How to reasonably prevent monopoly?

Law and morality are the most common rules of the game in a society. All legal morality comes from the life needs and human will of every member of society, and from everyone's views, viewpoints and understanding of social relations. This is the subjectivity of law and morality. However, once people form a certain equilibrium state and a certain unified social norm through social games, every member of society is required to abide by this norm. In a society, these norms apply not only to the governed, but also to the rulers. They are the makers and implementers of most laws and ethics, and also the supervisors. Therefore, they should also abide by these rules of the game. However, it is precisely because the rulers are in a strong position in the game that they believe in their own strength too much. Therefore, when their greatest interests are lost or they feel that they may gain more benefits, they will take the initiative to tear up their own rules of the game, thus making a cooperative game evolve into a non-cooperative game.

In agricultural society, the most common game is the game between the military bureaucratic ruling group and farmers. Although there is a big gap between the two groups or classes in organizational strength, the mutual benefit is weak because bureaucrats can't provide any benefits to farmers. Although farmers provide benefits to bureaucrats, the total amount is relatively fixed, and the space for agricultural production development is always limited. Military bureaucratic ruling groups often hope to grab more benefits with the help of their own laws, which is what we usually call the exploitation of farmers by landlords. Because the value created by farmers is limited in total, there is little left to maintain their own survival and regeneration. Therefore, when they meet rulers with long-term vision, they generally control the exploitation of farmers within the range that farmers can bear. This is what the ancients called "prosperous times", and the historical "rule of literary scene", "rule of zhenguan" and "prosperous times in the new Millennium" are actually like this. However, people's desires are endless, and rulers always want to get more wealth. Therefore, at the end of a dynasty, because his ruler has never experienced the baptism of the peasant storm, he always trusts his power too much and always wants to change the rules of the game and try to get more wealth. When they try to grab more wealth than farmers can bear, it will lead to civil strife, and when it is serious, there will be rebellion, which is what people usually call peasant uprising. Therefore, on the other hand, the peasant uprising in feudal society was largely because the powerful party changed its own rules of the game and eventually harmed its own interests. This kind of thing is too numerous to mention in any feudal dynasty.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, due to the decadent rule of the ruling class and the scuffle between kings, it brought endless disasters to the people. Coupled with successive natural disasters, farmers in many places were forced to leave their homes and flee to other places in droves. This kind of fleeing farmer is called "refugee".

In 298 AD, there was a great famine in Guanzhong area, and hundreds of thousands of refugees from six counties including Lueyang (located in the northeast of Tianshui, Gansu) and Tianshui fled to Sichuan. Adi Te Li and his brothers Li Yao and Li Liu also fled with the refugees. Along the way, some refugees were hungry and sick. Although their brothers were also very hard, Te Li brothers often helped them, took care of them, and organized refugees to help the elderly and bring the young along the way, eventually making most people go to Sichuan. The refugees are very grateful and respectful to the Te Li brothers.

Shu is far from the Central Plains, and since Li Bing and his son built Dujiangyan, they have better water conservancy facilities, which is undoubtedly safe for agriculture that depends on the weather. Therefore, Shu is called "Land of Abundance", and people's life is relatively stable. After the refugees entered Shu, they scattered all over the country and made a living by doing long-term jobs for the rich.

Refugees, in the eyes of rulers of past dynasties, are all factors threatening social stability. If properly placed, it can increase the local labor force and expand production. If it is not handled properly, it is very likely to cause contradictions between local and foreign populations and increase the burden on local governments. Therefore, Luo Shang, the secretariat of Yizhou, thought that refugees could be deceived, so he used the excuse that refugees did not produce, making much ado about nothing, disrupting local livelihoods, and refugees had to return to Guanzhong to farm; At the same time, they set up checkpoints on major roads and looted the property of refugees. When the refugees heard that the government forced them to leave Shu, they thought that there was a famine in their hometown and they could not go back alive. Everyone is worried and complaining.

Rules are sometimes made by those in power. Their purpose is to get the maximum benefit from the game, but since it is a game, we should also consider benefiting ordinary people. Otherwise, a cooperative game cannot be formed. When the rules can no longer guarantee that the game is in a cooperative state, using the power of the masses to attack the rules has become a radical means of survival.

Because of Te Li's aggressive nature, refugees complained to Te Li, and Te Li asked the government to relax the time limit for repatriating refugees several times. After hearing the news, the refugees felt sorry for Te Li and went to see him one after another. Te Li established a camp in Mianzhu to accommodate refugees. In less than a month, refugees gathered more and more, with about 20 thousand people. His younger brother Li Liu also set up a refugee camp to accommodate thousands of refugees. After receiving the refugees, they sent messengers to see Yan or asked for a delay in repatriating the refugees again.

When Yan arrived at the secretariat office, he saw that all the troops were encamped and were up to no good, so he rose up. He met Luo Shang and explained his purpose. He said to Yan, "I have been lenient with refugees. Go back and tell them! " Yan or bluntly said to him: "Lord Luo has heard bad things from others, and it seems that I am afraid it will not forgive anyone." But I want to advise you not to underestimate the people. People are like water, which looks gentle and deceptive, but improper guidance and flooding will also bring harm. Individual people seem weak. If you force them to be cornered, the public will be angry and will not succeed. I'm afraid it's not good for you. "Luo Shang said hypocritically," I won't lie to you. Just say it! "

Yan returned to Mianzhu, told him the details and said to him, "Having said that, we can't trust him. As the saying goes, you should make more plans to guard against his sneak attack. " Te Li is an experienced person. Combining all kinds of information, he also doubts that Luo Shang's words are unreliable. He immediately organized refugees, trained refugees, prepared weapons, set up positions, and prepared to resist the attack of the nomads.

Before long, with the help of a dark night, Luo Shang sent thirty thousand infantry and cavalry to attack Mianzhu Camp. When gold enters the village, it is leisurely. Gold deals with a man as he deals with you, and with a single command, he led the soldiers into the camp in anger.

Thirty thousand Jin troops just entered the camp, only to hear deafening gongs and drums coming from all directions. Refugees lying in ambush in the camp, armed with spears and broadswords, were killed together. China farmers' local concept is very heavy. Refugees far away from home are often able to squeeze together, share joys and sorrows, and bear hardships and stand hard work. When they are cornered, the power of resistance is even more amazing. Therefore, the fighting spirit of the refugees is unmatched by 8 Jin Army. It can be said that they are extremely brave. Kim didn't expect the refugees to come prepared and was ambushed. They lost three points on the momentum, they panicked and their morale was even lower. They were killed by refugees and fled in all directions. Two or three Jin generals could not escape and were killed by refugees.

While the refugees scattered the Jin army, they openly embarked on the road of confrontation with the government. Knowing that the rulers of the Jin Dynasty would not give up, they asked Te Li to make a decision for them and lead them against the government. Te Li discussed with the refugee leaders of six counties, and everyone elected Te Li as the general of Zhenbei University, Li Liu as the general of Zhendong, and several refugee leaders were elected as generals. They reorganized their military forces and gained great prestige. A few days later, he captured Guanghan nearby and drove away the satrap there.

Te Li entered Guanghan, followed the example of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, announced three chapters of the contract, opened the government granary, and helped the poor local people. This army composed of refugees, under the leadership of Te Li, has strict discipline. Shu people are usually oppressed by the Jin government, but now they have settled in Te Li. How can they be unhappy? The folk made up a ballad and said, "Ritter is fine, and Luo Shang killed me."

On the surface, Luo Shang sent messengers to make peace with Te Li, but secretly colluded with local strongmen and besieged Te Li. After brave resistance, Te Li was defeated and sacrificed. His son Li Xiong continued to lead the refugees in the battle.

In 304 AD, Li Xiong established himself as the King of Chengdu. After two years, he claimed to be the emperor again, and his title was Dacheng. Later, my nephew Li Shou came and changed his name to Han. Therefore, it was also called "Cheng Han" in history. Not long after the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, it lost its southwest corner.

The game between Te Li and Luo Shang could have been a win-win cooperative game, but because of Luo Shang's quick success and instant benefit, it eventually evolved into a non-cooperative game, and embarked on the old road of officials forcing the people to rebel and farmers to revolt. We know that many wars between ruling groups are for land and population. To put it bluntly, they are trying to exploit resources. When Zhuge Liang first came out of Qishan and joined the three counties, the street pavilion finally fell and he had to retreat, sweeping away the population of the three counties and reverting to Shu. The purpose is to increase the labor force, in essence, to increase the targets of exploitation. Sichuan claims to be rich, vast in territory and abundant in natural resources, with few people, which is more than enough to accommodate hundreds of thousands of refugees. Therefore, Luo Shang has two ways to solve the refugee problem: peace and force. The peaceful solution is to find ways to help refugees settle in Shu and engage in labor production. Force is the use of violent machines to drive away refugees or kill them all. As a foreign population, refugees treat local officials in two ways: obedience and resistance.

Utilization of public resources

If Luo Shang solves the problem by peaceful means, it is likely to be a win-win situation, that is, the refugees will be resettled, the government will get the labor force and the tax revenue will increase. Because if Te Li resists, refugees will not follow Te Li on a large scale, and only some rebels will pay the price of their lives. However, in this game, Luo Shang adopted the strategy of military repression. If refugees, led by Te Li, adopt a submissive strategy, they can only be slaughtered and pay the price of their lives. However, if they resist, they may have a chance to survive. So the two sides can only play a non-cooperative game. As a result, the rulers represented by Luo Shang paid a greater price, while the refugees represented by Te Li paid a relatively smaller price.

This game has changed from a cooperative game to a non-cooperative game. The key is that Luo Shang, the representative of the ruler, believes too much in his own strength. He thinks he must dominate the rules of the game. As everyone knows, the rule itself is a constraint on both sides. If one side changes, the other side may not play according to the original rules, so that both sides can find the Nash equilibrium point again in their groping, but this equilibrium point is to reach a new equilibrium at their own cost in confrontation. Therefore, even the strong, don't arbitrarily modify the existing rules of the game, thinking that both sides will pay the price.