What are the ancient Chinese buildings?

Ancient Chinese Architecture

(I) Hall

The main building in the ancient Chinese architectural ensemble, including two types of architectural forms of the hall and hall, of which the hall is dedicated to the palace, ritual and religious buildings. Hall, hall of the name are appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. The word "hall" appeared earlier, the original meaning is relative to the inner room, refers to the front part of the building open to the outside. The left and right of the hall is organized, there is a clip, room on both sides of the room, there are rooms, compartments. Such a group of buildings and collectively referred to as the Hall, referring to the Son of Heaven, the vassals, doctors, the residence of the building. The word "hall" appeared later, the original meaning is the back of the high up the appearance of things; used in buildings, said its shape is tall, the status is remarkable. Since the Han Dynasty, the hall generally refers to the main building in the government offices and houses, but the palace, the temple in the secondary building can also be called hall, such as the north and south dynasty palace in the "east and west hall", Buddhist temples in the lecture hall, Lenten Hall and so on. Halls and halls can be divided into three basic parts: steps, body and roof. Among them, the steps and the roof form the most obvious appearance characteristics of Chinese architecture. Because of the constraints of the feudal hierarchy, there are differences in the form and structure of the temple and hall. Hall and hall in the practice of steps on the difference appeared earlier: hall only steps; hall not only have steps, and ah, that is, in addition to its own foundation, there is a tall platform as a base, by the long ah level connection between the upper and lower. Hall is generally located in the palace, temple, royal gardens and other complexes in the center or the main axis, its plane is mostly rectangular, but also square, round, I-shaped, etc.. Hall of space and components of the scale is often larger, more elaborate decoration practices. Hall is generally used as the main building in the residence, government offices, mansions, gardens, its plane form, volume is more moderate, structural practices and decorative materials, etc. is also more simple, and often show more local characteristics.

(B) pavilion

Multi-story buildings in ancient Chinese architecture. There was a difference between a building and a pavilion in the early days. Floor refers to the heavy house, the attic refers to the lower part of the elevated, the bottom of the high hanging building. The general plane of the attic nearly square, two-story, flat sitting, in the architectural group can live in the main position, such as Buddhist temples in the cabinet as the main body of the Dule Temple Guanyin Pavilion that is an example. The building is more narrow and repair curve, in the building group often resides in a secondary position, such as the Buddhist temple in the Tibetan scripture building, the royal family in the back of the building, compartment building, etc., in the building group in the last column or the left and right compartment position. Later, the word "pavilion" is interchangeable, no strict distinction, ancient pavilions have a variety of architectural forms and uses. In the Warring States period has appeared. Han Dynasty towers have been as high as three layers. Que Lou, the city floor, watchtower, etc. are the Han Dynasty, the application of more forms of pavilions. The emperor of the Han Dynasty believed in fairy magic, that the construction of high and steep buildings can be immortal. After the introduction of Buddhism into China, a large number of pagodas constructed is also a kind of pavilion. Northern Wei Luoyang Yongning Temple wooden tower, high "forty feet", a hundred miles away, can be seen from afar. Built in the Liao Dynasty, Shanxi Yingxian Fogong Temple Shijia Pagoda is 67.31 meters high, is still China's tallest surviving ancient wooden buildings. You can climb the distant landscape excursion buildings often also use the name of the pavilion, such as the yellow crane tower, Tengwang Pavilion. Ancient Chinese pavilions are mostly wooden structures, there are a variety of frame forms. To square wood interlocking stacked base into the shape of the well bar composed of tall buildings, said well □ type; will be a single-story building layer by layer overlap and constitute a whole building, said heavy house type. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, the platform structure layer is added between the layers, the inner eaves of which form the dark layer and the floor, and the outer eaves of which are picked out to become the picket platform, a form known as the flat sitting in the Song dynasty. Between the upper and lower columns of each layer are not connected, the construction of the intersection is more complex. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the pavilion frame, the wooden columns of each layer will be continued to become a long column material, and the Liang Fang intertwined to become the overall framework, called through the column type. In addition, there are other variations of the cabinet frame form.

(C) pavilion

Chinese traditional architecture around the open small point building for people to stay, viewing, also used for ceremonies, commonly known as the pavilion, appeared in the North and South Dynasties in the middle and later. "Pavilion" also refers to the ancient grass-roots administrative institutions, with hostel form Pavilion is generally set up in the rest, the view of the shape of the place, such as the mountain, the water, the city, the bridge, and the gardens. There are also special-purpose pavilions, such as monument pavilions, well pavilions, Zaijia Pavilion, bell pavilions and so on. Pavilion plan form in addition to square, rectangular, round, polygonal, and cross, chain, plum blossom, fan and other forms. The roof of the pavilion has a saving tip, hiatus, conical and other forms of composite. Large pavilions can be built with heavy eaves, or on all sides of the building. Mausoleums, temples in the Pavilion, well Pavilion can be made very solemn, such as the Ming Changling Pavilion. Large pavilions can be made majestic, such as Beijing Jingshan Wanchun Pavilion. Small pavilions can be made light and elegant, such as Hangzhou three pools and three triangular pavilions. Pavilion of different forms, can produce different artistic effects. Structure, the structure of the pavilion to the wooden structure for the most, there are also masonry masonry. Pavilion mostly do save pointed roof and conical roof. Four corners of the roof has appeared in the Han Dynasty, eight corners of the roof and conical roof has been found in the Tang Dynasty Ming ware. Song "building law style" contained in the "pavilions bucket tip", is similar to the structure of the umbrella frame. This practice can be seen from the southern gardens in the Qing dynasty. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, the square pavilion more than the angle of the beam, multi-angle tip pavilion more than the picket beam, stacked layer by layer. The construction of rectangular pavilion is basically the same as the house building.

(4) corridor

Ancient Chinese buildings have a top of the channel, including corridors and porches, the basic function of the sun, rain and for people to rest. Gallery is an important part of the formation of ancient Chinese architectural features. The corridor under the eaves of the hall, as the transition space between indoor and outdoor, is an important means of constituting the change of reality and rhythm in the modeling of the building. Enclosing the courtyard corridor, the pattern of the courtyard space, the volume of the beautification plays an important role, and can cause solemn, lively, open, deep, closed, connected and other different effects. Garden in the corridor is mainly play a division of the scenic area, resulting in a variety of spatial changes, increase the depth of the scene, to guide the best ornamental routes and other roles. In the details of the corridor is often equipped with geometric patterns of railings, benches, goose chairs (also known as the beauty of the leaning or Wu Wang leaning), hanging down, color painting; partition walls are often decorated with brocade lamps and windows, leaky windows, the moon gate, bottle door and other decorative architectural elements.

(E) Taisei

Ancient China will be on the ground of rammed earth piers known as the platform, the platform of the wooden houses known as the salute, both known as Taisei. The earliest Taipai just built on the rammed earth platform with columns without walls, the scale of the open hall, for the view, banquets, rows of shooting. Sometimes with the function of moisture and defense. The site of a lot of Taisei, famous for the Spring and Autumn Jin Xintian site, the site of the Warring States Yan under the capital, the ruins of the old city of Zhao in Handan, the Qin Xianyang Palace site, etc., have preserved a huge stepped rammed-earth platform. Salt also refers to the four sides of the open larger houses. After the Tang Dynasty, the buildings facing or built on the water were also called Shuixie, but they were already a different type of building entirely different from Taizhe.

(F) temple

Ancient Chinese sacrificial buildings. Form requirements serious and neat, can be roughly divided into three categories:

1, the temple of ancestors. Ancient Chinese emperors and lords and other worship ancestors of the building called the clan temple. The emperor's zongmiao called taimiao, temple system through the generations. The imperial temple was the highest-ranking building. The buildings where the nobles, eminent officials and big families worshiped their ancestors were called family temples or ancestral temples. Modeled after the orientation of the Imperial Temple, set up on the east side of the house, the scale varies. Some of the ancestral temple attached to the Yi school, Yi warehouse, theater, function beyond the scope of worship.

2, enshrined in the temple of the sages. The most famous is the Temple of Confucius dedicated to Confucius, also known as the Temple of Literature. Kong Qiu is worshipped as the ancestor of Confucianism, Han after the successive emperors worship Confucianism. The Temple of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest. The temple dedicated to Guan Yu, a famous general in the Three Kingdoms era, is called Guan Di Temple, also known as Wu Temple. In some places, three temples were built to honor Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Many places also enshrine famous ministers, sages, righteous men and martyrs, such as Chengdu, Sichuan Province and Nanyang, Henan Province, which enshrine Zhuge Liang, a famous statesman of the Three Kingdoms, and Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province and Tangyin, Henan Province, which enshrine Yue Fei, a national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty, in the Yuewang Temple and the Yue Fei Temple. "Yue Fei Temple" in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province and Tangyin, Henan Province, dedicated to Yue Fei, the national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty.

3, worship of mountains and rivers, the temple of the gods. China from ancient times on the worship of heaven, earth, mountains, rivers and other natural objects and set up temples to worship, such as the temple of the earth. The most famous is dedicated to the five mountains - Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Heng, Mount Song temple, of which Mount Tai's Dai Temple is the largest. There are also a large number of sacrificial buildings originating from various religions and folk customs, such as the City God Temple, Land Temple, Dragon King Temple, God of Wealth Temple and so on.

Seven) altar

Ancient China is mainly used for worship of heaven, earth, the gods of earth and grain and other activities of the platform-type buildings. Inside and outside Beijing, the Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Earth, the Temple of the Sun, the Temple of the Moon, the Temple of Praying for the Valley, the Temple of the Gods of the Jigoku, and so on. The altar is both the main body of the sacrificial building and the general name of the whole group of buildings. The form of the altar is mostly based on the doctrine of yin and yang and the five elements. For example, the altar of heaven, the altar of earth, the main body of the building were used round and square, from the theory of the circle of heaven and earth. The number of pieces of stone used in the Temple of Heaven and the size of the use of odd numbers, is the use of the ancients to the sky for the Yang and the odd number on behalf of the Yang said. The Hall of Prayer for the Year of the Dragon has three eaves covered with three colors of glazed tiles: green on the upper eaves to symbolize the blue sky, yellow on the middle eaves to symbolize the land, and green on the lower eaves to symbolize all things. To the sixteen years of Qianlong changed to three layers are blue, in order to combine dedicated to the meaning of the sacrifice of heaven.

(H) tower

The Tower

For or collection of Buddha's relics (Buddha's bones), statues, sutras, monks' remains, etc., the towering type of point building, also known as the "pagoda", "pagoda". Pagoda originated in India, also often called "Buddha Figure", "Fudu", "Fudu" and so on. Pagoda is a great number of ancient Chinese architecture, the most diverse form of a building type.

The tower generally consists of the underground palace, the tower foundation, the tower body, the tower top and the tower brake. The underground palace, where the relics are hidden, is located below the ground in the center of the tower foundation. The base of the pagoda consists of an abutment and a pedestal. Pagoda brake on the top of the tower, usually by the Sumeru seat, Yang lotus, mantle, phase wheel and treasure beads; there are also in the phase wheel on top of the addition of treasure cover, round light, Yang Yue and treasure beads of the pagoda brake.

There are many types of towers, China has more than 2,000 existing towers. According to the nature of points, there are for the worship of the hidden Buddha's stupa and monk's tomb tower; according to the materials used can be divided into wooden tower, brick tower, stone tower, metal tower, ceramic tower, etc.; according to the structure and modeling can be divided into the tower of the pavilion type tower, dense eave tower, single-story tower, Lahmai tower and other special shape of the tower. Cabinet-style tower is famous for Xi'an Ci'en Temple Tower, Xingjiao Temple Xuanzang Tower, Suzhou Yunyan Temple Tower and so on. Dengfeng Songyue Pagoda, Xi'an, Xi'an Recommended Blessing Temple Pagoda, Dali Chongsheng Temple Thousand Pagodas and so on. Single tower is famous for Lixing shentong temple four door tower, Beijing Yunju temple stone tower group, Dengfeng will be good temple net Tibetan Zen master tower and so on. Lama tower tower body painted white, commonly known as "white tower". Famous white tower of Beijing Miaoying Temple, Shanxi Wutai County Tanyin Temple white tower. Vajra Throne Tower is famous for the Beijing Zhengjue Temple Vajra Throne Tower.

(IX) shadow wall

Built in the compound of the gate or outside the gate, and the gate for the opposite barrier wall, also known as the wall, wall. Shadow wall in the gate or outside the gate to form a transition space with the street both connected and limited separation. Ming and Qing dynasties from the form of shadow wall has a zigzag, eight-shaped, and so on. Beijing's large residential gates on both sides of the eight walls, and the street across the eight-shaped shadow wall opposite, in front of the door to form a slightly wider than the street space; the door with a word-shaped shadow wall, with the left and right walls and screen doors into a square courtyard, become the two transitions from the streets and alleys into the residence. Southern residential shadow wall built outside the door. Rural residential shadow wall with rammed earth or adobe masonry, plus tile roof. Palaces, temples, shadow wall with glazed masonry. Ming and Qing palaces, temples, government offices and homes have shadow wall, the famous Datong, Shanxi Province, nine dragon wall is the son of Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming Emperor Zhu Gui's generation of the King's House in front of the glazed shadow wall. Beijing Beihai and the Forbidden City in the nine dragon wall is also very famous.

(10) Fang table

Ancient Chinese buildings with the role of recognition, commemoration, guidance or signs, including the tabletops, Huabiao. Pai Fang, also known as Pai Lou, is only a single row of columns, to divide or control the role of space building. In the single row of columns on the addition of forehead square and other components without the roof is known as the house of cards, on the application of the roof is known as the house of cards, the roof is commonly known as the "building", the columns on the upper end of the roof is known as the "sky card tower". When the pagoda is built at the entrance of a large architectural complex such as a palace, a garden, a temple, a mausoleum, etc., the level of the form is higher. The Okitian Paiulou is mostly built at the key points of town streets, such as the starting point of the main road, crossroads, the ends of bridges, and store fronts. The former becomes the prelude to the architectural group, resulting in a solemn, solemn, profound atmosphere, the main building to play a role in accompanying; the latter can play a rich streetscape, marking the role of the location. Some towns in Jiangnan have built a series of pagodas across the street, mostly for the "recognition of merit" or "recognition of filial piety". In the mountains and forests of the scenic area is also built on the mountain road, both the prelude to the temple, but also a sign of the process of the mountain road.

The Huabiao is a pair of columns, playing a symbolic or memorial role. Han Dynasty called Huan table. Before the Yuan Dynasty, the Huabiao mainly wooden, inserted cross-shaped wooden boards, the top of the crane, mostly set up at intersections, bridges and Yamen before. After the Ming Dynasty, the table is made of stone, under the seat of Sumeru; stone columns with a carved cloud pattern on the top of the stone plate, called the cloud plate; columns on the top of the original crane with squatting beasts, commonly known as the "skyward roar". Huabiao surrounded by a stone fence. Huabiao and railings are covered with fine reliefs. Ming and Qing dynasty Huabiao mainly stood in the palace, mausoleums, individually in the bridge, such as the head of the Lugou Bridge in Beijing. Ming Yongle years built in front of Beijing Tiananmen Square and thirteen mausoleum pavilion around the Huabiao is a typical surviving.

One, the Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the world's architectural wonders. The Great Wall has been regarded as a symbol of China's ancient civilization and is famous all over the world.

The Great Wall has a history of more than 2,000 years, and its construction began during the Warring States period. At that time, Qin, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan, Chu and other vassal states built the Great Wall for the defense of the northern nomads and self-defense. After Qin annexed the six states, in order to guard against the raids of the Xiongnu in the north, it initiated a huge project to build the Great Wall in 213 BC, connecting and expanding the original Great Walls of Qin, Yan, Zhao and Wei. The entire project **** requisitioned 300,000 people, spent more than l0 years in a row to complete the completion of the Great Wall, built in the west from Gansu Lintao (now Minxian), along the Yellow River to the Inner Mongolia Linhe, the north of the Yinshan Mountains, the south of Shanxi Yanmen Pass, the east of the Great Wall of Liaodong, a total length of more than 3,000 kilometers. Because the Great Wall project was extremely difficult, the situation of the workers was very miserable, so it left the legendary story of Meng Jiangnu crying on the Great Wall.

In addition to the reconstruction of the Great Wall of Qin in the Han Dynasty, the Great Wall of Shofang in the south of the Hetao Loop in Inner Mongolia and the Great Wall in the western part of Liangzhou were built. Liangzhou west section of the Great Wall north of Inner Mongolia Juyanhai (now Ejinagi Banner within the territory), along the Eji River, through Gansu Jinta, west to Anxi, Dunhuang, Yumen Pass into Xinjiang. The entire Great Wall "five miles a flint, ten miles a pier, thirty miles a fort, a hundred miles a city", constituting a rigorous defense system.

After the Han Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and other dynasties have partially constructed the Great Wall, and the Ming Dynasty carried out a comprehensive reconstruction. The Great Wall was rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty, stretching from Jiayuguan Pass in the west to the Yalu River in the east, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers (more than 13,000 kilometers). The entire rebuilding process took more than 100 years, which shows the magnitude and arduousness of the project. Among them, the Great Wall east of Shanxi was built with internal rammed earth and external masonry, while the Great Wall west of Shanxi was built with rammed earth. There were many passes built on the whole Great Wall, all of which were built on steep terrain, the famous ones being Jiayuguan Pass, Juyongguan Pass, Shanhaiguan Pass, etc. Among them, Jiayuguan Pass is the largest surviving Great Wall. Among them, Jiayuguan Pass is the most complete one among the existing Great Wall passes. It was built in the fifth year of the Ming Dynasty (1372), with a majestic, well-planned and rigorous structure, and is known as "the most powerful pass in the world". According to legend, during the construction of the pass, not only the design and construction skills, but also the calculation of the materials used is also very accurate. After the completion of the pass, only one brick remained, which was put on the small building of the pass as a memorial. The Great Wall that people see now is mainly rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, while only some remains of the former Great Wall are left.

The Great Wall, which stretches for more than 10,000 miles, traverses over steep mountains, rapids, streams and valleys, and other treacherous sections, and the enormity of the project is unimaginable, which demonstrates the majesty and ingenuity of the Chinese nation, and also reflects the high level of surveying, planning and designing, architectural technology, project management and military technology in ancient China.

Two, the Forbidden City

The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing, covering an area of 1,087 acres, or more than 720,000 square meters, is the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and is the world's largest surviving and most complete complex of ancient wooden buildings. It focuses on the architectural tradition of the Chinese nation and the unique style.

The Forbidden City, built in 1406, was the palace built by the Ming Dynasty Yongle Emperor when he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. From the overall layout, it can be divided into two parts, the so-called outer and inner court. The outer court is centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, with the Hall of Wenhua and the Hall of Wuying as the two wings, which are the main places for the exercise of dynastic government. The inner court is composed of Qianqingguan, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace and the East and West Six Palaces, the living quarters for the royal family. According to the tradition of four columns for a room to carry out calculations, *** nearly 10,000 rooms, with a floor area of about 150,000 square meters.

Palace group surrounded by the Forbidden City, the city is 10 meters high, outside and surrounded by a 52-meter-wide moat. The entire city is open to the east, west, south and north of four gates, the south gate for the noon gate, the north gate for the Xuan (Shen) Wumen, the east gate for the Donghuamen, the west gate for the Xihuamen. The four corners of the city were built with a corner tower. Each corner tower has nine beams, eighteen columns, seventy-two ridges, complex structure, peculiar style, for the rare masterpiece of ancient architecture. On the construction of the corner of the building, there are also rumors that Lu Ban used broomcorn millet straw woven into a grasshopper cage as a model demonstration of the legend. The entire Palace of the architectural layout of the rigorous rules, the primary and secondary order, and with the shape of the changes, high and low undulation of the technique, so that the space is rich and varied.

Noon Gate is the main gate of the Palace, in the city wall piers built on a group of buildings. In the center is a wide nine hipped roof heavy eaves hall, on both sides of the joint eaves through the ridge of the temple stretches out, each corner has a tall corner pavilion. This group of buildings called five phoenix building, lofty and magnificent, imposing. Into the Noon Gate, through a large courtyard, and then across the Jinshui Bridge, into the Taihe Gate, that is, outside the three halls, Taihe in the front, in the center and in the middle, Paul and in the back, in turn, the building in a tall pedestal in the shape of an I-shaped. Abutment height of 8.13 meters, divided into 3 layers, made of white jade masonry. Each layer in the middle of the stone carving Royal Road, the side are decorated with balustrades, columns and dragons. According to statistics, there are 1,414 pieces of carving plate, engraved with cloud dragon Xiangfeng pattern of 1460 columns, the dragon's head 1,138. These stone decorations, reflecting the unique style of traditional Chinese architectural decorative arts. At the same time, it plays the role of drainage in the structural function. Small holes are carved under the balustrades and in the mouths of the dragon heads protruding from the watchtowers. Whenever it rains, the water flows out from the dragon's head, just like a thousand dragons spouting water, a magnificent sight.

Taihe Temple, also known as the Palace of the Golden Luan, is the emperor issued a decree and held a ceremony place. Hall 35.05 meters high, 63.96 meters wide, 37.20 meters deep, is the largest building in the Forbidden City, is also the largest existing wooden buildings. Its structure focuses on the characteristics of traditional Chinese wooden buildings. That is, first in the peg base on the wooden columns, columns on the frame beams, beams on the small columns (columns), and then set up a layer of shorter beams; from the beams and can be overlapped by small columns through the several layers of beams, layer by layer, each layer of beams layer by layer to shorten the eave; in the uppermost layer of the spine of the melon columns in the two groups of frames across the purlins; in the purlins on the rafters, rafters laying wooden boards (looking at the boards), boards thatched thatched gray back ceramic tiles; due to the beams layer by layer to shorten the small beams layer by layer, thus forming the beam frame by layer, and shortened the small beams layer by layer. As the beam frame layer by layer, shorten the beam layer by layer, thus forming a sloping roof; eave pick is used to take the arch, both load-bearing, but also to add decorative effect, is another major feature of traditional Chinese architecture. The Hall of Supreme Harmony that is the use of this structure, with 73 large wooden pillars supporting the beams to form a hipped roof with heavy eaves, the upper eaves arch jumping single cocked triple ang nine tread, the lower eaves for the single cocked heavy ang seven tread. The whole building is solemn and majestic, magnificent, showing the effect of imperial power.

With the outer requirements of grandeur and magnificent, the courtyard is obviously different, as the emperor and queen of the living quarters of the inner court presents the characteristics of the courtyard depth, east and west of the six palaces are self-contained, arranged in order. And there are back of the Imperial Garden, beautiful and quiet, for fun.

The layout of the entire Palace, the Noon Gate to the Shenwu Gate as the central axis, symmetrical arrangement. The central axis extends southward to Tiananmen Square and northward to Jingshan Mountain, which coincides with the central axis of the ancient city of Beijing. Climbed Jingshan, looking at the Forbidden City, overlapping eaves, glazed pieces, magnificent and brilliant, the weather, known as China's traditional architectural treasures.

Three, the Summer Palace

Garden integration of architectural beauty, artistic beauty and natural beauty, it is science and technology and art interpenetration, intermingling results. China's garden architecture has a long history, unique in the world of horticulture history, outstanding achievements. Several dry years, in the Chinese land to create a dry tens of thousands of exquisite gardens. Summer Palace is now more complete preservation of large-scale royal gardens, in China's traditional gardens have a certain degree of representativeness, in the world of garden architecture also occupies an important position.

The Summer Palace is located in the northwest of Beijing, 8 kilometers (sixteen miles) in circumference, covering an area of 4,350 acres, with a grand scale and beautiful scenery. Its history can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty more than 800 years ago, when Jin Zhangzong built the Jinshuiyuan here, one of the eight yards on the Western Mountain at that time. Its mountain was called Jinshan, and it drew all the water from Yuquan to the bottom of the mountain to make a pool called Jinshui Pond. During the Yuan Dynasty, it was said that an old man dug up a large stone urn carved with patterns on the mountain, and then changed the name of Jinshan to Urn Mountain. Yuan Shizuizu had ordered Guo Shoujing twice to draw jade spring water to the mountain, and the gold pool dredging and expansion of the pool for the large reservoir, has been named Urn Mountain Park and Dapo Lake, commonly known as the West Lake or the West Hai Zi, digging the lake of soil transported up the mountain to increase the height of the urn, thus becoming a mountain high and wide scenic spots. The Ming Dynasty and change the urn mountain for the Jinshan, change the urn mountain berth for the Jinhai, in the mountain built round Jing Temple, in the lake built a good mountain garden line official, always called good mountain garden, commonly known as the West Lake King. 1750, the Qing dynasty emperor Qianlong in the round Jing Temple on the basis of the construction of the Grand Retribution of the temple for his mother emperor birthday, and change the Jinshan Mountain for the Wanshoushan, and the Jinhai dredging, renamed the Kunming Lake, the whole garden is called the garden of the clear ripples, the project lasted for 15 years to be completed. Since then, Manshoushan Qingyi Garden, Yuquan Mountain Jingmingyuan, Xiangshan Jingyi Garden, as well as Changchunyuan, Yuanmingyuan, collectively known as the "three mountains and five gardens", and the Qingyi Garden unique features, there are "where the most free feelings Yanshan, no double wind and moon belong to the reputation of the Kunming". Infuriatingly, in 1860, the British and French forces captured Beijing, three mountains and five gardens were doomed, was looted and then arson, clear ripples garden in addition to some of the buildings have become ashes. 1886, Cixi diverted funds from the navy, which lasted 10 years, construction, and renamed the summer palace. 1900, the summer palace was looted by the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers and burned down in 1902, Cixi once again restored. The existing Summer Palace, both reflecting the ancient Chinese garden skills of the high attainments, but also the invasion of China by the great powers and the late Qing rulers of corruption and misuse of the country nailed to the pillar of shame in history.

The Summer Palace inherited and developed the traditional features and gardening techniques of ancient Chinese garden architecture. The layout of the whole garden can be roughly divided into the East Palace Gate and the East Mountain, the Front Mountain, the Back Mountain, Kunming Lake and other parts. The entire garden has the following outstanding points of interest:

1, water to win. The water area accounts for 3 / 4 of the garden, the designer based on the characteristics of the water open gap, the design layout, the main buildings and scenic spots facing the Kunming Lake, or overlooking the lake. In order to avoid the open lake seems monotonous, with a long embankment to the lake is divided into several areas, but also in the lake arranged by the phoenix pier, the rule of the mirror pavilion, the algae Jian Hall and other islands, in order to symbolize the legend of the Penglai, the abbot, Yingzhou and other sea three god mountain, so that the waters are both open and full of interest.

2, lake and mountain combination. The Wanshou Mountain on the north shore of the lake is 58 meters high, like a green screen standing. Lake and mountain color, reflecting each other. Front of the mountain is the center of the whole garden, in the middle of a huge group of buildings, from the top of the wisdom of the sea and down is the Buddha incense Pavilion, Tan Hui Hall, Paiyun Hall, Paiyun door, Yun Hui Yuyu Square to reach the lake. Among them, the glazed brick tiles of the Beamless Hall (Sea of Wisdom) and the 41-meter-high Buddha Heung Pavilion are majestic and the most distinctive buildings. On both sides of this central axis, there are many accompanying buildings. Holding the mountain around the lake area built a long silhouette and stone fence, the lake and the mountain is clearly distinguishable from the area and closely linked together.

3, contrast. The front of the mountain building magnificent, brilliant, hidden buildings in the back of the mountain, quiet scenery; Kunming Lake vast and magnificent, after the lake (Suzhou Creek), quiet and exquisite, dense buildings in the East Palace Gate, the West Causeway and Causeway West scenery LuLuLuChang. Strong contrast, so that visitors have different feelings, thus adding interest.

4, the scene with the steps. According to different geographical characteristics, with buildings, platforms, pavilions, pavilions, lounges, halls, Xuan, pavilions, threshold corridors, and rockeries and other combinations into different attractions. There are obvious differences between the attractions, but also organic links, so that people walking in the garden, the scenery changes everywhere, endless.

5, borrowing techniques. The designer not only considered the garden scene with each other borrowed, but also fully utilize the surrounding scenery, so that the peaks of the West Mountain, the West embankment of the smoke and willows, Yuquanshan tower shadow, etc., as if the garden scene. This kind of garden, the garden are outside the scenery of the clever technique, give people a kind of garden range to expand the feeling.

6, garden in the garden. At the eastern foot of Wanshoushan Mountain, a lower terrain, water into a pool place, according to Wuxi Huishan Garden, built the Harmonious Garden. It is centered on the pool, with the hall, Xuan, pavilion, pavilion, corridor, bridge, with its own independent pattern, became a garden in the garden. And it is elegant and quiet, and the dense palace complex in the East Palace Gate into a sharp contrast, giving people a sense of renewal.

7, set scenery mold writing. The garden brings together many of the country's famous landscape, but is not a hard imitation, but a distinctive charm, such as Harmony Garden imitation of Huishan Garden, six bridges on the West Bank imitation of Hangzhou West Lake Su Causeway, Hanxu Hall, Jingming Building imitation of the Yellow Crane Tower, Yueyang Tower, Suzhou Street imitation of Suzhou City Street, etc., but there are great differences.

The Summer Palace brings together the essence of traditional Chinese garden architecture. It is "man-made, like heaven", is a masterpiece of garden architecture.

Chinese architecture since the pre-Qin Dynasty to the mid-19th century was basically a closed independent system, more than 2,000 years of little change in style, commonly known as the ancient Chinese architecture. the mid-19th century, with the change in the nature of the society, foreign architecture, especially the large number of Western architectural French input, Chinese architecture and the world's architecture has more contact and exchange, the architectural style has undergone a sharp change, commonly known as China's recent changes. The architectural style has changed dramatically, commonly known as modern Chinese architecture. This article focuses on ancient Chinese architecture.

Ancient Chinese architecture developed and matured in the feudal society, with Han wooden architecture as the main body, including the excellent architecture of various ethnic minorities, which is a unique system with the longest history, the widest geographical distribution, and the most distinctive style in the world. Ancient Chinese architecture had a direct influence on the ancient architecture of Japan, Korea and Vietnam, and after the 17th century, it also had an influence on Europe.

Compared with the European ancient architectural art, the aesthetic value and political and ethical value of ancient Chinese architecture is highly unified; rooted in the deep traditional culture, showing a distinctive spirit of humanism; the overall, comprehensive is very strong. Specifically manifested as follows:

A) Emphasis on the overall management of the environment

From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of the overall management of the built environment. Zhou Li" on the wild, all, mean, township, village, coccyx, li, eup, mound, dean and other planning system, although not all may not be a fact, but at least shows that there was a systematic planning of the concept of large regional planning. Guan Zi - multiplying horses" advocates that "wherever the capital of a country is established, it is not under a big mountain, but above a wide river", indicating that the location of a city must take into account the environmental relationship. The origin of Chinese geomancy is very early, removing the superstitious veneer, the vast majority of the relationship between the environment and the building. Ancient cities are focused on the city itself and the surrounding environment unified management. Qin Xianyang was a superbly scaled urban environment with its north encompassing Beiban, its center running through the Weishui River, and its south reaching Nanshan Mountain, reaching two to three hundred miles east to west at its peak. Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Beijing (Ming and Qing dynasties) and other famous capitals, its business scope are far more than within the city walls; even the general government, state, and county towns, but also will be included in the suburbs in the city's overall environment of the unified layout. Important scenic spots, such as the five mountains and five towns, Buddhist and Taoist mountains, eup suburban gardens, etc., also put the environmental management in the first place; imperial mausoleums, but also focus on geography of feng shui, most of these places are relying on the environment of the building to show the charm of its art.

II) monolithic image into the group sequence

Ancient China's monolithic architecture in a relatively simple form, most of the stereotyped style, isolated monolithic buildings do not constitute a complete artistic image, architectural artistic effect mainly rely on the group sequence to obtain. A temple, as a companion in the sequence, the shape will not be too large, the image may also be relatively bland, but as the main body, it may be very tall. For example, the Ming and Qing Beijing Palace in the single building style is not much, but through different spatial sequences of conversion, each single building shows its own independent character in the whole.

(3) construction technology and artistic image unity

The wood structure system of ancient Chinese architecture is very adaptable. This system of four columns, two beams and two square forms a basic framework called between the left and right can be connected to the front and back, and can be stacked up and down, but also staggered combinations, or to be adapted to become an octagonal, hexagonal, circular, fan-shaped or other shapes. Roof frames have raised beam and through the bucket type two kinds, no matter which one, can not change the framing system and the roof to make a curve, and in the corner of the roof to make the corner of the eaves, but also to make the heavy eaves, hooked, interspersed, phi, and other styles. The artistic modeling of a single building, mainly relying on the flexibility of the collocation between and numerous styles of curved roof performance. In addition, the wooden structure of the components to facilitate the carving and painting, in order to enhance the artistic expression of the building. Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient Chinese architecture is largely expressed as structural beauty.

(4) specification and diversification of unity

Chinese buildings are mainly wood structure, in order to facilitate the production of components, installation and estimation of materials, inevitably towards the specification of components, also prompted the design of modularity. As early as the Spring and Autumn period in the "Kao Gong Ji", there is a specification, the germ of the modularization, as late as the Tang Dynasty has been more mature. To the Song Yuanming three years (1100) compiled the "construction method", modular completely stereotyped, the Qing Yongzheng twelve years (1734) promulgated the "Ministry of Works engineering practice rules and regulations" has been further simplified. The specification of the building, prompting the unity of architectural style, but also to ensure that each building can achieve a certain level of art. Specification is not overly restrictive sequence composition, so the specification of a single building and the diversity of the group sequence can go hand in hand, as a kind of spatial art, it is clear that this is a mature phenomenon of progress. Ancient Chinese architectural monoliths seem to be slightly less varied, but group combinations are varied, because of the high degree of unity between specification and variety.

(E) poetic natural garden

Chinese gardens are an outstanding achievement of ancient Chinese architecture, but also an important typical of the world's gardens of all systems. Rich cultural literacy of people's aesthetic sensibilities, take the architectural space composition, so that the natural beauty of the typical, into the beauty of the garden. The interest contained therein is poetic and picturesque; the spatial composition method adopted is the free and flexible, smooth movement sequence design. Chinese gardens pay attention to the "skillful in the borrowing, fine in the body appropriate", attaching importance to the subtle push into the scene and the scene, in order to organize a rich ornamental picture. At the same time, but also simulated natural landscape, creating a special technique of folding mountains and water, no matter the earth and stone mountains, or mountains and water together, can make the poetry and painting more deep, interesting and meaningful.

(F) pay attention to the performance of the building's character and symbolism

The political and ethical content of the ancient Chinese building, it is required to show a distinctive character and specific symbolic meaning, for which the use of a lot of techniques. The most important is the use of the environment to render different moods and atmospheres, so that people get a variety of aesthetic sensations; followed by the provision of different levels of architecture, including volume, color, style, decoration, etc., to show the social system and architectural content; while also trying to use many figurative accessory art, up to the plaques, tablets, the text of the building to reveal and illustrate the character and content of the building. Important buildings, such as palaces, altars, temples, temples, etc., there are specific symbolic themes. For example, Qin Shihuang created Xianyang to symbolize Ziwei with the palace, Weishui to symbolize Tianhan, Shanglinyuan dug pools to symbolize Penglai in the East China Sea. Qing Kangxi