[cloud etiquette] traditional etiquette

Third, respect the elderly and teachers.

? Respecting the old and loving the young is a traditional virtue that the Chinese nation should be proud of, especially the tradition of respecting and loving the old, which has a long history.

? 1. Respect the elderly

? In the traditional society of our country, the concepts of respecting the elderly and filial piety are closely linked. People respect the elderly, first of all, by respecting their ancestors and their parents, that is, the deceased who sacrificed their ancestors, and supporting and respecting their living parents and grandparents. On this basis, "old man and old man" is extended to all the old people, requiring people to respect all the old people in society as they respect the old people in their own homes.

Regarding the important role of the elderly in social life and the etiquette of respecting the elderly, "Book of Rites Quli Shang" has a clear statement: "Life is ten years old, learning; Twenty weak and crowned; Top 30, with a house; Forty strong, but official; Fifty years of ai, for the government; Sixty years old, instigating; Seventy years old, and; In 1980; Seven years of mourning. Mourning, although guilty, does not add punishment. A hundred years, hey. " That is to say, people gradually mature with age. Confucianism believes that 50 years old is mature and can be the master; Sixty years old can guide others; /kloc-After 0/00 years old, it should be supported by the younger generation.

? Regarding the ancient ritual system of respecting the elderly, there is a big account in the Book of Rites, saying: people who are 50 years old can eat noodles and rice; At the age of 60, eat meat regularly; Seventy years old, you should reserve another meal for him; At the age of 80, you can often eat fresh goods; A 90-year-old man should always keep his diet in his room and can provide it at any time when he goes out. At the age of 50, you can hold a stick at home; Sixty-year-olds can hold sticks in the village; At the age of 70, you can support your stick in China; You can still hold a staff in the court at the age of 80. For the 90-year-old man, the son of heaven wants to go to his home in person and bring gifts. An 80-year-old man can have one person in his family who refuses to obey the corvee; A 90-year-old man, the whole family refused to obey the corvee in order to take good care of the old man. Walking with the elderly on the road, young people should help the elderly carry burdens and heavy objects; The old man of the literati class should arrange horses and chariots for him when he goes out; The elderly among ordinary people should have a good meal. ...

? Emperors of past dynasties also paid some respects to the old people. For example, an old official doesn't have to walk to court, but can sit in a sedan chair in the palace. Old officials always let them do better than dismiss them, but the emperor kept them again and again. Finally, when they were allowed to return to China, they had to ask local officials to pay them a certain amount of pension on time. Usually, we often give the elderly some food and clothes to improve their lives. In the Han Dynasty, the emperor also held a ceremony of "three bachelors", treating the elderly among officials as elders, letting them sit in their seats, taking food and toasting for them.

? Rural drinking ceremony. This kind of etiquette has been recorded in detail in Zhou Li, local officials, village doctors, rituals, village drinking ceremonies and The Book of Rites, which shows that the etiquette system has been formed in the Zhou Dynasty. Since then, successive dynasties have evolved continuously until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which shows its strong vitality. The content and ceremony of rural drinking ceremony vary from generation to generation. Generally speaking, it is to advocate an atmosphere of respecting the elderly in rural society, advocate ethics, contact feelings, reduce friction and strive for the harmonious development of social order. This rural drinking ceremony is generally presided over by local officials and held once or twice a year. Sometimes it is combined with selecting talents or bidding farewell to rural talents to come to Beijing for examination and appointment. All the people invited to the banquet are local celebrities, especially the elderly, because in traditional society, only the elderly may gain high prestige. At that time, people over 60 were qualified to sit there and wait on young people. In order to show respect for the elderly, the dishes in front of the elderly are also different. The older you get, the more dishes you have. These are undoubtedly a demonstration for ordinary people, which shows that even local officials respect the elderly so much, so everyone should respect the elderly more in their daily lives.

? 2 respect teachers

? In ancient China, the importance of respecting teachers was recognized a long time ago. "Shangshu Thai oath" says: "God bless the people as the king's teacher." Compare the monarch with the teacher. Xunzi further linked "heaven and earth, the teacher of the monarch" He said: "There are three kinds of rites: heaven and earth are the foundation of life; Ancestors are the foundation of class; Jun and Shi are the foundation of governing the country. No heaven and earth, bad life? No ancestors, evil comes out? No monarch, no evil? The three are partial, and there is no sum. Therefore, the teacher who respects the ancestors and raises the monarch is the three gifts. " Xunzi raised the respect for teachers to the height of the rise and fall of the country, which can not be said to be very strategic. Most of the later Confucian scholars followed the teachings of Xunzi and enshrined the memorial tablet of "Master of Heaven and Earth" at home, never forgetting it. This trend has also spread to all levels of society. Until modern times, even in the homes of the people in the hinterland, the tablet of "heaven and earth are close to the teacher" was often seen, which shows that this concept has indeed penetrated into the tradition of the Chinese nation. The saying that "one day as a teacher, life as a father" is also deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. People call it a teacher, and if it is said by the nearby population, it is called a "master"; If it is said by a student, it is called "master". They also call the teacher's wife "Shi Niang" or "Shi Mu" and so on. This shows that in traditional society, people really respect teachers as "fathers". It is generally believed that parents are only the bodies for raising children; However, in order for children to have certain knowledge, experience and moral cultivation, to truly "be a man" and grow into a useful person, it is necessary to rely on the training and teaching of teachers. Because of this, rural society also has a good atmosphere of respecting teachers and valuing education.

? The traditional manners and customs of respecting teachers can be roughly divided into several aspects: worshipping teachers, serving teachers, respecting teachers, reporting teachers and offering sacrifices to teachers.

? Ancient students had to pay homage to their teachers when they entered school. It is worth mentioning the binding ceremony and the food release ceremony. Confucius said, "I have no regrets about tying myself up." When the ancients met, they always held reeds as a gift. Binding is a very thin ceremony. It's dried meat, one dried meat is a boat, and ten pieces are a bundle, which means ten dried meat. The student gave Confucius ten sticks, and Confucius accepted the student and taught him seriously. Although the gifts given by later generations are different, people began to call the rewards given to teachers "getting together."

? There are two ways to explain the food ceremony. The Book of Rites Moon Order records that "Mid-spring Moon Order learns to dance and interpret dishes". "Book of Rites, Justice and Imperial System" records: "Enter school in spring and give up dancing." Giving up picking, that is, releasing vegetables, seems to be understood as a ceremony in which ancient scholars sacrificed apples and clams to sages and teachers when they entered the school. Confucius, a master of the Ming Dynasty, recorded: "The ancients regarded teachers as dishes." It shows that students take plates as gifts when they enter school.

? In traditional society, students never stop learning the custom of giving gifts to teachers. Until the Republic of China, there were still many private schools in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. When children enter school, they must put on new clothes and be accompanied by their parents carrying lanterns. They also have to bring a red carpet and a pair of red candles to prepare four gifts for the teacher: glutinous rice balls, zongzi, crisp sugar and pig's feet. The teacher also distributed some gifts to other students. Parents of students light red candles and let them kneel on the red carpet to pay homage to their teachers. Generally, the statue of Confucius is hung in the middle, and the teacher stands aside to reply.

? Teacher refers to the service that students give to teachers during their study. In traditional society, this service not only refers to respect for attitude, but also further develops into care for teachers' life. This is described in detail in Guanzi Disciple Training. From the time the teacher gets up and washes, to the time he eats and sleeps at night, the students have to wait on him respectfully, which is unimaginable for the students nowadays.

? Respecting teachers mainly means students' respect for teachers. First of all, it is manifested in addressing, saying "master", "mentor" and "reborn parents" are all expressions of respect for students. So is the code of conduct. When you meet a teacher, you must bow and salute; Teachers must stand up and answer questions; Raise your hand when asking questions to the teacher; When the teacher is sitting, students should stand aside; Students cannot sit when the teacher is standing; When you meet on the road, you should salute quickly and wait until the teacher has passed. Students can't speak loudly when the teacher is present, and so on. Of course, it is not difficult to realize the above code of conduct. The key is that students should respect their teachers from the heart.

? Reporting to the teacher means that after leaving the teacher, if the students have any achievements, or meet the teacher's birthday, or have a holiday, they still have to report to the teacher and give gifts to show that they dare not forget the teacher's cultivation.

? Sacrifice to a teacher means to pay homage to a dead teacher. This is first manifested in ancestor worship. Scholars worship their ancestors, and all walks of life also worship their ancestors. In many places, every household has set up a memorial tablet of "Heaven, Earth, King and Teacher". This has enhanced people's awareness of respect to a certain extent. In addition, whenever the teacher dies, his students will attend a series of funerals of the teacher. In other words, students really treat teachers like their parents, and teachers should serve him respectfully when they are alive; When the teacher dies, you should sacrifice him like a parent. Many people in history are filial to their teachers. According to the requirements of the etiquette system, the relationship between teachers and students is not kinship, so you don't have to wear mourning clothes when you are mourning, just mourn in your heart, so it is called "heartbroken". When Confucius died, his disciples lost their hearts for three years before leaving.

? Respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching is undoubtedly a shining part of traditional etiquette.

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