The short sentences about people-oriented thought are as follows

1. More than two thousand years ago, Mencius said that the people are important and the monarch is light.

Mencius' "attaching importance to the people over the monarch" is an important people-oriented ideological proposition in the history of China's political thought. In the chaotic world of feudalism and people's misery, Mencius stood on the people's side, vigorously promoted his people-oriented thought, opposed war and tyranny, and hoped to establish a unified country (the world) where the people lived and worked in peace and contentment.

He said: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." He called on the rulers to love, value and enjoy the people. His people, his words and the humanitarian spirit embodied in his actions still have their brilliance.

This paper attempts to sort out Mencius' political proposition centered on people-oriented thought and analyze its modern value. It should be noted that Mencius did not mention the word "people-oriented". People-oriented is the summary of his thought of loving the people and valuing the people by later thinkers. In his works, he named his people-oriented political thought after "benevolent politics" or "royal politics".

2. Find out the sentence in "I am the country" that reflects Mencius' thought of benevolent government. If you don't go against the farming season, the five grains can't win the grain; If you don't count, neither fish nor turtle can be eaten. Axe gold gets into the mountain in time, and mywood can't be used.

Valley and fish turtles can't fight for food, and wood and wood can't fight for it, which makes people lose their lives and have no regrets. Keeping in good health and dying without regret is the beginning of kingly way.

"Five acres of house, the tree to mulberry, fifty clothes. Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat.

A hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a few people in a family can be hungry; I sincerely hope that the godson of the cult will be filial, and the winners will not be on the road. Seventy people eat meat, clothes and silk, and the Lebanese are neither hungry nor cold, but they are not kings and have nothing.

"Dogs don't know when they eat people's food, and they don't know when they are hungry. When people die, they say,' It's not me, it's age.' What's the difference between stabbing people and killing people, saying,' It's not me, it's a soldier'? The king is innocent, and the people in the world are heavy. "

3. The meaning and examples of the word "democracy" in China's ancient sentences about democracy in China's ancient prose.

(The word "democracy" has different meanings in China ancient prose) 1, the master of the people. More refers to emperors and monarchs.

"Book Multi-Party": "Heaven only seeks timely democracy, and it is a great drop to stop the life in the soup." Seventeen years of Zuo Wen Zhuan: "Stolen words.

Zang Wenzhong said,' Stealing democracy will kill you.' "Selected Works of Ban Gu": "Show democracy, the first five virtues."

Cai Yong's Note: "Democracy is also the son of heaven." "Zi Tongzhi Jin Jianhui Emperor Tai 'an for two years": "I often make a myth according to Jiangxia:' Being a saint is a democracy.

"2, refers to officials. "Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi, Li Zhongchuan": "The courtiers are democratic, so they must obey the law. "

In modern times (after the Opium War), democracy means that people have the right to participate in state affairs or express their opinions freely on state affairs. Democracy is used in the state form, that is, it becomes a state system, as opposed to "autocracy".

(with modern interpretation) Zheng's "Dangerous Words of the Prosperous Family": "The monarch has power on it; Democrats, power is down. " 【 Zheng (1842─ 192 1), whose real name is Guan Ying, whose real name is Zhengxiang, whose real name is Tao Zhai, was born in Yongmo Village, sanxiang town, Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province.

He was the earliest theorist with complete reform thoughts in modern China, an enlightening thinker who kicked off democracy and science, an industrialist, educator, writer, philanthropist and enthusiastic patriot. Warning in the Prosperous Age is an important work of Zheng, a modern thinker in China. It was officially published in the 19th year of Guangxu reign (1893).

The publication of this book played a connecting role for the reformists and revolutionaries in the late Qing Dynasty, and also laid an important foundation for the 100-day reform that began in 1898. The modern interpretation of the word "democracy" refers to a social state characterized by people's right to participate in state affairs or express their opinions freely on state affairs.

The word democracy comes from the Greek word "demos", which means people. It is defined as: within a certain class, the state system that manages state affairs according to the principle of equality and the minority obeying the majority.

China's ancient people-oriented thought and people-oriented culture. "People-oriented" is China's traditional thought and culture.

People-oriented, some important ancient books have long been recorded. There is a famous saying in The Book of Songs: "Be careful with people, be careful with them."

Advise ministers to be self-disciplined, to be good at governing the people, and to be cautious in laws and regulations to prevent accidents. Among the ancient books in China, Guan Zhong, a famous minister of Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period, was the first to clearly put forward "people-oriented".

"Eight lords of Guanzi" said: "Where the husband is overbearing, it is also people-oriented. The reason is that the country is solid and chaos is dangerous. "

"People-oriented" put forward by Guan Zhong is the basic spirit of China traditional culture. Mencius said: the people are precious, the monarch is light, and the country is second.

This is the concentrated expression of China's Confucian political philosophy. Fan Zhongyan said: the worries of the world first, the joy of the world later.

In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, the opposition between people's hearts not only concerns national security, but also restricts the overall situation of society, forming a Confucian people-oriented culture. Confucian people-oriented culture is people-oriented culture, and the central idea is that governing the country should be people-oriented.

The basic value concept of "people-oriented" is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) Attach importance to and value people. The old adages, such as "respecting heaven and protecting the people", "people are the foundation of the country", "valuing the people over the monarch" and "establishing a monarch for the people", show the importance attached to the people.

Zuo Zhuan expounds the importance of "people" from the height of the rise and fall of the country, including: "The country will prosper and listen to the people; The country will die and resign itself to fate. " (2) Love the people and be kind to them.

Mozi advocated the idea of "loving each other and bringing out the best in each other". (3) protect the people, protect the people.

The Book of History says: "If you want to live forever, only the descendants of the Prince will protect the people forever." China's traditional people-oriented concept is relative to the monarch standard (national standard) and the official standard (in fact, they are the unity of opposites). Its original intention refers to a ruling idea put forward by China's ancient sages and ministers to maintain and consolidate their rule, and its basic ideas are mainly manifested in attaching importance to the people, loving the people and loving the people.

The fundamental purpose of rulers to follow the people-oriented thought is to maintain, consolidate and strengthen the specific ruling order and social order by integrating "public opinion", and then seek specific class interests and achieve specific political goals. For example, Emperor Taizong said: "Lovely non-monarch, awesome non-people, son of heaven, if there is a way, the people will give priority, and if there is no way, the people will abandon it, which is terrible." People's Republic of China (PRC) is a socialist country led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

People-oriented is the core of Scientific Outlook on Development. Is the embodiment of China * * * party member's insistence on serving the people wholeheartedly.

"People-oriented" is a new requirement decided by the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). People-oriented is the starting point of everything in Scientific Outlook on Development. Its basic requirement is comprehensiveness, coordination and sustainability, and the fundamental method is overall consideration.

Since the reform and opening up, the China * * * Production Party has always emphasized the development of productive forces as the fundamental task of the socialist society. Scientific Outlook on Development does not deny economic development and GDP growth. It emphasizes that, in the final analysis, both economic development and GDP growth are to meet the material and cultural needs of the broad masses of the people and ensure the all-round development of people.

Man is the fundamental purpose of development. Putting forward people-oriented Scientific Outlook on Development aims at guiding economic and social development with people's development, making the achievements of economic and social development consistent with the nature and purpose of our party, and unifying the achievements of development with the goals of development.

Adhering to the people-oriented principle means that we should aim at the all-round development of people, seek and promote development from the fundamental interests of the people, constantly meet the people's growing material and cultural needs, effectively protect the people's economic, political and cultural rights and interests, and let the fruits of development benefit all the people.

4. Mencius put forward this sentence is:

"People are expensive, countries are second, and gentlemen are light. So, Qiu Min is the son of heaven, the son of heaven is a vassal, and the vassal is a doctor. When a vassal is in trouble, he must change it. Sacrifice is complete, prosperous and clean, and sacrifice is timely. However, drought and water overflow will change the country. "

Selected from the special chapters and sentences of Mencius.

Mencius, a collection of Mencius' speeches during the Warring States Period, recorded the dispute between Mencius and hundred schools of thought, the words and deeds of his disciples, and the lobbying of princes, and was compiled by Mencius and his disciples (Zhang Wan, etc.). ).

Mencius recorded Mencius' thoughts on governing the country, political views (the debate between benevolent government and Wang Ba, people-oriented, respecting the right and wrong of the monarch's heart, people being the monarch, and following the monarch being light) and political actions. It was written in the mid-Warring States period and belongs to Confucian classics. His theoretical starting point is the theory of good nature and advocates the rule of virtue. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu called Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean the Four Books. Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has been regarded as a family heirloom. Just like textbooks now.

Mencius is the longest and heaviest of the four books, with more than 35 thousand words. From then until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the "Four Books" had been a compulsory part of the imperial examination. Mencius' theory is not only pure and broad, but also full of heroic beauty.

5. What is the difference between the people-oriented thought advocated by Mencius and the people-oriented thought put forward by our modern society? The people-oriented thought represented by Mencius is the most progressive and eternal theme in China's traditional political culture.

Mencius' people-oriented thought is based on the theory of good nature, and puts forward some basic ideas, such as "attaching importance to the people but neglecting the monarch", "controlling the wealth of the people", "saving taxes" and "respecting the saints". Mencius' people-oriented thought shows us the original idea of modern democracy and provides us with ideas for exploring democratic politics.

Absorbing the positive and beneficial ideological essence and combining it with the national conditions of our modern society will give us profound enlightenment. Among the Confucian classics, I have the best feelings for Mencius.

Because his people-oriented thought is the most concentrated and consistent. He said a lot about people's sufferings and belittled the monarch and his subjects, such as: the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light.

For example, if the monarch is heartless, I can kill him and kill such a monarch, such as killing a husband, without taking the crime committed by Shi Jun ("A benevolent thief is a thief, a righteous thief is a cripple, and a cripple is a husband.

I have never heard of a gentleman. "Liang Zhang.

After reading this sentence, I feel a sense of justice from Mencius. Unlike Confucius, on the one hand, people are more important than horses, on the other hand, when he became a small official, he would fabricate charges to kill people he hated.

That Shao Zhengmao is not a nobody. Confucius was so anxious to kill him. Obviously, he is also a heavyweight who can threaten Confucius. They once formed competitors in the opposition between private school and theory, and once robbed Confucius' students three times.

Visible even a saint, once in front of the interests, where also tube got what expensive or Ma Gui? However, Confucius at this time killed Shao Zhengmao more decisively than making up his mind to kill a horse. There is no doubt about it. Mencius didn't hear that he killed people.

Moreover, he likes to teach those princes and ministers who eat meat to be obedient. This is really a great evil for generations of literati who have no right.

Therefore, Mencius often likes to quote: heaven descended on the people, being king and being a teacher. I'll let it go.

Although Mencius' people-oriented thought often speaks for the people, his position is still princes and nobles. Always just advise their men to show some affection and don't push the people too far, otherwise they will rise up and rebel, and your happy and stable life will be ruined.

So his ideal is "the people are the masters of the country", not "let the people be the masters of the country". This is the fundamental difference between China's traditional "people-oriented thought" and the modern concept of democracy and rule of law.

If we don't make things difficult for the dead, I think Mencius' people-oriented thought has objectively brought some improvements to the people at that time. In fact, Mencius' ideal is clearly stated at the beginning of Mencius: "Those who have perseverance but not constant production can only be competent.

If people don't keep producing, because there is no constant production, because there is no perseverance. Without perseverance, you will do whatever you want.

It is a waste of people to be caught committing a crime and then punished. Why should people be abolished when benevolent people are in power? Therefore, if a wise monarch controls the people's property, he can support his parents and wife, he can be satisfied with life in happy years, and he can avoid death in fierce years.

Then drive away the good ones, and the people will be lenient. Today, people's property is also under control. It is not enough to serve their parents or adopt a wife. Happy years will be bitter for a lifetime, and unhappy years will inevitably lead to death.

This is just to save lives, but I'm afraid I won't be able to support it. If the king wants to do it, he must be afraid. Five acres of houses, trees are mulberry, and fifty people can wear clothes and silks.

Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat. One hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a family of eight can be hungry.

I sincerely hope that the godson of the cult will be filial, and the winners will not be on the road. Old people eat meat and wear clothes and silk. Li people are neither hungry nor cold, but they are not kings and have nothing. "

(Mencius. The crowning touch of this passage is the purpose of the last sentence "CoCo Lee is neither hungry nor cold", and it is only for the stability of the monarchy.

That is, let them be "kings" for generations. Therefore, the whole book Mencius is actually telling the rulers about the "king" technique.

Unfortunately, although those princes and ministers were often confused by Mencius and had to bow their heads and give up, none of them really listened to Mencius. Mencius' eloquence only showed some heroism at that time, but in fact these quotations all ended in failure.

The most interesting thing is that Mencius sighed helplessly at the end of Mencius: "As for soup, Yao and Shun lived for more than 500 years. If Hao Tao, then see and know.

If it is soup, you can smell it. From soup to king Wen, he is over 500 years old.

If Yi Yin and Lai Zhu, see it. If you were the king, you would know.

From King Wen to Confucius, he is over 500 years old. If you are too ambitious and too scattered, you will know.

If you were Confucius, you would know. Starting from Confucius, as for today, he is over one hundred years old.

Go to the world of saints, if it's not far. Near the habitat of the saints, if this is it.

However, if there is nothing, there is nothing! "(Mencius. From these sighs, Mencius counted all the way down from a historical perspective until he counted himself.

He expressed deep doubts about Confucius' theory of "benevolence and righteousness", including his own. History has been circulating for 500 years.

It's only a hundred years since they were introduced to Confucius. They live so close, but they still say, "If there is nothing, there is nothing!" " It is doubtful whether these things have ever happened. Seeing is believing, and smelling it turns pale, which makes people suspicious.

This may be that Mencius has been suffering from various sighs or complaints since he hit a wall in the process of propagating his theory. In fact, in China more than 2,000 years after Mencius, their theories were recognized and implemented by authorities. However, Mencius' ideal country has never appeared.

For thousands of years, China reinterpreted those historical tragedies in the repeated cycle of "one rule and one chaos". It can be seen that the people-oriented thought has no way out.

Not only is modern times greatly out of date, but the Confucius and Mencius era has not shown great vitality. And behind this theory, which is better than singing, it is very suitable for cultivating hypocrites and royal literati.

Such imperial literati are often just rogues who laugh it off. Once combined with armed hooligans, the world is often played in the palm of your hand.

6. Zhao asked the envoy of Qi State. This sentence reflected Zhao's thoughts and opinions and said, "Otherwise. If you are young, why are there people? If you have no people, how can you have a gentleman? Therefore, there are people who demand an end at the expense of this? "

However, Zhao retorted, "If there are no good years, how can we feed the people? If there is no people, how can there be a monarch? How can you give up the foundation and ask the last section? " Based on the conclusion of the previous sentence and the premise of the latter sentence, the two hypothetical questions correctly and concisely demonstrate the primary and secondary relationship among "age", "people" and "monarch". This distinctive people-oriented thought inherits Confucius' statement that "a boat cannot overturn" and Mencius' statement that "the people are more valuable than the monarch" and develops his statement that "the monarch takes the people as the sky and the people take food as the sky"