What are the technical milestones in automobile history? Try to be as detailed as possible ~ thank you

Six milestones in the development of automobile technology

The 20th century is the century when mankind entered the industrialized society. Manufacturing industry is the leader of industrialization, which affects the development process of the whole industrialization. Among them, the automobile industry has the greatest influence on human life in the 20th century. Automobile technology has a history of 100 years, and some unique designs occupy a prominent position in the history of automobile development, which once influenced and even determined the direction of automobile evolution. The following are the six most important milestones in the development history of automobile technology in the 20th century.

The first milestone: "Mercedes-Benz" opened the automobile era.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, Panal-Loiseau company of France installed the engine in the front of the car, and transmitted the driving force to the rear wheel through the clutch, transmission device and gear transmission device. This scheme was later called "Panal system". People usually call this scheme a conventional scheme. At present, some automobile manufacturers adopt this scheme, most of which are large automobile manufacturers, such as trucks.

The position of "Panal system" was really established by Daimler Engine Company in 190 1 year. It was installed on the car designed by wilhelm maybach and became a model of automobile manufacturing all over the world. At that time, Daimler had an outstanding car salesman named Emile Na Linek, who was very

Like racing cars. Racing was an effective car advertisement at that time, so Linek saw this and took part in many races in his Mercedes. However, his 20 kW (28 HP) car has almost no advantage over French racing cars, so he persuaded the designer Maibakh to design a brand-new car, which greatly improved the mechanical properties and appearance.

Emile Na Linek 190 1 March took part in "Niza Racing Week" with his new racing car. He has a lovely daughter named Mercedes, so he used her name "Mercedes" as the license plate number of the car to register for the competition. This new racing car beat all its rivals and made a blockbuster. Paul Mayon, secretary general of the French Automobile Club, said, "We have entered the era of Mercedes-Benz". Since then, Germans like to call Daimler-Benz cars "Mercedes-Benz".

The second milestone: Ford Motor Company started mass production of cars.

1 90865438+1October1,which set the second milestone in the history of automobile technology. Detroit (the motor city of the United States) began to produce a car named "Ford" with the model "T". This rare car has promoted the arrival of a new industrial era, and workers assembled cars with mass-produced parts on the assembly line for the first time.

Henry Ford's Model T is a technical model without precedent. The only four-cylinder engine with simple structure is

14.7 kW (20 HP), working volume 2884 mL, rotating speed 1600 rpm. Low workload and low speed make this engine very durable. It can use the worst gasoline, even a mixture of kerosene with a large proportion.

Henry Ford's goal is to produce "global cars". In every way, he succeeded. Since the first model T was delivered on 1 June, 908+10/October1day, it was not until the summer of 1927 that the model T became history and began to be sold.

Over150,000 vehicles. Model T is very popular all over the world, and it has become a symbol of cheap and reliable transportation. Ford Motor Company has created a huge permanent automobile market and promoted the development of the global automobile industry. 19 13 At the end of the year, nearly half of the cars sold in the United States were made by Ford. By the 1920s, more than half of the registered cars in the world were Ford's.

Many innovations of Model T changed the automobile manufacturing industry forever. The assembly line was initiated by Henry Ford in Ford Highland Park Factory in 19 13. This has brought great changes not only to the automobile manufacturing industry, but also to the whole industry. There are many innovations in the promotion of Model T, for example, the left steering wheel is convenient for passengers to get on and off. Model T was the first to make the engine block and crankcase into a single casting, the first to use a detachable cylinder head for maintenance, and the first to use a large number of lightweight and durable vanadium steel alloys produced by Ford Motor Company itself. The intelligent "planetary" gearbox of Model T allows novices to shift gears easily. This innovation and improvement, together with the intrinsic value of Model T produced by Henry Ford, make it the best personal transportation tool in the further urbanization of the world.

Although automobile technology developed rapidly during this period, the technology of this kind of automobile has not changed, which is unusual today. Probably the first reason is that this design does not require a decent car, but only regards it as a "treadmill". Price also plays a big role: Ford Model T once sold for only $295, which was affordable for ordinary professionals.

The third milestone: Citroen, the creator of front-wheel drive cars.

After wilhelm maybach and Henry Ford, Andre Citroen set the third milestone in French automobile history at 1934. 19 19 This French entrepreneur is the first person in Europe to implement automobile assembly line production. Soon, Citroen Automobile Company became one of the successful large-scale manufacturers in Europe.

In the mid-1920s, automobile manufacturers discussed whether it was better to transfer the driving function from the rear wheel to the front wheel. On March 24th, 1934, a new type of automobile structure appeared: a front-wheel drive named 7A came out. Front-wheel drive, chassis-less body structure, torsion bar single-wheel vibration reduction and hydraulic braking have all been used, but they have never been concentrated on one vehicle and are mass-produced. Entrusted by Citroen, Andre Le faivre and his assistant Maurice Santila created this kind of car, and its design is not out of date even after more than 60 years.

In many gangster movies, this kind of car is used as an escape vehicle because of its reliable performance, and it is called a successful "robber car". Except for some minor modifications in some places, this kind of car was continuously produced for 25 years, and was finally replaced by the second kind of car designed by Andre Le faivre, namely Citroen ID/DS. Front-wheel drive vehicles have been proved to be superior to traditional construction methods at least in driving safety.

The fourth milestone: the myth of "Beetle" car

There is a special example in the history of automobiles. The existence of a car model and its production equipment all depend on an instruction from the national leading department. The "Volkswagen" project has an opaque background from the beginning, and it is difficult to say clearly what kind of considerations played a decisive role at that time. Some people speculate that there are probably military considerations when determining the design scheme of this car.

This car factory in Wolfsburg started to produce civilian cars when there was a shortage of cars all over the world, so the market situation is very favorable for it. There are two other points: first, its durability has been proved in the war; Second, its after-sales service and spare parts supply are better than other manufacturers.

The success of the Beatles is well known. It broke the production record of Ford Model T and surpassed millions. It has one thing in common with this kind of Volkswagen cars in the United States: they are all "treadmills", not paying attention to luxury, and the basic structure has not changed in "life". The engine of "Beetle" is rear-mounted, and its success has been misquoted by many competitors. Some manufacturers, such as Fiat, Renault, simca, Skoda and Chevrolet, have followed the example of the Beetle and made cars with more powerful rear engines. Now cars with rear engines have long since faded out of the market. At most, only racing cars have rear engines, and most of them are installed in front of the rear axle.

At present, the "Beetle" has made a comeback, and Volkswagen has once again launched the "Beetle" car and named it "New Beetle".

Beetel) "aroused great interest. The advantages of Volkswagen "Beetle" car are also durable, not luxurious, and the price is popular.

The fifth milestone: the "mini" car that is difficult to surpass.

I have never seen such a "Mini", so that 1959 was regarded as a joke by many people as soon as it came out, but it triggered a revolution in automobile technology.

Alec Essien Nice's father was a Greek shipbuilding engineer born in England, and his mother was a Bavarian in Germany. When he drew the first sketch of his dream car, he thought of leaving enough spacious seats for four people, so he concentrated the machinery where people didn't need it-between the two front wheels and under the back seat floor. This kind of car is 3.05 meters long and 1.4 meters wide, and its weight is only in

630 kg is a dwarf, so a 25 kW (34 HP) transverse engine can make it drive very fast. Dwarves will soon have more power.

For a time, the "mini" car became a car with no hierarchical concept and was worshipped. Many celebrities use it as a toy to drive around the city. This small car has made a "conceptual breakthrough", and at the same time, it has made some achievements in automobile races, including winning the championship in Monte Carlo automobile race three times and winning numerous championship of the Tour de France.

The wheel diameter of this "mini" car is only 25.4 cm, and the power of the iron engine is much smaller than that of other cars. How can it leave Porsche, Volvo, Ford and other cars behind in the competition? Its secret comes from technical advantages: ingenious center of gravity distribution and suitable wheelbase and track.

Today, 40 years later, the mini-car is still very popular, but many people try to make it "modern" and improve its original design, but the result is unsuccessful. This is because from the beginning, Nice Essex has carefully and perfectly considered the design of the "mini" car. At the same time, people produce all kinds of new competitive models according to the mini-car scheme. Except for a few companies that produce traditional brand-name cars and luxury cars, almost all companies imitate the design of "mini" cars, and mini cars are becoming an important member of the automobile family.

The sixth milestone: the popular multi-purpose van in the 1990s.

Multi-purpose van, English full name is multi-purpose.

Vehicle, abbreviated as "MPV", was created by Renault Automobile Company of France in 1980s, and caused a sensation in the car world with its novel car layout design.

In the past, the back seat of a car was fixed. The MPV is that each seat in the car can be adjusted independently, and it can be combined in many forms, that is, by car or with a small table in a small conference room. From the fixed position to the adjustable position of the car seat, from the fixed space layout to the variable space layout, it marks the change of the concept of car use.

Inspired by the design concept of MPV, a sport utility vehicle named Sport &；; effectiveness

Vehicles, referred to as SUVs, have the characteristics of cars and light trucks. On the basis of "MPV" and "SUV", there has been a heat wave of recreational vehicles sweeping the world in recent years. Leisure car is called English.

amusement

Vehicle, referred to as "RV" for short, breaks through the traditional car layout in appearance, and the compartment space has the characteristics of multi-purpose, multi-variety and wide adaptability. In terms of design ideas, it inherits the basic design concept of MPV-variable car space combination. It is precisely because of the appearance of MPV that car designers have broken through the old framework and designed a variety of family cars from single-minded to diverse.