Please give us your advice: detailed explanation of the structure of mountain flowers on the roof of ancient buildings. Illustrations are easier to understand. Please.

First, several common names on sloping roofs

(a) the roof, roof:

It is the intersection line of the horizontal yang angle where two sloping roofs intersect.

(2) Ridges and vertical ridges:

It is the intersection of two sloping roofs.

(3) cornice:

The eaves of the roof, from which rainwater is discharged.

(1) Drainage ditch:

It is the intersection line of the horizontal inner angle where two sloping roofs intersect.

Second, the roofing materials and forms

China has a vast territory, and different roofing materials and forms are adopted in different places (Figure 55: Schematic diagram of roofing style). The practical requirements of the roof are nothing more than three aspects:

(1) has the thermal insulation performance of cold insulation.

(2) Easy drainage. In areas with a lot of rain, slopes are naturally used more. In the northwest region where there is little rain, flat-topped houses are enough for application.

(3) In summer, in order to prevent the sun from steaming and the rain from splashing, deep eaves should be made in many areas. Let's start with the simplest straw house.

1. Grass roof

Grass roofs are the easiest way. The lower frame can be fastened with smaller pieces of wood or bamboo, and the rafters are made of bamboo stems at the middle distance of about 1 ft, and the grass tops are woven on them. The slope of the grass top is very large, often exceeding 45 degrees.

2. Wheat straw mud flat top (including dome)

Wheat straw mud flat roof (dome) is widely used in rural areas of northeast, northwest and north China. It is not only the climate but also the economy that determines the structure and style of buildings.

This method of building a roof is to put eaves on the outer end of the rafters, then lay a layer of kanban or reed mat on the inner side, and then lay reed stalks or sorghum stalks. The thickness of reed stalks and sorghum stalks varies from place to place. For example, Jilin, which has a cold climate, has a thickness of 10 cm, while Zhaoxian, Hebei and Zhengzhou, Henan are only 5~6 cm thick. Spread wheat straw mud on it.

There are three ways to spread mud in Zhao county: first spread semi-dry mud with the thickness of 10 cm as the foundation, which is called head-mixed mud. Second, wheat straw should be added to the mud. After paving, it should be beaten with wood or compacted with 80-90 kg of stone, with the thickness ranging from 10 cm to 8 cm. Finally, spread 5 cm thick three-mixed mud and tamp it with 30% lime and 70% mud according to the weight ratio. In Jilin, the thickness of wheat straw mud is up to 20 cm, and alkaline water or salt water is added to the mud on the surface to prevent leakage.

Third, tile roofs.

From the perspective of modern architecture, tile roof is just one of various roofing materials, which can be juxtaposed with wheat straw mud roof and grass roof. However, in the ancient buildings in China, especially in the rich cultural relics, tile roofs account for a large proportion, so this section is devoted to tile roofs. Tiles were found in the cultural relics unearthed from Joo Won? site in Qishan County, Shaanxi Province. There are not many tiles, ears or big piles, so it is uncertain whether to tie them to the rafters with ropes. These roof tiles intermittently appeared at the same time as bronzes with hieroglyphs, so they can be considered to have been used on roofs at the latest in the eleventh century BC. In the Warring States period, it was more common to use tubesheet tiles on roofs. The end of the tube tile is either a round tile or a semi-circular tile, and the length of the tile is 80 cm, whether it is the Yanxiadu site in Yixian County or the tomb of Zhongshan King in Shan Zhi, Pingshan County.

There were few semi-circular tiles in Qin and Han Dynasties. There are many kinds of ceramic tile patterns.

1. There are many words such as "Longevity", "Changle Weiyang", "Shanglin" and "Ganquan";

2. Some are fern handprints;

3. Some animals have tattoos like dragons, deer, suzaku and fish.

There are two decorative patterns in ceramic tiles in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. First, words such as "endless circulation" and "eternal life and prosperity" are often made into a grid with circular sections and written in the grid; First, Lotus runs tattoo tiles.

(A) Several forms of tile roof

The work code of the Ministry of Industry divides ceramic tiles into major categories and minor categories. The characteristics of large-type tiles are: (1) tiles for each tile slope; (2) The vertical ridge of the ridge is decorated with kissing animals; (3) using cloth tile (blue tile) and glazed tile as materials; The building objects are the main buildings of palaces and temples. Generally speaking, the characteristics of small-scale tile work are: (1) Only board tiles are used for each tile slope, occasionally tube tiles are used, and glazed tiles are never used; (2) There are no vertical ridges on the two hills at the top of the slope, and there are only clear water ridges or pimp ridges at the positive ridges, without kissing animals; (3) The building object is the secondary building of the palace.

However, there are also some practices that are not included in the Code for Practical Engineering, such as raising tiles and gray stalks and chessboard hearts, which are only used by ordinary families and businesses. This paragraph begins with a simpler method.

1. Tile gray stalk

The winter climate in the north is cold, and although the average family is not well off, the roof should meet the requirements of cold protection. The convex tile ash stalk is a kind of gypsum roof partially using tiles. The practice is to spread reed foil on the rafters, spread gypsum for four inches, and then spread another layer on the mud. The plaster should be dry and the tiles should be hard. At the joint of two adjacent tiles, a string of gray stalks similar to the tiles but much smaller than the diameter of the tiles are produced with hemp knives, so the chance of rain leakage is much smaller. On the side rafters of the roof, make a long pipe tile and a long cover tile. If the economic conditions are not enough, there is also the practice of laying tiles without making gray stalks.

2. Chessboard heart

The method is basically the same as that of gray rod with convex tile, but the leakage prevention effect is better. There are also rafters covered with reed foil and then plastered, and the mud back is instructed by the superior to paste a layer of bottom tile; The difference is that a row of tiles should be laid near the beam joints and roof purlins, and a layer of hemp knives should be laid on the bottom tiles, which looks like a chessboard from a distance, so it is called the chessboard-centered roof.

3. Yin and Yang tile roof

Ordinary families with relatively rich economy but no official rank often use yin-yang tile roofs. The method from reed foil to convex tile is the same as that of tile ash stalk, except that tile is used as cover tile where the ash stalk is laid, and the seepage control effect will be better.

4. Cylindrical slab tile roof

In some palaces, offices and temples in feudal times, tubular tile roofs are the most complete tile roofs. The difference between it and the Yin-Yang combined tile roof is that the cover tile is a tube tile, which has a certain specification for the overlapping ratio of tiles. "Suppressing seven and exposing three" is a large-scale clause in the Code of Work of the Ministry of Industry. "... each tile is exposed by seven, the first tile is nine inches long, and the exposed tile is two inches and seven minutes long ..." In other words, two adjacent tiles must be pressed on the last one, which is seven tenths of the length of the next tile.

With the combination of different kinds of wood beams, tile roofs also show various forms.

Try to express according to the four kinds of roofs pointed out in the Code for Construction of Building Engineering of the Ministry of Industry: hard mountain, hanging mountain, rest mountain and fairy hall.

1. Hard peak

The practice of hard mountain is to stop where the tile slope reaches the gable. Paving a square brick with a square foot or more at the junction of tile slope and gable is called square brick joint. Put a hook on the joint to make the water fall in the direction perpendicular to the gable, which is called anti-hooking. There are four vertical ridges on the back of the bottom of the drainage ditch. There are four vertical ridges at the hard part of the top of the mountain, two-thirds of which are vertical ridges at the back and one-third of which are bifurcation ridges at the front. A large roof is adopted at the joint of front and rear tile slopes above the roof purlin. Two slopes and five ridges are the main features of hard mountain tops. [See (3) "Roof"]

Step 2 pick the top of the mountain (hang the top of the mountain)

The cantilever mountain is characterized in that both ends of the herringbone tile slope extend to five or six rafters to seven or eight rafters outside the gable, purlins of all departments are picked out together, and purlins are sewn and sealed. Dovetail square is added under the purlin to help it support the upper load.

There are still four vertical ridges on the top of the mountain, one of which is the same as the hard mountain; The bottom of cardboard is often decorated with thin plates carved into fish-shaped and desirable head shapes. According to Li Jie's "architectural style", it should be called hanging fish to stir up trouble. Threading tape should be added to the back of these plates to prevent deformation.

Rest at the top of the mountain

The shape of Xieding Mountain is very similar to the combination of the lower part of Dingdian and the upper part of the ceiling mountain. Nine ridges, namely straight ridge, vertical ridge and fork ridge, constitute the appearance characteristics of Xieding Mountain, and Li Jie's architectural French style is called Nine Ridges Hall. Tiling is more complicated, especially the mountain flower part. Above the mountain flower board, the structural order of the seam board, the mountain hook and the vertical ridge is the same as that of the top of the mountain. At the back end of the two tile slopes at the lower part of the mountain flower board, a ridge should be made to let the rainwater drain out of the mountain flower board.

4. Node top

In palaces and temples, only the noblest buildings use the top of the palace.

A roof with slopes in front, back, left and right is called Ding Dian. The front and rear slopes intersect to form a positive ridge, and the left and right slopes intersect with the front and rear slopes to form four vertical ridges. Form the appearance characteristics of the four slopes and five ridges at the top of the palace. Therefore, in Li Jie's French Architecture, this form is called Sijia or Wujitang. (Photo 56: The grand palace is located on a mountain tile).

(b) Classification and names of ceramic tiles.

1. According to the material, it is divided into two categories, namely cloth tile (blue tile) and glazed tile. Glazed tile is a super tile. It is said that glazed tiles came from the Dayue family and were gradually used on roof tiles after the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the traditional practice of glazed tile kiln in Mentougou, the raw material of glazed tile is not ordinary clay, but a mixture of white marble, qianzi clay and white clay. As for the surface glaze of various colors, it is made of lead, copper, sodium, potassium and manganese ... different metals are fused in different proportions and then bonded. Table 4 shows its general composition.