What are the five categories of capital construction projects?

China is a developing country, and the government attaches great importance to national economic construction. To develop the economy, we must first work hard on infrastructure. Many people call our country an infrastructure madman. In order to facilitate the management of construction projects, in the process of capital construction, it can be classified according to different classification standards and planned and constructed by specialized departments. So what are the five categories of capital construction projects? Let me introduce it to you, hoping to help you.

China is a developing country, and the government attaches great importance to national economic construction. To develop the economy, we must first work hard on infrastructure. Many people call our country an infrastructure madman. In order to facilitate the management of construction projects, in the process of capital construction, it can be classified according to different classification standards and planned and constructed by specialized departments. So what are the five categories of capital construction projects? Let me introduce it to you, hoping to help you.

1. What are the five categories of capital construction projects?

1, according to the nature of the building.

Construction projects can be divided into new projects, expansion projects, reconstruction projects, relocation projects and restoration projects according to their different construction properties.

(1) Newly-built project: refers to a project that has been established according to the short-term and long-term plans for national economic and social development and is built from scratch according to the prescribed procedures. The expansion of the original construction project, the value of new fixed assets more than three times the total value of the original fixed assets, also belongs to the new project.

(2) Expansion project: refers to the production workshops and independent production lines built by the original enterprises to expand the production capacity and benefits of the original products or increase the production capacity and benefits of new products; Fixed assets investment projects increased by administrative institutions on the basis of expanding the scale of the original business system.

(3) Renovation project: refers to the project that the original construction unit carries out technical transformation on the original equipment and process flow in order to improve production efficiency, product quality or product direction; Or in order to improve the comprehensive production capacity, add some auxiliary workshops or non-production projects. Including tapping potential, energy saving, safety, environmental protection and other engineering projects.

(4) Relocation project refers to the project that the former enterprises and institutions move to another place for construction according to the needs of their own production, operation and career development, the needs of the national economic development strategy to adjust the distribution of productive forces or for various reasons such as environmental protection.

(5) Restoration project refers to a project in which the original fixed assets are totally or partially scrapped due to natural disasters, wars or man-made disasters. It is necessary to invest in reconstruction to restore production capacity, working conditions of enterprises and living welfare facilities. This kind of project, whether it is restored according to the original scale or expanded at the same time during the restoration process, belongs to the restoration project. However, if the project that has not been completed and put into production or delivered for use is damaged, it will still be rebuilt according to the original design, and the original construction nature will remain unchanged; If it is rebuilt according to the new design, its properties will be determined according to the content of the new design.

Construction projects are divided into the above five categories according to their nature. A construction project can only have one nature, and its construction nature will remain unchanged until the project is completed according to the overall design.

2, according to the role of investment.

Construction projects are divided into productive projects and unproductive projects according to the role of their investment in various sectors of the national economy.

(1) Productive engineering project: refers to the construction project directly used for or serving the production of material materials. Mainly includes:

1) industrial construction project. Including industrial, national defense and energy construction projects.

2) Agricultural construction projects. Including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy construction projects.

3) Infrastructure construction projects. Including transportation, post and telecommunications, communication construction projects; Geological survey, exploration and construction projects.

4) Commercial construction projects. Including commerce, catering, warehousing and comprehensive technical services.

(2) Non-productive engineering projects: Non-productive construction projects include consumer construction projects, which refer to construction projects used to meet people's material, cultural and welfare needs and construction projects in non-material production departments, mainly including:

1) office space. Including the office buildings of party and government organs, social organizations and enterprise management organs at all levels throughout the country.

2) Residential buildings. Including houses, apartments, villas and so on.

3) public buildings. Including science, education, culture and art, radio and television, health, Expo, sports, social welfare, public utilities, consulting services, religion, finance, insurance and other construction projects.

4) Other construction projects. Other non-productive projects that do not belong to the above categories.

3. According to the construction scale.

In order to meet the needs of hierarchical management of construction projects, the state divides construction projects into three categories: large, medium and small; Transformation projects are divided into two categories: above the quota and below the quota. For construction projects with different grades and standards, when the project is submitted for construction according to law, its examination and approval institutions or procedures are different. According to the construction scale, the standards are as follows:

1) Large, medium and small projects. Large-scale projects, medium-sized projects and small-scale projects are divided according to the total construction scale or total investment of the project. The division should be based on the total design capacity or total investment determined in the approved feasibility study report and the "Division Standard for Large, Medium and Small Capital Construction Projects" promulgated by the state.

2) Industrial projects that produce a single product are classified according to the designed production capacity of the product; Industrial projects that produce a variety of products are divided according to the design and production capacity of their main products; When there are many kinds of production, it is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary, and it is difficult to divide according to the design production capacity of the product, it can be divided according to the total investment.

3) Special construction projects. Some construction projects of special significance to national economic and social development, although the design capacity or total investment can not meet the standards of large and medium-sized projects, are managed according to large and medium-sized construction projects that have been included in the medium-sized plans approved by the National People's Congress and the state or national key construction projects.

4) renovation project. Renovation project refers to the corresponding supporting projects and related work for the renovation of fixed assets and the technical transformation of original facilities, generally aiming at improving the production efficiency of existing fixed assets. Transformation projects are generally only divided into projects above and below the quota according to investment, and are no longer divided according to production capacity or other standards.

The specific criteria for dividing the quota of large, medium and small capital construction projects and renovation projects are different according to the economic development level of each period and the needs of intertemporal work.

4. According to the investment benefit and market demand of the project.

According to the investment benefit of the project, construction projects can be divided into competitive projects, basic projects and public welfare projects.

(1) Competitive projects refer to construction projects with high return on investment and strong competitiveness. These projects are easy to enter and the market regulation function is obvious. Such as business office buildings, hotels, resorts, high-end apartments and other projects. The investment subject of such projects is generally enterprises, which make their own decisions and bear their own investment risks.

(2) Basic projects refer to infrastructure projects with natural monopoly, long construction period, large investment and low income, or some basic industrial projects that need the government's key support, as well as pillar industrial projects that directly enhance national strength and conform to economic scale. Such as transportation, energy, water conservancy and urban public facilities. The government should concentrate the necessary financial and material resources to invest in these construction projects through economic entities. At the same time, enterprises should be widely attracted to participate in investment, and sometimes foreign direct investment can be attracted.

(3) Public welfare projects refer to construction projects that serve social development and are difficult to generate economic benefits. It mainly includes facilities such as science and technology, culture, health, sports and environmental protection, public security organs, procuratorial organs, legal organs and government organs, social organizations, office facilities, national defense construction and other projects. Investment in public welfare projects is mainly borne by the government with financial funds.

5, according to the project investment sources.

According to the sources of investment, construction projects can be divided into two categories: government investment projects and non-government investment projects.

(1) Government investment project: refers to a construction project that is wholly-owned or jointly constructed by the government through financial investment, issuance of national debt or local financial bonds, use of foreign government grants and loans from domestic and foreign financial organizations guaranteed by the state, in order to adapt to and promote the development of national economy or regional economy, meet the needs of social cultural life, and give consideration to political and national defense factors. Government investment projects are also called public projects abroad.

According to the different profitability, government investment projects can be divided into operating government investment projects and non-operating government investment projects. Operating government investment projects refer to profitable government investment projects, and government investment projects such as water conservancy, electric power and railways are all operating projects. Operating government investment projects should implement the project legal person responsibility system, be responsible for project planning, fund raising, construction implementation, production and operation, debt repayment and asset preservation and appreciation, and be responsible for the whole process of the project, so that the construction and operation of the project can be managed in the whole process.

Non-operating government investment projects generally refer to non-profit public welfare construction projects whose main purpose is to maximize social benefits. Schools, hospitals, administrative and judicial offices and other projects are non-profit government investment projects. Non-operating government investment projects can implement the agent construction system, that is, through bidding and other means, select professional project management units to be responsible for the construction and implementation, strictly control the project investment, quality and construction period, and then hand them over to users after the project is completed and accepted, so as to achieve the "four separation" of project investment, construction, supervision and use.

(2) Non-governmental investment projects refer to engineering projects invested and constructed by enterprises, collective units, foreign investors and private individuals. This kind of project generally implements the project legal person responsibility system, which can manage the whole process of project construction and operation after completion.

Second, what do you mean by infrastructure projects?

According to the definition of GB/T 50875-20 13 "Terminology Standard of Engineering Cost", a construction project refers to the sum of projects built according to a master plan or design, and consists of one or several individual projects with internal relations.

Construction project is a project with engineering construction as the carrier, and it is a one-time engineering construction task as the management object. It aims at the output of buildings or structures, and needs to be completed within a certain time at a certain cost and according to certain procedures, and should meet the relevant quality requirements. Construction project, also known as engineering construction project, refers to the sum of all engineering projects built in one or several locations according to the overall design requirements of the construction unit. After completion, it has a complete system and can independently form production capacity or use value. Usually, an enterprise, a unit or an independent project is regarded as a construction project.

Third, the characteristics of capital construction projects

1, one-piece or one-time this is the most important feature of engineering construction projects. The so-called one or one time means that there is no other task exactly the same as this task in terms of the task itself and the final result. For example, to build a project, it needs single-piece approval, single-piece design, single-piece construction, and separate project cost settlement, which is different from the batch nature of other industrial products. It is also different from the repeatability of other production processes.

2. There are certain constraints. All construction projects have certain constraints, and construction projects can only succeed if they meet the constraints. Therefore, constraints are the premise of completing the project objectives. The main constraints of construction projects are limited quality, limited construction period and limited cost, which are usually called the three major goals of project management.

3. It has a life cycle. The singleness of construction projects and the one-off process of projects determine that each construction project has a life cycle. Any project has its birth time, development time and end time, and there are specific tasks, procedures and work contents at different stages. Mastering and understanding the life cycle of the project can effectively implement scientific management and control of the project. The life cycle of a construction project includes the process of project proposal, feasibility study, project decision-making, design, bidding, construction and completion acceptance. The management and control of project cost means the management and control of the whole project process, and also the management of the whole construction project life cycle.

4. Construction projects with huge investment and long construction period are not only huge in physical shape, but also expensive in cost. Construction projects consume a lot of resources, which involve the major economic interests of all parties involved in the project and have a great impact on the national economy. At the same time, the construction period is generally long, which is influenced and restricted by various external factors and environments, increasing the difficulty of project management and project cost control.

The above is the legal knowledge about five categories of infrastructure projects that I have compiled and introduced for you. To sum up, the classification of infrastructure projects should be carried out according to the nature of the projects, and the scope of infrastructure construction projects is very wide, such as transportation, airports and ports, bridge communication, water conservancy and power supply facilities. , mainly to ensure the normal operation of society and promote social development.