Detailed information of fishing boats

Fishing boats are used to catch and collect aquatic animals and plants. It also includes some auxiliary ships for modern fishery production, such as ships for aquatic product processing, transportation, breeding, resource investigation, fishery guidance and training, and fishery administration tasks.

In order to ensure the quality of catch, preservation is one of the important functions of fishing boats. Generally, the preservation methods on board are ice storage, cold seawater storage, salt storage, slight freezing and freezing.

Basic introduction Chinese name: fishing boat mbth: fishing boat Japanese: fishing boat (ぎょせん) Pinyin: yú chuán Function: information about ships and boats used to catch and collect aquatic animals and plants, main classification, characteristics of fishing boats, ship equipment, current situation, and ship information Fishing boats, that is, fishing boats, fishing, processing and transporting fish. It is a ship that catches and collects aquatic animals and plants, and also includes some auxiliary ships in modern fishery production, such as processing, transportation, breeding, resource investigation, fishery guidance and training, and ships that perform fishery tasks. The main classification of fishing boats has different classification methods. According to the operating waters, it is divided into marine fishing boats and freshwater fishing boats, and marine fishing boats are divided into coastal, offshore and ocean-going fishing boats. According to the hull material, it is divided into wooden, steel, FRP, aluminum alloy, steel mesh cement fishing boats and various mixed structure fishing boats. According to the way of propulsion, it is divided into motor, sail and manual fishing boats. According to the tasks undertaken by fishing boats, they can be divided into two categories: fishing boats and fishing auxiliary boats (see table). Characteristics of fishing boats ① Most fishing boats are small in size, but in order to adapt to continuous sailing and operation in the wind and waves, they are required to have good stability, seakeeping and seaworthiness, and the structure needs to be particularly firm. Fishing boats flying the national flag ready to go to sea ② The load changes greatly during the operation. ③ Marine equipment requires reliable structural performance, durability and convenient maintenance. ④ The main engine power and relative speed are higher. ⑤ In addition to general marine equipment, fishing equipment, fresh-keeping processing equipment, fishing aid and navigation equipment are also needed, and the fishing cabin requires good heat insulation facilities. The main engine power of fishing boats is generally 1.5 ~ 4.5 kW/ton, and some of them are as high as 6 ~ 7 kW. Large and medium-sized fishing boats and fishing base ships are equipped with refrigeration processing equipment, and the engine power is 65% ~ 85% of the main engine power. In order to improve the efficiency of the main engine, the engine, fishing winch, refrigeration device and air compressor on board are often driven by the main engine, which increases the complexity of the power plant. The working conditions of trawlers, fishery survey vessels and longline fishing vessels are changeable. In order to make rational use of the power of the main engine and improve the maneuverability, flexibility and steering performance of the ship, adjustable pitch propellers and boosters are often used. Fishing machinery There are many complicated types of high-power fishing machinery. The winch used by trawlers has different tension and winch speed with water depth, fishing gear, ship type and main engine power. Purse seine boats have as many as 20 fishing machines. In order to cooperate with purse seine operation, some are equipped with 3 ~ 5 fishing boats. Long-line fishing boats are equipped with reasonable winding machines, winding machines, pay-offs, bait hangers, etc. Squid fishing boats and fishing rod fishing boats are equipped with automatic fishing machines. Fresh-keeping processing equipment for fishing boats Coastal and offshore trawlers mainly use ice storage at about 0℃ to keep fresh. Small and medium-sized purse seine fishing boats mainly use cold seawater around-1℃ to keep fresh; The trawler or fishing base ship far away from fishing port adopts low-temperature freezing such as flat freezing and tunnel blowing freezing; The catch of fishing rod fishing boats and tuna longline fishing boats is frozen with low temperature salt water at -50 ~-55℃. Some fishing boats also use light salt to keep fresh at low temperature or slightly frozen at -3℃. In addition, on large and medium-sized ocean-going fishing boats, the catch can be processed into fish fillets, fish segments, canned food, minced fish and fish powder. And equipped with fish washing machine, filleting machine, slitting machine, peeling machine, meat peeling machine, fish powder machine and other fish processing machinery. Fishing aid and navigation communication instruments are used to detect fish or assist fishing operations, mainly including vertical fish finder, fishing sonar, net information instrument, range finder between two towed fishing boats, trawl length tensiometer, radar buoy and its receiver. Modern fish finder is equipped with computer, which has the functions of memory, storage and analysis. Fishing sonar has developed into electronic scanning type, which can detect fish schools in all directions and display them directly. The fishing aid equipment and navigation instruments are combined to form a comprehensive fishing aid system. Some fishery survey vessels combine the monitoring signals of fish detection and fishing nets with the driving, propulsion system and fishing machinery of fishing vessels to realize automatic trawl control. Tonnage and inspection of fishing boats The total internal volume of the whole ship measured according to tonnage measurement specifications and calculated with registered tons (2.83m) is called gross tonnage. Small and medium-sized fishing boats in the world are generally tens to hundreds of tons; Large fishing boats reach 1000 tons, or even more than 40,000 gross tons. In order to ensure the safety of fishing boats, fishing boats should be inspected and certified regularly during construction and use. At present, the number of units engaged in the design and construction of offshore fishing boats in China is limited, the number of types of offshore fishing boats designed and built independently is small, the technical reserve is insufficient, and the overall construction level is backward. China's ocean-going fishing boats are slow and consume a lot of energy, and the fuel cost accounts for 40%-50%, which is about 15% higher than that of advanced countries with the same power. Although China is a big shipbuilding country in the world, there are few fishing boats with high added value, and the advanced design and construction technology of shipbuilding industry has failed to benefit ocean-going fishing boats. Therefore, improving the equipment level of China's ocean-going fishing boats has become a top priority. In order to make rational use of offshore fishery resources, developed countries have established a scientific fishery management system, attached great importance to the selective study of fishing gear, and sent fishery survey vessels to various sea areas around the world every year to investigate new fishing grounds and resources, so as to provide new fishing grounds for their own marine fishing fleets. In order to innovate the existing fishing gear fishing method, Japan, Britain and other countries with developed marine fishing industry have done a lot of basic research on various fishing gear fishing method, making its structure more reasonable and increasing the net output. At present, the United States and Japan have the most advanced satellite navigation and fish detection systems in the world. They can detect and track fish schools from the sky, the seabed and the coast, and they can know the movement of fish schools at any time to ensure the fishing success rate of fishing boats. The characteristics of offshore fishing are far away from the production base and strong independence, which inevitably requires light hull, high speed, automatic operation of nets, automatic processing and serialization. With the continuous improvement of industrial modernization, the level of technical equipment such as horsepower, tonnage, speed, cabin capacity, automation of fishing machinery, comprehensive production capacity, self-maintenance capacity and processing capacity has been continuously improved, and the advanced level of fishing equipment abroad is much higher than that of developing countries. For example, ALBACORA, the flagship purse seine ship of Spanish tuna fleet, is the largest tuna purse seine ship in the world. The captain 105 meter, width 10 meter, gross tonnage of 2,640 tons, cold storage capacity of 3,000 tons of fresh fish and quick freezing capacity of 2,350 cubic meters. Its refrigeration equipment includes 6 73.5K compressors and 26 cold seawater storage rooms, which can quickly freeze 140 tons every day. This machine not only has advanced engine main engine, high-speed and advanced auxiliary equipment, but also advanced winch, winch, power pulley and crane. In addition, the cab is equipped with three radars, satellite navigator, rotary compass, automatic navigation and log, as well as single sideband and VHF communication equipment. The ship is also equipped with a Hughes 500E helicopter for fish exploration, with a maximum flying height of 2,900 meters and a speed of 150 kilometers per hour. In the mid-1990s, Iceland developed a shrimp catching system with one boat and two nets. The nets used in this shrimp catching system are two ANGMAGSALIK trawls, with a total length of102m. The opening distance of the two nets is 25m, and the height of the nets is 1 1 m.. The fishing results show that although the fuel of fishing boats increased by 30% during the operation, the output increased by 70%, and the output reached 2 10 ton in the fishing of 19 days. According to statistics, a large 8000-ton ocean trawler is worth more than 654.38+08,000 tons of bulk carrier in Cape of Good Hope, while an advanced Antarctic krill fishing boat is worth as much as 654.38+07 billion dollars, exceeding 1 10,000 containers, which is a high-tech and high-value-added ship. At present, most of the fishing boats in China are relatively old, and the fishing equipment and navigation AIDS are relatively backward. Although the winch of trawl fishing equipment adopts hydraulic transmission technology, the technical level of control technology and automation is still relatively backward, and the product specifications are also relatively few. The fishing equipment for purse seine operation in China mainly includes: winch, power pulley, side drum, tail net lifter and net sorting machine; Another kind of purse seine winch, called multi-drum, has been successfully developed, but it has not been popularized because of the problem of working habits: the fishing equipment of purse seine boats in China generally adopts some mechanized equipment, and many processes are still completed by manpower, so the automation level is relatively low. At present, the use of a single boat for middle trawling is the main form of middle trawling in the world. Its operation technology is similar to that of single bottom trawl. Maintaining the position of the net water layer is also mainly carried out by adjusting the length and speed of the traction rope. At present, the main fishing target is herring, which is also used to catch Antarctic krill. Tuna ultra-low temperature longline fishing boats in China are basically old ships imported from Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan Province Province. 1) ultra-low temperature longline fishing boats can pick up fish and supply from the sea, and each voyage can last for 6 to 12 months. The gross tonnage is 400 ~ 750, and the captain is 45 ~ 60m. The fishing targets are adult fish such as bigeye, blue fin and yellow fin, which are frozen and refrigerated at -50℃ to -55℃ to target the raw tuna market. 2) Tuna longline fishing with cold seawater and normal temperature is mainly supplied by the base, with a small ship type, a length of 25-35 meters and self-sustaining capacity at sea 15-30 days. The fishing target is mainly long fin, and a small amount of yellow fin is caught, and cold seawater is used for refrigeration and freezing. About half of the products are long fins, which are sold to canneries; Raw food, first-class products are sold to Japan, and second-class products are sold to the United States. According to the hull material, this kind of ship can be divided into steel cold water tuna ship and glass fiber reinforced plastic cold water tuna ship. Due to the rising international crude oil price, the development of economical, energy-saving and reliable FRP ship forms has once become a hot research topic. However, due to the difficulty of electrochemical corrosion resistance and high maintenance cost of mechanical equipment materials, most shipowners turned to steel hull ships. 3) Frozen tuna longline fishing boats Our country's frozen tuna fishing boats began to operate in the South Pacific as early as 1988, with backward refrigeration and fishing equipment and small ship types. Relying on the supply of the base, it is self-sustaining at sea for 7 ~ 10 days, mainly catching adult fish such as big eyes or yellow fins, chilled and transported to the raw food market by air. These ships are generally backward in fishing, fishing aid, communication and other equipment configuration, and there are still many defects in fishing suitability, refrigeration conditions and cabin capacity, health and safety guarantee of processing operations, and living conditions of crew members. 4) Tuna purse seine boat This is the most advanced technology among existing fishing boats. At present, all domestic fishing boats are imported from foreign second-hand boats, and the price of a single boat is $8 million ~100000, depending on the old and new equipment. Up to now, the most advanced tuna purse seine ship imported from China is Zhongtai No.2, a new type of ship purchased by China Water Group in 2008 and built by Taiwan Province Province on 200 1. At present, there are three kinds of squid fishing boats in China. 1. The squid fishing boat transformed from a 600 horsepower trawler has inherent defects in the use of the main and auxiliary engines of the main diesel engine power equipment due to the difference between trawling and squid fishing operations. In order to solve this problem, most fishing boats are equipped with high-power auxiliary machines, but the problems of small refrigeration capacity and small cabin capacity are difficult to solve. Because squid fishing is far away from the mainland, the requirement for refrigeration capacity is relatively high, so in the peak season of production, it is often forced to stop production and wait for reprinting because the refrigerated warehouse is full. 2. Introduce second-hand professional squid fishing boats, mainly from Japan and other countries. 3. The domestic imitation ship type is similar to the imported ship type in configuration, with some slight changes. For example, Zhongshui Group Co., Ltd. added cooking and processing equipment to the ship ... The captain is generally 60 ~ 70 meters. The main engine power is about 1800 horsepower, the maximum speed is 14 knots, and the refrigeration capacity is 500 ~ 1000 tons. Judging from the production situation in recent years, the production benefit of more than 70 meters professional squid fishing boat is much better than other modified boats. The gap between fishing boats in China and advanced countries is 1. Ocean fishing boats are backward in equipment, low in automation and low in capital investment. Although some advanced tuna purse seine boats, ultra-low temperature longline fishing boats and large trawl processing fishing boats have been introduced in recent years, they are all old boats used abroad for more than 10 years, and their performance and quality (including steel, pipelines, electrical instruments, paints, etc.). Some fake fishing boats are still poor in China. Even the large trawler that has been used for about 20 years now is more advanced than the similar new fishing boats built in China. China's investment in research, development and renewal of old ships lags far behind that of advanced countries. After years of operation, China's ocean-going fleet and equipment have been seriously aging, which not only increases the maintenance cost, but also brings hidden dangers in production safety. At present, the equipment of offshore fishing boats abroad is basically controlled automatically, which not only improves the work efficiency, but also ensures the product quality. In China, it is mainly manual operation. Due to the large number of working machines, manual operation not only increases the number of crew, but also increases the operation risk. 7000-8000-ton trawling ships abroad need 15- 16 crew members, while China needs 100 crew members. 2. Fishing boats rarely adopt new technologies, new materials and new processes. For the more advanced Antarctic shrimp fishing boats, canine fishing boats, large-scale special fishing boats in Europe, and mother-child fishing and processing boats, many high-tech equipment have been used in steel, stability design, ice-breaking ability, surimi deep processing equipment, helicopter rescue and so on. Due to the technical blockade of developed countries, we know little about it. For example, Japan's tuna longline fishing industry generally uses ships with a gross tonnage of less than 20 tons along the coast; In the offshore and offshore tuna longline fishing, which has a great advantage in yield, 50- 100 tons and 200-500 tons are the main fishing boats, and the mother ship engaged in mother ship operation is over several hundred tons, and the largest is over 3,000 tons. This longline fishing boat can hold more than 400 reeds at most. Recently, the international fishery protection organization has stipulated that it is strictly forbidden to set up driftwood and electric buoys, which indicates that tuna purse seine can only chase floating fish in the future. Therefore, it is an inevitable trend to use helicopters to detect fish and powerful seabird radar, and to use aircraft with high power and large cabin capacity to ensure the speed of fishing boats. The development of China's offshore fishery must give priority to the improvement of equipment from quantity to quality, otherwise it will be difficult to fundamentally change the backward situation, and it will not be commensurate with China's comprehensive economic strength. 3. Lack of management leads to low energy-saving benefits of ocean-going fishing boats. The implementation of energy-saving manufacturing of ships must be based on "laws". Although international organizations, trade organizations, regional alliances and other countries have put forward relevant laws and regulations on energy-saving manufacturing and green manufacturing of ships, China has also put forward some policy requirements and regulations on energy-saving manufacturing, but these laws and regulations cover a wide range and target a wide range. It is unrealistic and not feasible to take them as the basis of implementing green manufacturing of ships in China. Generally speaking, China's green manufacturing of ships is still in a state of "laws to follow". The problem of weakening industry management exists in many industries. However, due to the long industrial chain and complex production technology of shipbuilding industry, the weakening of industry management has a greater impact on the development of shipbuilding industry than other industries. For a long time, hundreds of shipbuilding and ship repairing enterprises in China have not established and improved effective industry management systems in different places and departments. Without national overall planning and macro-control, enterprises lack guiding plans, and the development of shipbuilding industry is quite blind and spontaneous. Ordinary steel plate is used in domestic shipbuilding industry, which has the advantages of large cutting amount, long welding length, low production efficiency and high production cost. Because there is no computer layout system for steel products, the design accuracy of domestic shipbuilding industry is poor, and the steel products have large processing allowance, many repetitions, high cost and many wastes. Ordinary welding technology is widely used in domestic shipyards, and the utilization rate of automatic welding and semi-automatic welding is low, only 30% to 40%. At present, the steel utilization rate of China shipbuilding industry is 87%, while that of Japan and South Korea has reached 92% to 95%, and the gap is very obvious. If the steel utilization rate is increased by 1 percentage point, 20,000 tons of steel can be saved, and the cost can be saved by nearly 1 100 million yuan.