What are the characteristics of masonry engineering?

Question 1: What are the characteristics and structural requirements of masonry structures?

Characteristics of masonry structure:

(1) easy to use local materials;

(2) Good durability and fire resistance;

(3) Good thermal insulation performance and energy-saving effect;

(4) convenient construction and simple process;

(5) It has dual functions of bearing and enclosure;

(6) Self-weight, low tensile, shear and bending capacity;

(7) Poor seismic performance;

(8) The amount of masonry work is large and the production efficiency is low.

1. The main factors affecting the compressive strength of brick masonry include: the strength grade of brick; Strength grade and thickness of mortar; Masonry quality (including fullness, moisture content of bricks during masonry, technical level of operators, etc.). ).

Second, the static calculation of masonry structure

(1) The transverse wall of the static calculation scheme of building structure shall meet the following requirements: (1) When there are holes in the transverse wall, the horizontal cross-sectional area of the holes shall not exceed 50% of the cross-sectional area of the transverse wall; (2) The transverse wall thickness should not be less than180mm;

(two) the contents of the static calculation of the building structure:

1. Check the height-thickness ratio of wall columns "Code for Design of Masonry Structures" stipulates that the stability of wall columns should be checked by checking the height-thickness ratio of wall columns.

2. Calculation of bearing capacity of compression members.

3. The Code for Calculation of Local Compressive Bearing Capacity of Masonry stipulates that for roof trusses with a span of more than 6m and those with a span of more than.

When the bearing surface of 4.8m beam is brick masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete cushion blocks shall be set.

Third, the main structural requirements of masonry structure The structural measures of the wall mainly include three aspects, namely expansion joints, settlement joints and ring beams. Load-bearing walls should be set on both sides of expansion joints, and their foundations cannot be separated; The foundation of settlement joint must be separated. The function of ring beam: ring beam can resist the tensile stress in the wall caused by uneven settlement of foundation; At the same time, it can increase the integrity of the building structure; Prevent the adverse effects caused by vibration (including earthquake). The width of the ring beam should be the same as the wall thickness. When the wall thickness h is greater than or equal to h≥240mm, the width should not be less than 2h/3.

Four, multi-storey masonry building seismic structural measures

1. The minimum cross section of the constructional column of a multi-story brick house can be 240mm×180mm;

2. The constructional column must be connected with the ring beam;

3. The joint between the wall and the constructional column should be made into a horse tooth shape;

4. The constructional column shall extend to 500mm below the outdoor ground elevation.

5. The minimum cross section of the constructional column can be190 mm×190 mm;

6. The constructional column need not be provided with a separate foundation, but it should extend into the outdoor ground 500mm, or be connected with the foundation ring beam with a buried depth of less than 500mm;

7. In order to improve the seismic and shear bearing capacity of the wall, other core columns should be evenly arranged in the wall, and the maximum spacing should not be greater than 2.4m；;

8. The stair wall shall be provided with a 60mm thick reinforced concrete belt at the rest platform or half height of the floor. The strength grade of concrete should not be lower than C20, and the longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 2 φ10;

9. When the parapet height of multi-storey small block residential buildings exceeds 0.5m, structural columns or core columns anchored on the top ring beam should be added; Cap beam ring beam should be set at the top of the wall, the section height should not be less than 60mm, and the longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 2 φ10; 10. Classification of seismic fortification of buildings The seismic design of buildings is divided into four seismic fortification categories: A, B, C and D according to the importance of their functions.

Question 2: What are the main features of masonry structure? 1. A large number of building blocks such as lime-sand bricks, fly ash bricks and cement hollow blocks are used as structural materials, which have little damage to the environment, are energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and can make use of garbage components.

2. From the structural design, according to the seismic fortification situation, the unreinforced masonry, restrained masonry and reinforced masonry are adopted respectively.

3. A lot of research and engineering practice have been done on the application of reinforced masonry structure in high-rise buildings.

Question 3: Advantages and disadvantages of masonry structure 30 points The main advantages of masonry structure are: ① It is easy to use local materials. Bricks are mainly fired with clay; The raw material of stone is natural stone; Block flotation is made of industrial waste residue, which is convenient in source and low in price. ② Brick, stone or block masonry has good fire resistance and durability. (3) No formwork and special construction equipment are needed for masonry. In cold areas, freezing method can be used in winter masonry without special insulation measures. (4) Brick walls and block walls can insulate heat, so they are not only good load-bearing structures, but also good enclosure structures.

The disadvantages of masonry structure are as follows: ① Compared with reinforced concrete, the strength of masonry is lower, so the cross-sectional size of members is larger, the amount of materials is more, and the weight is heavier. (2) Masonry is basically manual, and the construction labor force is large. ③ The tensile and shear strength of masonry is very low, and its seismic performance is poor, so its use is limited; The compressive strength of bricks and stones cannot be fully exerted. ④ Clay bricks need to be made of clay, which takes up too much cultivated land in some areas and affects agricultural production.

Question 4: What are the characteristics of block building? Masonry building is a traditional and ancient building technology, and it is one of the earliest building technologies used by human beings. For example, the Great Wall in Wan Li is a gas project.

The characteristic of masonry construction is slow construction speed. In operation, taking ordinary clay bricks as an example, three-in-one masonry method and mortar masonry method are generally adopted. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. For details, please refer to the textbook "Architectural Architecture" with detailed notes.

In addition, the seismic capacity of masonry structure engineering is poor, excluding reinforced concrete. At present, masonry buildings have been approved in most parts of China because of their poor seismic performance. Generally, the seismic performance of masonry structures can be improved by adding ring beams and structural columns.

Question 5: What are the forms of brick masonry? What are their advantages and disadvantages? 1, yishun yiding brick masonry form.

Yishun Yi Ding, also known as the whole roof, refers to a wall made of all the bricks in a skin. The vertical joints of the upper and lower skins are staggered 1/4 bricks. This form can be divided into two forms: the cross seam aligned up and down along the brick layer, and the riding seam staggered half a brick up and down along the brick layer.

The masonry form of one brick and one tile is suitable for the masonry of one brick, one tile and a half and two brick walls. The advantages of this form are that the staggered joints between bricks are firm, the integrity of the wall is good, the operation changes are small, it is easy to master, and the wall is easy to control straight when laying. Its disadvantage is that when the specifications of bricks are inconsistent, the vertical joints are not easy to align, and bricks must be cut at the corner of the wall, T-joints, doors and windows, which limits the masonry efficiency to some extent.

2. ss Ding One Brick Masonry Form

The three-in-one masonry method means that all three-in-one skin bricks and all one-in-one skin bricks are alternately stacked. The overlap of the upper and lower skin bricks is 1/2 bricks, and the overlap of two bricks is 1/4 bricks. At the same time, cornice and gable are not in the same skin, so the three-in-one masonry form is suitable for one brick and one half wall.

The advantage of this form is that it uses less bricks, at corners, cross and T-joints, doors and windows, etc. , can reduce the number of "seven pieces", operate faster, and improve work efficiency. Its disadvantage is that there are many layers along the brick, so it is difficult to control the flatness of the wall. When the brick is wet or the mortar is thin, it is not easy to smooth along the layer, and it is easy to be squeezed out, which affects the quality.

3, plum blossom ding brick masonry form

Plum blossom ding, also known as sandbag type and cross type, means that the inner ding bricks of each skin brick are laid at intervals, the upper ding brick sits on the lower skin brick, and the vertical joints between the upper and lower skins are staggered 1/4 brick long. Plum blossom masonry method is suitable for one brick, one brick and a half or brick walls with different specifications. This method has low masonry efficiency.

The advantage of this form is that the mortar joint is neat and beautiful, especially suitable for fair-faced exterior walls. Its disadvantage is that the alternate laying of parallel bricks and small bricks affects the working speed and the working efficiency is low.

4. Two planes

Two flat sides are composed of two parallel bricks and an edge brick placed next to them at intervals. When the wall thickness is 3/4, the flat bricks are parallel bricks, and the vertical stagger between the upper and lower flat bricks is 1/2 brick length; Vertical joints between upper and lower flat bricks and side bricks are staggered 1/2 brick length, and vertical joints between upper and lower flat bricks and side bricks are staggered 1/4 brick length. This kind of masonry takes labor, but saves bricks, and is suitable for 3/4 brick walls and L-shaped brick walls.

Step 5 transport

Zhongtian, also known as strip masonry method, means that all skins are parallel bricks, and the vertical joints of the upper and lower skins are staggered 1/2 bricks, which is suitable for laying semi-brick walls.

What are the forms of brick masonry? The advantages and disadvantages of brick masonry are introduced. Brick masonry has certain skills, so we should choose the corresponding brick masonry form according to different construction projects.

Question 6: What are the advantages of brick masonry structure with single-story frame structure? Brick masonry structure has three advantages for frame structure:

(1) light weight: the weight of brick-concrete structure is1500 kg ~ 2; If the frame structure adopts lightweight board (aerated concrete partition, light steel keel partition, etc.). ), its weight is 400 kg ~600 kg/m2, which is only 1/3 of the brick-concrete structure.

(2) Flexible room layout: The load-bearing structure of the frame structure is the frame itself, and the wallboard only plays the role of enclosure and separation, so the layout is more flexible.

(3) Increase the effective area: the wall of the frame structure is thinner than that of the brick-concrete structure, which relatively increases the usable area of the house.

Two shortcomings of brick masonry structure in frame structure;

(1) steel consumption is about 30% higher than that of brick-concrete structure, and its cost is higher than that of brick-concrete structure.

(2) The section size of some columns is too large, which will protrude from the wall and affect the appearance.

Question 7: What are the main vertical transportation machines in masonry engineering? What are the characteristics of vertical transportation machinery in masonry engineering? Lifting height of tower crane (1. ), (2), lifting weight (3) and rotation radius. External elevator, hoist, (1), lifting weight (2), lifting height. Concrete pump and pumping height.

Question 8: What are the common quality problems in masonry engineering? First, the strength of masonry is insufficient.

1, the design section is too small and the bearing capacity is not enough;

2, water, electricity, heating, sanitation equipment to leave holes, slots weaken the wall section is too large;

3, the material quality is unqualified, such as masonry brick and mortar strength grade does not meet the design requirements, the use of unqualified cement and admixture, etc. ;

4. The construction quality is poor, the mortar fullness is seriously insufficient, and bricks are not soaked during construction, resulting in insufficient strength of mortar joint.

Second, the masonry dislocation deformation

1, the height-thickness ratio of masonry wall is too large, which leads to unstable deformation in the use stage;

2. Construction quality problems, such as vertical deflection of the wall, increase in deformation or even dislocation after use;

3, improper construction sequence, such as vertical and horizontal walls bite if masonry at the same time, resulting in new masonry wall out-of-plane deformation and instability;

4. Improper construction technology such as lime-sand brick masonry leads to instability during masonry.

Third, local damage or collapse

1. The wall falls off corners, pierces holes or even partially collapses due to collision or impact during construction or use;

2. The wall was corroded by caustic soda during use, which made some walls seriously damaged;

3. Freezing method was adopted in winter, and no appropriate measures were taken during thawing period, which led to the collapse of masonry walls.

Question 9: Types and advantages of small block masonry 1. Masonry is generally manual operation, and masonry strength refers to: the bonding strength between mortar and brick during masonry; At the same time, due to manual operation, completely relying on experience and technical operation, the fullness and density of mortar must be less than 100%, while bricks are generally made by machinery or semi-machinery, and their density and compactness coefficient must be greater than manual operation, so the masonry strength must be less than the compressive strength of bricks.

2. In the process of masonry, due to uneven mortar paving, the block is not only subjected to downward pressure, but also to local stresses such as bending and shearing. Because of the different lateral deformation of the block and mortar after compression, the block is still in tension. In addition, due to the existence of vertical mortar joint, a stress difference zone is formed, and the block may not be able to bear the stress from all directions such as compression, tension and shear. Therefore, the stress of the block in masonry is very complicated, especially the internal forces caused by tension and bending make the block appear vertical cracks earlier. Secondly, because the mixture ratio of mortar is basically manual mixing, there are uneven stress and strength, which is why the compressive strength of masonry is much smaller than that of block.

The above two reasons are enough to prove your problem!