The four basic techniques of first aid include

(hemostasis, dressing, fixation, transportation)

Rescue is a battle of life. How to judge and react quickly and diagnose and treat patients in time is directly related to the safety and prognosis of patients. Every medical staff should master the first aid technology. Hemostasis, dressing, fixing and transporting the wounded are four basic techniques.

A, bleeding and trauma to stop bleeding:

Blood flowing from blood vessels is bleeding, and wounds generally have bleeding, which can be divided into internal bleeding and external bleeding according to the bleeding site.

1. Internal bleeding: Blood flowing into the body cavity from a ruptured blood vessel is called internal bleeding. Severe trauma can lead to severe internal bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage, liver rupture, spleen rupture and so on. Improper handling can endanger life.

2. External bleeding: the blood flowing out from the rupture of blood vessels is external bleeding, and the blood flowing out is often visible to the naked eye.

According to the classification of bleeding vessels, it can be divided into arterial bleeding, venous bleeding and capillary bleeding.

1. Arterial bleeding: It is caused by arterial wall injury, and the bleeding is jet-like, bright red, and the jet volume increases synchronously with the heart beating.

2. Venous bleeding: the rupture of venous blood vessels means that blood keeps flowing out of the cracks, and the blood is dark red.

3. Capillary hemorrhage: capillary injury, blood gushing from the injured surface, bright red in color.

No matter what kind of bleeding, if the amount of bleeding exceeds the total blood volume of human body 1/4~ 1/3, it will be life-threatening. A small amount of bleeding, if not handled properly and in time, will also lead to limb necrosis or disability. Therefore, effective hemostasis measures must be taken quickly.

Hemostasis method of emergency site:

1. bandage hemostasis: bandage hemostasis can be used for ordinary small wounds, small capillaries or venules bleeding. Rinse the local area with salt water first, disinfect and clean the skin (the parts with more hair should be shaved before cleaning), wrap and cover with sterile gauze, and wrap the local area.

2. Finger pressing to stop bleeding: press the upper end of bleeding blood vessel (near the heart end) with your fingers, so that the blood vessel is blocked and the blood flow is interrupted, thus achieving the purpose of stopping bleeding. Paramedics should be familiar with the compression points and essentials of vascular bleeding in various parts:

Facial bleeding: Pressing the facial artery in front of the mandible can stop the bleeding in the ipsilateral lower part.

Temporal hemorrhage: compressing the superficial temporal artery in front of the ear can reduce ipsilateral temporal hemorrhage and scalp hemorrhage.

Head bleeding: Compression of common carotid artery can prevent ipsilateral head bleeding. This method should be used with caution to avoid causing cerebral ischemia.

Shoulder or axillary bleeding: press the ipsilateral subclavian artery at the supraclavicular fossa.

Upper limb bleeding: bleeding from the arteries at the lower end of the hand, forearm and upper arm, which can compress the brachial artery at 1/3 of the upper arm to stop bleeding.

Lower extremity bleeding: the femoral artery at the inner thigh 1/3 can be compressed with thumb or fist.

3. Hemostasis with tourniquet: If the blood vessels in the limbs are broken and the amount of bleeding is large, it is a simple and effective method to stop bleeding with tourniquet.