List some famous works in China's classical novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Novels of Ming Dynasty The novels created by literati in Ming Dynasty mainly include vernacular short stories and novels.

According to the theme and ideological content, novels in Ming Dynasty can be roughly divided into four categories, namely, historical novels, ghosts and gods novels, secular novels and case-solving novels. Representative works include Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Jin Ping Mei. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written by Luo Guanzhong at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty according to Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms. There were only 24 volumes and 240 articles. There are 120 articles in Tongjing today, which were edited by Mao Zonggang in the early Qing Dynasty. This book vividly describes the complicated history of the separation of the three kingdoms in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and finally Sima's family unified the whole country, with magnificent structure, spectacular scenes and many characters. Some characters are quite distinctive and become representatives of a certain type of characters, such as Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. But on the whole, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is more about describing historical events than literary creation. Characters tend to be typed, and the language is half-written and half-white, showing traces of the evolution from history to literature.

The Water Margin was written by Shi Naian or co-written by Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong. Describe the magnificent story that Song Jiang led 108 people to force Liangshan to "do justice for heaven" during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Jiang's story is very short. At first, the stories of Song people included green beasts, flower monks and warriors. The story of the Water Margin has been circulated among the people, and it has taken shape when 36 people, including Song Jiang, gathered in Liangshan Lake in the legacy of the Song Dynasty. On this basis, the story of Water Margin was written into a book by scholars. The story of Water Margin is tortuous and good at depicting characters in narrative. Li Kui, Song Wu, Lin Chong and Lu have become well-known literary images of women and children, but they have more fictional elements than The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is China's first novel written in popular spoken language, which is of great value in the history of literature and Chinese.

The Journey to the West is a mythical novel based on the story of Xuanzang, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, who went to Tianzhu (India) to learn Buddhist scriptures. It was rewritten by Wu Cheng'en on the basis of folklore and related scripts and plays. With rich imagination, romantic technique and humorous language, this book is a unique masterpiece in vernacular novels. There are two popular literary images in the book, the Monkey King, who is a miraculous figure, and Pig, who is timid and selfish. The image of the Monkey King is an artistic summary of the outstanding qualities of the people, such as daring to fight against evil forces and not being afraid of difficulties. It also entrusts the people with a beautiful ideal of defeating evil forces.

Jin Ping Mei Hua Ci, published in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, occupies an important position in vernacular novels. It is a pioneering work to get rid of the traditional theme of heroes and monsters and instead express real daily life. The author's title is "Lan Shaosheng", but predecessors suspected that it was Wang Shizhen, which is not credible. In recent years, there have been various statements about the Dragon Slayer, Li Kaixian and Jia Sanjin, but they all lack strong evidence. The story of Ximen Qing and Pan Jinlian in Water Margin is a book with hundreds of pages, which reflects the daily life of northern urban residents in the16th century under the guise of the Song Dynasty. The author is familiar with the life of the city and the language of the citizens, and describes the human world in detail and vividly. The language is spicy and vivid. However, there are many descriptions of the indulgence of bureaucratic landlords in the book, which affects the value and dissemination of this book.

In addition, the famous novels of the Ming Dynasty include Xiong's Biography of the Northern Song Dynasty, Guo Xun's Light Travel to the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Xu's Romance of the Gods, Dong Shuo's The Journey to the West and Zhou's Biography of Awakening Marriage, which all occupy a certain position in the history of China literature.

The rise of case-solving novels describing unjust prison proceedings in the Ming Dynasty was the product of social and political corruption in the late Ming Dynasty. Some of the more famous ones are Official Case-solving in Biography of Mr. Hai, The Romance of Su Bai Case, Yu Xiangdou's Case-solving in Ming Dynasty, etc., which praised the famous upright officials Bao Zheng, Hai Rui,. However, most of them pursue bizarre twists and turns, rough art, superstitious description and advocating feudal ethics.

The vernacular short stories of the Ming Dynasty also gained a bumper harvest. Feng Menglong's Shi Yu Yan Ming, Shi Jing Tong Yan and Xing Shi Heng Yan are collectively called "Sanyan", which are included in Song Yuanming and the fake book 120. Themes are mostly taken from history or legends, including old works in Song and Yuan Dynasties and old works in Ming Dynasty. After Feng Menglong's polishing, they reflected the thoughts, life and interests of citizens at that time, and had a great influence on later vernacular novels and operas. Ling Yunchu's series of novels "Surprise at the First Moment" and "Surprise at the Second Moment", which are usually called "Sanyan", are equally important, and are collectively called "Erpai", each with 40 articles, including a complex sentence and a zaju, totaling 78 articles. Erpai is not as ideological and artistic as Sanyan, but it was written by Ling himself, and the selection criteria and language style are relatively unified. In addition, there are more than ten kinds of novels in Ming Dynasty, such as Stone Nodding, Drunken Stone, and Two Sets of West Lake. But the results are not as good as "three words" and "two beats" In these short stories, the theme of love and marriage occupies an important position, and it is also an important theme to expose the evil of the ruling class and the darkness of politics. However, a considerable number of works are full of dross, such as beautifying the ruling class, propagating feudal ethics, and superstitious ghosts and gods.

Class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and struggles in ideological and cultural fields in novels of the Qing Dynasty had a profound impact on novel creation. The period from the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period was the heyday of the development of novels in the Qing Dynasty, with great development in quantity and quality, content and form, style and genre compared with the previous generation. Novels in the Qing Dynasty were basically created by literati. Although drawing lessons from history, legends and other materials, the works are mostly based on real life, which fully reflects the author's personal wishes and is more mature in structure, narration and character description. Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and A Dream of Red Mansions, which came into being in the Qianlong period, pushed the creation of classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels to the peak respectively.

Since the legend of the Tang Dynasty, China's classical novels have constantly produced new works, such as Zhi and Xinhua. , but most of them are simple and lack of literary talent. The strange stories from a strange studio are like the peak of otherworldly. The author Pu Songling uses classical Chinese as the vernacular, which is quite vivid. Most of the protagonists in the novel are foxes and ghosts, but their images are lovely and full of human feelings. It represents the highest achievement of China's classical novels.

A Dream of Red Mansions is a classic of China's realistic literature. Author Cao Zhan,No. Xueqin, is from Zhengbaiqi, Manchuria. The Cao family once lived in Jiangning weaving for three generations, but their wealth declined after being copied. Based on the life of the Cao family and the love and marriage tragedies of Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai, this book describes the history of the Jia family from prosperity to decline, reflecting the inevitable collapse and initial democratic tendency of China feudal society at the end of this period. A Dream of Red Mansions has meticulous plot, true details and beautiful language. The author is good at portraying characters and has created many artistic images with typical personalities, such as Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu, Xue Baochai, Wang Xifeng, Qingwen, etc., and has made outstanding artistic achievements. However, Cao Xueqin only finished the first 80 chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions, and the last 40 chapters of this popular book are generally considered as sequels by Gao E. There are many sequels of A Dream of Red Mansions in the late Qing Dynasty, but most of them are sequels by minks.

In addition to A Dream of Red Mansions, other famous novels in the Qing Dynasty include The Scholars, The Story of Awakening Marriage, The Wizard of Oz, The Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, The Legend of Yue, The Legend of Immortals, The Legend of Leifeng Pagoda and so on. The stories in this book include drunken stones and five-color stones. Li Yu's Mime and The Twelfth Floor are the representatives of the artistic achievements of vernacular short stories.