Ancient buildings embodying the philosophies of traditional Chinese culture

Ancient Chinese buildings are categorized into the following seven major categories according to their functions: ① Residential buildings. It is the earliest building created by human beings, mainly in the form of cave dwellings and dry fences. 7,400 to 6,700 years ago, the early Neolithic sites, such as Qin'an County, Gansu Province, in the Great Bay in the building are half-cave type, that is, from the ground down to a certain depth of vertical cave excavation, the plane for the round, oval or square, the area is very small. 4,900 to 3,900 years ago in the late Neolithic period, the ground up more houses, primitive society, cave dwellings, is gradually evolving towards the form of palace-style housing. The representative type of palatial residence is the courtyard. The Early Zhou architectural site of Fengyi Village in Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, is the earliest known complete compound. A large number of bungalows are preserved on the east and west sides of the central axis in the old city of Beijing, where the most typical courtyard houses are mostly concentrated. The earliest remains of dry-structure were found in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, about 7,000 to 5,300 years ago. The floor was about as high as a person's, under which livestock were kept, and there were railings around the floor, enclosing the platform and the house. Existing dry bar building than the ancient greatly reduced, concentrated in Yunnan, Hainan minority areas. ② urban public **** building. Mainly includes city walls, towers and gates, as well as bell towers and drum towers. City walls originated in the Neolithic era, the material to rammed earth-based. Three Kingdoms to the North and South Dynasties appeared in the rammed earth outside the city wrapped brick wall practice. In the Ming Dynasty, most of the important cities were built with masonry. City gate is the key defense parts. Doorway depth is generally about 20 meters, the deepest up to 80 meters. The Tang Dynasty urns appeared in the border city, the Ming Dynasty in the urns on the creation of archery towers, Beijing inner city of zhengyangmen and archery towers, the city's southeast corner of the building is an excellent work of the Ming Dynasty. Bell, drum tower is an ancient city specializing in the time of the public **** building. In the Song Dynasty, it was recorded that the bell and drum were placed in high buildings. The Ming Dynasty built drum towers and bell towers at the northern end of the central axis of the city of Beijing, the lower part of which is a brick pier, and the upper part of which is a wooden or masonry tier. ③ Palace buildings. Palace refers to the emperor to hold ceremonies, government affairs and residence. Palace building to focus on the domestic financial and material resources at that time, to the highest level of technology built. The earliest known palace site, found in Henan Yanshi Erlitou village, it was built in 1500 BC before the Shang dynasty. The Forbidden City in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties is the last and most mature example of Chinese palace architecture. The city plane is rectangular, 753 meters wide from east to west and 961 meters deep from north to south, with four gates opened in the wall, gate towers built, and corner towers built in the four corners. It brought various architectural art techniques into full play, mobilized all architectural languages to express the theme idea, and achieved an unsurpassed achievement. ④ Ritual and Ancestral Architecture. People hold rituals, commemorative activities of the building, where by the "ritual" requirements, and was included in the official ceremonies, known as the ritual architecture; where the folk, mainly human sacrifice object, known as the ancestral temple building. Ritual and ancestral buildings are roughly divided into four categories: altars and temples dedicated to heaven and earth, the sun, moon and stars, and famous mountains and rivers; temples and ancestral halls from the king to the common people who worshiped their ancestors or religious ancestors; Mingtang and Piyong, which held special political, religious and cultural ceremonies to perform rites and music and to promote education and culture; and temples and ancestral halls of celebrities that were revered by the ruling class and commemorated by the people. The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is the most important remnant of ancient altar and temple architecture, built in the eighteenth year of the Ming Yongle (1420). ⑤Tomb architecture. Is exclusively for the burial and worship of the dead and the use of the building. By the underground and above ground two major components. The underground part is used to bury the dead and their relics, substitutes, and martyrs. The above ground part is specially for the living to hold sacrifices and put the dead god of the Lord of the use. Roughly speaking, after the Han Dynasty, emperors' tombs were called mausoleums and commoners' tombs. The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang in Lintong County, Shaanxi, was the first imperial tomb in China. The Thirteen Mausoleums in Changping, Ming Beijing, is a well-planned and imposing group of tombs. (6) Buddhist architecture. It is a place for believers to enshrine Buddha statues, Buddha bones, conduct Buddhist Buddhist activities and live in, with three major types: temples, pagodas and grottoes. China's folk built Buddhist temples, began at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Initially, the temple is the layout of the corridor courtyard, the center of the tower, or build a Buddhist temple, or tower, temple and build. Pagodas can be divided into stone pagoda, brick pagoda, wooden pagoda, iron pagoda, ceramic pagoda, etc. According to the structural modeling can be divided into pavilion-type pagoda, dense eaves pagoda, single-story pagoda. Grottoes are Buddhist temples carved on riverside cliffs, originating in India and spreading to China around the 3rd century A.D. Their forms are roughly divided into four categories: pagoda temple grottoes, Buddhist temple grottoes, monastic houses, and large statue grottoes. Important remnants of China's grottoes, Gansu Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Shanxi Datong Yungang Grottoes, Henan Luoyang Longmen Grottoes and so on. (7) Gardens and garden architecture. Traditional Chinese gardens are a combination of artificial and natural form of environment with the functions of feasible, visible, swimmable and livable, and the main elements of its composition are mountains, water, flowers, trees and buildings. It is a synthesis of many kinds of art, reflecting the achievements of traditional philosophy, aesthetics, literature, painting, architecture, horticulture and other disciplines of scientific art and engineering technology. According to the affiliation, it can be divided into four categories: royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens and scenic spots. The most representative gardens are the Suzhou Garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Liouyuan Garden, the Yangzhou Garden, the Wuxi Garden, the Summer Palace in Beijing, the Yuanmingyuan Garden, the Chengde Summer Resort and so on.

The functional types of traditional Chinese buildings, in addition to the above seven categories, there are military buildings, commercial buildings, and bridges and other public **** transportation facilities, Square Table and other architectural vignettes. The Great Wall, which has a history of more than 2,000 years and extends for thousands of miles, has become a symbol of the spirit of the Chinese nation. The Anji Bridge (Zhaozhou Bridge) in Zhao County, Hebei Province, built in the early 7th century during the Sui Dynasty, was the world's first open-shouldered, single-arched stone bridge, about 700 years earlier than the appearance of similar structures in the West. All these reflect the excellence of ancient Chinese architecture.