What are the basic types of ancient buildings in China? What are the high concerns in tourism life?

First, according to the single form, single buildings are roughly divided into halls, pavilions and corridors.

(1) The basic plane of the temple is rectangular, with several squares, which are round and rarely appear alone;

② Pavilion, the basic plane is square, perfect circle, hexagon, octagon and so on.

Form, can be independent of the group;

(3) Corridor, which is mainly used as the connection between single buildings. A hall or pavilion is a pavilion or tower. In the early days, there were terraces with large rammed earth platforms as the center, and multi-storey houses were built along the platforms, but they were not built after the Eastern Han Dynasty. The size of the hall, the number of rooms on the front and side.

According to the purlin (or rafter). There were odd numbers and even numbers before the Han dynasty, and then they were all odd numbers. In the Qing Dynasty, 1 1 was the largest on the front, the smallest among the three, and 13 purlin was the largest and 5 purlin was the smallest on the side. There are several levels of spacing between purlins, and there are several types of fixed arrangements in the internal column network. If the number of facades is equal, it can become a square hall, and rooms can also be staggered, showing a variety of variant hall plans.

Second, according to the roof form, it can be divided into five forms: hard mountain building, hanging mountain building, rest mountain building, temple building and pointed building.

In this most basic architectural form, there are temples with single eaves and double eaves. There are single eaves, double eaves, three dripping pavilions, large eaves, rolling sheds and so on. Hard mountain, hanging mountain, ordinary people have both one floor and two floors; There are many forms of pointed buildings, such as triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, circle, single eaves, double eaves and multi-storey eaves.

(1) hard mountain buildings

There are only two slopes on the roof, the left and right gables intersect with the roof, and all purlin beams are sealed in the gables. Hard mountain architecture is the most common form of ancient architecture, and there are a large number of such buildings in houses, gardens and temples.

② Hanging Mountain Building

There are two slopes on the roof, and the two roofs are hung outside the gables or roof trusses, which is called a hanging mountain (also known as a lift mountain) building. The purlin in the hanging mountain building is not wrapped in the gable, but outside the gable, and the selected part is called the "tip", which is the key point that distinguishes it from the hard mountain.

③ Modern architecture

There are four slopes on the roof of the Temple of Heaven. The front and rear slopes intersect to form a positive ridge, and two gable roofs intersect with the front and rear roofs to form four vertical ridges. Therefore, the Temple of Heaven is also called Si 'a Temple and Wuling Temple.

Fairy Temple is the highest type of ancient architecture in China. In the hierarchical feudal society, this architectural form is mostly used in royal buildings such as palaces and temples, and it is the most commonly used form of the main building on the central axis. For example, the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City, the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Gan Qing Palace, the Dajimen Gate of the Forbidden City, the Appreciation Hall and its back hall, the Shouhuang Hall in Jingshan, the Shouhuang Gate and the Ling 'en Hall in Ming Changling are all temple-style buildings. In the feudal society, the building of the Fairy Hall has actually become a royal building, and other government offices, official houses, commercial ports, residential houses and so on. This architectural form is never allowed. The special political status of the Temple of Heaven determines that it has huge materials, magnificent volume, luxurious decoration and high cultural relics and artistic value.

④ Xieshan Building

The sloping mountain building has a steep roof, gently sloping corners, exquisite appearance and extraordinary momentum. It has both the majestic momentum of temple architecture and the handsome style of architecture. Palace, Wangfu, battlements, temples, classical gardens, commercial port pavements and other buildings all adopt the architectural form of "resting on the mountain". Even the most famous buildings in ancient and modern times, such as the Yellow Crane Tower, Wang Tengting, and the Forbidden City Corner Tower, are mainly composed of "sloping mountains", which shows the important position of sloping mountain architecture in China's ancient buildings.

⑤ pointed building

The roofs of buildings meet at the top to form a spire. This kind of building is called pointed building. There are many pointed buildings in ancient buildings. Different forms of pavilions in classical gardens, such as triangles, quadrangles, pentagons, hexagons, octagons and round pavilions. , are pointed buildings. There are also a large number of pointed buildings in palaces and temples, such as the Zhonghe Hall and Jiaotai Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Biyong in imperial academy, Beijing, and Guanyin Hall in Xiaoxitian, Beihai, all of which are four-corner palace buildings. The Temple of Heaven and the Forbidden City are typical circular buildings. There are also a large number of pointed buildings in altars and temple gardens in other parts of China.

Three, according to the region can be divided into north wind, northwest wind, Jiangnan wind, Lingnan wind, southwest wind, Tibetan wind, Mongolian wind, Uygur wind eight styles.

① Northern style. It is concentrated in the vast plain area from the north of Huaihe River to the south of Heilongjiang. The group is regular, the courtyard is large, but the scale is appropriate; The architectural shape is not undulating, the house is low and flat, and the roof curve is flat; Multi-purpose bricks and tiles, large wood structure materials, relatively simple decoration. The general style is cheerful and generous.

② Northwest wind. It is concentrated in the Loess Plateau from the west of the Yellow River to Ningxia, Gansu. The courtyard is very closed, the house is very low, the roof slope is low and gentle, and quite a few buildings use flat roofs. Bricks and tiles are rarely used, adobe or rammed earth walls are used, and wooden decoration is simpler. In this area, there are often cave buildings, including pit kilns and peace vouchers kilns. The general style is simple. However, there are many mosques in Hui inhabited areas, which are tall, steep in roof, luxuriant in decoration and strong in color, which are obviously different from ordinary folk buildings.

③ Jiangnan style. It is concentrated in the river network area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The group is dense and the courtyard is narrow. There are many large and medium-sized groups (big houses, halls, shops, temples, ancestral halls, etc.). ) in the town, there are buildings; Small buildings (ordinary houses and shops) are free and flexible. The roof slope is steep, the wing angle is high, the decoration is exquisite and rich, and there are many carvings. The overall style is beautiful and dexterous.

④ Lingnan style. Concentrated in the mountainous and hilly areas of the Pearl River Basin. The building plane is relatively regular, the courtyard is small, the house is tall, the doors and windows are narrow, there are many volcanic walls, the roof slope is steep, and the wing angle is inclined. Township buildings are dense and closed. Decoration, sculpture and painting are rich and complex, with fine techniques. The general style is light and delicate.

⑤ Southwest wind. It is concentrated in the southwest mountainous areas, and a considerable number of ethnic groups such as Zhuang, Dai, Yao and Miao live there. Multipurpose mountain

Slope building is a dry column building with overhead floor. Plane and modeling are quite free, and rarely appear in groups. Structural members such as beams and columns are exposed, and only slab walls or floor mats are used as maintenance barriers. The roof curve is soft, dragging for a long time, and the eaves are far away, covered with shingles or straw. Not very particular about decoration. The overall style is free and flexible. Among them, the Dai Buddhist temple in southern Yunnan is huge in space and richly decorated. The shape of the pagoda is similar to that of Myanmar, and the national style is very distinctive.

6 Tibetan style. It is concentrated in the vast grasslands and mountainous areas where Tibetans live in concentrated communities, such as Tibet, Qinghai, Gannan and northern Sichuan. Herdsmen live in brown rectangular tents. The villagers live in bunkers, mostly small courtyard-style wooden buildings with 2-3 floors, with bread-made stone walls outside and flat-topped walls above. The doors and windows on the stone wall are very narrow, with black trapezoidal window covers outside the window and decorative lines on the top eaves, which are very expressive. □ Hmm

There are many temples, all built on high ground. They are tall and have strong colors. They also use thick walls and flat roofs, and highlight a small number of slopes at key locations. The overall style is solid and heavy.

⑦ Mongolian customs. Concentrated in the grassland areas where Mongolian people live in compact communities. Herdsmen live in a round felt bag (Mongolian yurt), and the big felt bag of the nobility has a diameter of 10 meter, and there are columns in it, which are luxuriantly decorated. □ Ma Temple embodies the style of Mongolian architecture, comes from the prototype of Tibetan □ Ma Temple, and absorbs the architectural artistic techniques of Hui and Han nationalities in the surrounding areas. It is both heavy and gorgeous.

⑧ Uygur style. Concentrated in Xinjiang Uygur residential areas. The exterior of the building is fully enclosed, with a flat roof, and the internal courtyard is friendly in scale, with free layout and green embellishment. There is a spacious veranda in front of the house, and there are detailed colored wood carvings and plaster decorations indoors and outdoors. The overall style is simple and monotonous outside, flexible and exquisite inside. Mosque and Imam Cemetery are two kinds of Uighur buildings with the most concentrated architectural art.

The ancient buildings with high attention in tourism life are:

1. Ming and Qing palaces-Beijing Palace Museum and Shenyang Palace Museum

2. The Temple of Heaven, where the emperor worships heaven.

3. Pingyao Ancient City (Shanxi)

4. Old Town of Lijiang (Yunnan)

5. Langzhong Ancient City (Sichuan)

6. Shexian Ancient City (Anhui)

7.Xi 'an has many well-preserved buildings in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Big Wild Goose Pagoda and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda.

8. There are many historic sites near Zhengzhou, Henan Province, such as Anyang and Songshan.

9. Jiangnan folk houses in Wuzhen, Suzhou, Xitang and other places in Jiangnan water towns.