Talk about qing-style furniture's achievements in material types and craft aesthetics, and illustrate the urgency with examples! ! !

Furniture in the early Qing Dynasty followed the style of Ming-style furniture. However, with the development of history, the integration of Manchu and Han cultures and the influence of cultural exchanges between China and the West, qing-style furniture style, which paid attention to form, pursued originality and advocated gorgeous style, gradually formed in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty and reached its peak in the Qianlong period. Furniture in Qianlong period, especially palace furniture, is a typical representative of qing-style furniture, with excellent materials and exquisite craftsmanship, especially decoration, and the combination of various materials and techniques. -qing-style furniture mostly uses stone, and the seats of Cantonese-style furniture are mostly made of stone. Stone materials mainly include marble, variegated stone, purple stone, bluestone, white stone, greenstone and yellow stone. In the choice of stone materials, natural mountains and rivers and cloud patterns are the top grade, which strives to reflect the artistic effect of ink painting in landscape painting and is pleasing to the eye.

In terms of materials, before the mid-Qing Dynasty, precious hardwood with deep color, dense texture and fine texture was commonly used in furniture, followed by rosewood and chicken wing wood. Pay attention to uniform materials and don't mix all kinds of wood. In order to ensure the consistency and firmness of appearance, color and texture, some furniture is made of a whole piece of wood instead of small materials. After the mid-Qing dynasty, the above three kinds of wood were gradually lacking, so mahogany was used instead.

In terms of decoration, in order to pursue the rich and luxurious decorative effect, we make full use of various decorative materials and use various arts and crafts means, which can be described as a collection of decorative techniques. However, some qing-style furniture's decoration for decoration and over-carving have also become a major shortcoming of qing-style furniture.

The most commonly used decorative techniques in qing-style furniture are carving, inlaying and painting. The carving knife is meticulous, and through carving is the most commonly used, highlighting the ethereal and transparent effect, and sometimes combining with relief to achieve a better three-dimensional effect. Inlays are widely used in qing-style furniture, including wood inlays, bamboo inlays, bone inlays, tooth inlays, stone inlays, mother-of-pearl inlays, treasure inlays, enamel inlays, agate inlays and amber inlays. The variety is rich, colorful and dazzling. Among them, enamel technology was introduced from abroad and was only used for furniture decoration in Qing Dynasty. Gold lacquer and painting are also common decorative means in qing dynasty furniture, and auspicious patterns are qing-style furniture's favorite decorative themes.

Looking at qing-style furniture, represented by the mid-Qing Dynasty, the general characteristics are rich varieties, changeable styles and the pursuit of ingenuity; The decoration is rich and luxurious, which can absorb foreign culture and integrate Chinese and western arts. It highlights stability and massiness in modeling, and integrates superb skills such as carving, inlaying, drawing, painting and rhinoceros removal in production. In terms of varieties, there are not only the types of Ming dynasty furniture, but also many new furniture forms, which makes qing-style furniture a distinctive feature different from the Ming dynasty style.

Qing dynasty furniture is different from Ming furniture. Its overall size is wider than that of Ming-style furniture, forming a steady and vigorous momentum. And the styles are also very rich: there are beds, benches, lanterns, boxes, cabinets, chairs, benches, tables and cases. For example, there are many styles of emerging fauteuil chairs, and new forms such as backrest, armrest, waist-binding, and dental strips emerge one after another. In the decoration, we often use gold lacquer, painting and other techniques to show the rich and magnificent effect of Guanghua. In terms of furniture making, there are three kinds of furniture making: Beijing-style furniture making, extensive furniture making and Soviet-style furniture making, which makes qing dynasty furniture completely systematic and stylized.

Qing dynasty furniture has experienced nearly 300 years of history. From inheritance, evolution and development to the formation of its own independent style, it certainly has its special background and experience, and even has the characteristics of independent existence.

Qing dynasty furniture's mature "Qing style" can be roughly divided into three stages:

The first stage is from the early Qing dynasty to the early Kangxi period, which is the continuation of the Ming dynasty, whether it is the technological level or the technological level. Therefore, the modeling and decoration of furniture in this period are the continuation of furniture in Ming Dynasty. The shape is not as rich and dignified as in the middle period, the decoration is not as rich and gorgeous as in the middle period, and the materials are not as generous as in the middle period. Moreover, there was no shortage of rosewood in the early Qing Dynasty, and most of the furniture was made of rosewood. After the middle period, rosewood became less and less, and was mostly replaced by mahogany. In the early Qing Dynasty, because of its short time and unobvious characteristics, no more excellent works were left, and this period was still in the inheritance period of the previous generation.

The second stage is the last years of Kangxi, from Yongzheng to Qianlong to Jiaqing. This period is a stable period of social politics and a developed period of social economy in the Qing Dynasty, which is recognized as the "prosperous period of the Qing Dynasty" in history. At this stage, furniture production is booming with the development of society, people's needs and the progress of science and technology. At this time, the furniture production is not only large, but also special different from the previous generation, or style. This style is characterized by qing-style furniture style.

1. The shape is magnificent and solemn.

The furniture of this period has changed from the elegance of the previous generation to be vigorous and solemn. The outstanding performance is the wide range of materials, the increase of size and the richness of posture. The shape of the master chair in Qing dynasty can best reflect the characteristics of Qing style. Its seat surface is enlarged, its back is full and its legs are thick. The overall shape is as grand and solemn as the throne. Other furniture, such as tables, desks, stools, etc. These characteristics can also be seen. You can tell their characteristics by their thick legs.

2. The decoration is magnificent and magnificent.

In the mid-Qing Dynasty, furniture had outstanding characteristics and became the representative works of qing-style furniture. Qing-style furniture's decoration pursues more, enrichment, wealth and luxury. A variety of materials are used together and a variety of processes are combined. Even on a piece of furniture, various means and materials are used. Carving, embedding and tracing gold are used together, and Luodian is used together with wood and stone. At this time, the furniture was generally decorated with the whole body, and there was no blank, which reached unprecedented richness and brilliance. However, it must be said that excessive pursuit of decoration will often make people breathless, sometimes ignoring the use of functions, and it is inevitable that there will be suspicion of power struggle.

The third stage is Daoguang to the late Qing Dynasty. During the Daoguang period, China experienced the historical disaster of the Opium War, and then the social economy gradually declined. To Tongzhi and Guangxu, the social economy went from bad to worse. At the same time, due to the import of foreign capitalist economy, culture and churches, China's originally self-sufficient feudal economy has changed, and foreign culture has also infiltrated into Chinese territory. The furniture style of this period has also been influenced and changed. We saw that some furniture in the Summer Palace was obviously influenced by foreign countries. This situation is most prominent in Guangdong. As an economic port, the widely used furniture has obviously accepted the influence of Rococo on French architecture and French furniture. Pursuing the curvy beauty of women, too much modification or even piling up. The wood is not noble and the workmanship is rough. This chapter also includes several fragments for comparison and appreciation.

In a word, what we call qing-style furniture refers to the furniture in the prosperous period of the Qing Dynasty from Kangxi to Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing.