has gone through more than twenty feudal dynasties since the Xia Dynasty and up to the Qing Dynasty, integrating the traditional cultures of many ethnic groups, Chinese culture has always been perpetuated, created, and evolved within the monistic socio-political and communication structure of the "fixed monarchy". Traditional Chinese architecture, under the influence of the entire Chinese environment, although each era has its own characteristics, but its basic construction methods and principles have always been consistent. Into the nineteenth century, the western culture strongly injected into the river of Chinese culture, the formation of a huge cultural whirlpool, modern Chinese architecture in this period of history, showing the complexity of Chinese and western, ancient and modern, new and old, a variety of systems co-existing, collision and mingling of the state.

Two, modern Chinese architecture from monism to diversification through

(a) the monism of traditional Chinese architecture stretches China's vast territory, many ethnic groups, climate diversity, architectural style also followed by a variety of changes, but the overall idea of the creation of the unity of the traces to be followed. Traditional Chinese architecture reflects people's daily life in the situation and political, economic, ritual, productivity, customs and other social conditions. Han Wu Di in the ideological and cultural circles, the first "dismissed the hundred schools, exclusive respect for Confucianism" policy, the establishment of Confucianism's orthodox and dominant position, so that the authoritarian "unification" of ideas as a mainstream ideology of China's feudal era has become stereotypes, the big family lifestyle, although it did become a super-stable society. The way of life of the big families, though, did become the cornerstone of a super-stable society, and for more than two thousand years, traditional Chinese architecture has followed the unchanging stereotype under the influence of this stable ideology and political form.

(2) The impact of a variety of cultural elements on modern Chinese architecture China's national door was brutally opened by the Western colonizers, who cut off the land in China, set up leases, open ports of entry, open factories, railroads, and do everything, China has just become a "free country", and each of the great powers that entered China can do whatever they want to do on Chinese soil, and they can do whatever they want. China's territory can be "graffiti" wantonly. "After the Opium War, the Qing government was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties; in 1842, it opened five ports of entry to China, namely Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai, and before the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, it opened up as many as 24 ports of entry. With the large-scale invasion of foreign cultures came foreign European architectural styles. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were the early stages of the modernization of Chinese architecture. Chinese feudal imperial palaces and courts were no longer built, but the traditional Chinese wooden frame building system was still continued in the private sector. Instead, new towns inhabited by foreigners appeared in the cities that were used as ports of entry for foreigners, and the buildings in these towns were mainly in the "colonial" or classical European style, including houses, consulates, churches, banks, and stores.

Three, the development of modern Chinese architecture through time

(a) The development of Chinese architecture trajectory of ancient Chinese architecture basically follow the Zhou Dynasty principles of construction, the layout of symmetry and rigorous, and since then successive generations of palaces, altars and temples, residential, square grid city and other architectural groups of the layout of the principles of the basic is to follow the Zhou system. Architectural technology, wooden frame for the main structure, so that the proportion of the components of the form gradually tends to stereotypes, mud, brick, tile, glaze also has a certain use, showing a unified and harmonious style.

(2) the development of European architecture trajectory of European architecture inherited the will of ancient Greece and Rome, stone, concrete as the main building materials, adhere to the "three-dimensional" building, "sculptural" building. Until the industrial revolution for the European building opened a new chapter, the new building materials and structural technology breakthroughs in the traditional building span and height, the building form also changed, steel, concrete, glass is widely used, the European building to open the pace of modernization to industrial civilization.

(3) China's modern architecture to learn from Western architectural experience and rapid progress 1. China's modern new building system of the formation of China's modernization process is two hundred years later than Europe, as a "post-evolutionary exogenous modernization" countries, learning from Europe's modernization achievements, follow the world's architectural trends, the introduction of a new architectural system, the use of new materials, new structures, new equipment, and the use of the new building system, the use of new materials, new structures, new equipment, and the use of new materials. As a "late modernization" country, it learned from the achievements of European modernization, followed the world's architectural trends, introduced new building systems, and used new materials, structures, equipment and construction techniques. By the 20th and 30th decades of the 20th century, China had basically formed a relatively complete range of modern public **** buildings, modern residential buildings and modern industrial buildings of conventional categories. Various buildings have their own styles, some large, monumental buildings pay attention to the social value of the plastic arts, aesthetic function, usually in a specific form to express its specific spiritual connotation, such as: banks, customs often use the magnificent Western classical form to show its financial strength of the solid rich; some government agencies and monumental buildings are mostly absorbing the traditional form to show the inheritance of traditional culture, carry forward the spirit of the essence of the country. Some government offices and monumental buildings mostly absorb traditional forms to show the spirit of inheriting traditional culture and promoting the national essence. Many civil buildings from the aesthetic interest, the pursuit of fashionable novelty, but also by the influence of traditional aesthetic interest, showing the fusion of Chinese and Western cultural elements.

2. The Formation of New Architectural Groups and the Maturity of Architects in Modern ChinaIn the modern architectural activities in China, Chinese people went abroad to study, learn new knowledge of European architecture, open architectural disciplines in China, establish architectural firms, which accomplished the first and the second generation of architects in China, and successively set up Chinese architectural groups, and academic activities were carried out, which gradually brewed a new architectural system in modern China. The first and second generation of Chinese architects were accomplished through the establishment of architectural organizations and academic activities. Lv Yanzhi was the first generation of Chinese architects, and his design of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing is called "the first mausoleum in the history of modern Chinese architecture". Its completion marked the birth of large-scale architectural complexes planned and designed by Chinese architects. Liang Sicheng is the pioneer of modern architectural education in China, and the founder of the research work on the history of ancient Chinese architecture, and has made outstanding contributions to the cause of Chinese architecture and architectural education. The architectural development of modern China rapidly crossed over to a new stage under the efforts of these architects.

3. After the Opium War, due to the invasion of Western capitalism and driven by the internal dynamics of their own countries, Chinese cities took steps towards modernization, and the distribution of cities, urban functions, urban structure and urban nature all changed. In ancient China, cities were evenly distributed in various regions according to administrative divisions and levels, but in modern times, cities began to transform, with major cities concentrated in trading ports, industrial and mining sites, and railroad transportation hubs.

(4) the time difference between modern Chinese architecture and modern European architectural development

1. modern European architectural development 1640, the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution, the western world began to modernize, the city building began to capitalism, the architectural style of each country reflects the distinctive political situation. At the end of the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution broke out, and the cities and buildings of European capitalist countries produced fierce contradictions: the contradiction between retroism and the impact of the new building materials and structures brought by the Industrial Revolution on architectural design ideas; the contradiction between the traditional collegiate education received by the architects and the brand new types of buildings and architectural needs, and so on. By the middle of the 19th century, the architectural histories of Europe and North America were almost contiguous, with little international difference. The storm of revolution had passed and architectural styles were in disarray, with Classicism, Eclecticism, and Romanticism all performing on the same stage during this time. New productive and public **** buildings were becoming more numerous and complex.

2. The follow-up of modern Chinese architecture from the Industrial Revolution in Europe, European architecture began to enter the modernization, and the modernization of Chinese architecture is similar to: the same contradictions, complexity; the same political domination; the same is pushing the envelope, a wide range of categories, styles; the same occurred in the era of productivity, mode of production change. The modernization of Chinese architecture was more than two hundred years late in Europe, but by the 1920s and 1930s, Chinese architecture followed closely in the footsteps of European architecture and gained some development. "Chinese architects, who had just ascended to the design stage, on the one hand, explored the combination of Western architecture and China's inherent forms, trying to find a suitable fusion point in the collision of Chinese and Western architectural cultures; on the other hand, they were faced with the challenge of the times towards modernist architecture, which required them to keep pace with the advanced trend." .

Four Concluding Remarks

Putting aside the sorrows of history, and looking at the architecture of modern China objectively, its changes originated from the requirements of the industrial age, and it is impossible for China to be independent of the trajectory of the world's development. Chinese architects have actively absorbed the essence of foreign architecture and endeavored to find a way to combine the style of the times with the national style. Now that China has gained a stable international and domestic environment, the gap between its architectural technology and that of Europe and the United States has become very small, and the rapidly developing economy has contributed to the vigorous development of the architectural industry, we no longer need to copy or imitate Western architectural styles and architectural styles, and green, environmentally friendly, humanistic, cultural inheritance, and sustainable development have become the new topics of Chinese architecture today.

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