Self-taught classical Chinese Zhihu

1. How to learn classical Chinese is the richest carrier of profound China culture. Students' study of classical Chinese is actually the most direct inheritance of China culture.

It can cultivate students' love for the language and writing of the motherland, inherit the excellent spiritual culture of the sages, and exercise students' creative thinking and expression ability. It is clearly pointed out in the new curriculum standard that Chinese education should consciously enhance students' cultural accumulation, enrich students' cultural details, cultivate aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic taste and aesthetic ability, enhance students' cultural taste on the basis of improving discrimination ability, and form correct values and sound personality.

Therefore, the position of classical Chinese in Chinese curriculum is unshakable. Clarifying the outline requirements and the new curriculum standard put forward higher teaching requirements and evaluation standards for classical Chinese teaching in junior high schools: 1. "Reading ancient poems, through accumulation, comprehension and application, consciously improve their taste and aesthetic taste.

2. Read simple classical Chinese, and you can understand the basic content with the help of notes and reference books. 3. Recite 80 excellent poems.

Classical Chinese is an important carrier of ancient culture in China and the source of modern Chinese. Learning classical Chinese well is the need of inheriting excellent national culture and learning Chinese well.

The goal of classical Chinese in senior one is to read simple classical Chinese, read a certain number of famous books, and understand the basic content with the help of notes and reference books. The "understanding the basic content" here means understanding the text first, and then understanding the meaning.

In other words, the review of classical Chinese should emphasize both "speaking" and "writing". The so-called "speech" refers to the basic knowledge of classical Chinese.

For example, the meaning of common notional words (focusing on polysemous words, ancient and modern synonyms and interchangeable words) and the usage of common function words (such as "Zhi", "Qi", "Yu", "Ye" and "Wei"). ), the translation of important sentences in the text, the rhythm division of reading classical Chinese sentences, and the degree of tone. The so-called text refers to the understanding of the meaning of the text.

Judging from the trend of examination proposition reform in recent years, the score in this respect has increased. Relevant experts believe that reading classical Chinese should mainly examine students' reading comprehension ability, rather than grammar knowledge and language analysis ability.

Classical Chinese reading, as an examination, only seeks to understand its meaning, not to seek methods. That is, to understand the meaning of the text and not to examine the knowledge of ancient Chinese.

In the whole set of teaching materials (180 articles), classical Chinese (40 articles) accounts for about a quarter of the space. Undoubtedly, the poems selected in the new textbook are the essence of China's classical literature and the precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. Learning these poems well is very important to improve students' Chinese level. How can we learn classical Chinese well for a long time? I'll introduce the following links to you: (1) "Reading"-through repeated reading, I can enhance my sense of language and get a preliminary perceptual knowledge.

This is the basic requirement for learning classical Chinese. The ancients said, "You can't know the meaning of a book until you read it a hundred times." The combination of characters, words and sentences in classical Chinese is very different from that in modern Chinese. Only by reading repeatedly can we enhance our sense of language and gain a preliminary perceptual knowledge.

1, listen to the standard reading. In reading training, teachers should pay attention to demonstrating reading or playing tapes.

Listening carefully to standardized and excellent reading can not only improve our reading interest, but also help us understand the article. You can also hear some reading "doorways" and master reading skills. 2. Read the pronunciation correctly.

When reading aloud, we should pronounce words correctly, regularly and clearly, and overcome misreading and omission. This is not only the basic skill of reading aloud, but also helps to cultivate a person's highly concentrated attention and correct reaction ability.

It is directly related to the understanding of the article to pause correctly when reading sentences. When reading aloud, there is an error in the pause of sentence reading, and the meaning of the sentence will be blurred.

3. Master reading skills. When guiding reading aloud, we should also master certain reading skills.

For example, in the article "Public Loss", the public loss board said: "I will not kill anyone." When reading aloud, pay attention to the serious and arrogant tone of the characters.

The king said, "Good. Although the bus section is a ladder for me, I must bring Song. "

Reading the tone of the king of Chu is overbearing and tough. 4. You can learn some memory methods when reciting.

(1) Recite step by step by using the clue blackboard. Clue writing on the blackboard can make reciting easier.

Let's ask the students to sort out the meaning of the text and focus on reciting. Connect the keywords together through the clue blackboard.

Such as: "Children's Fun" Xia Mosquito-private novel-direction-crane also; After combing, you can recite according to the clues. Generally speaking, proficiency once or twice is enough. Increase the difficulty, do not look at the blackboard, close your eyes and back.

(2) Fill in the blanks and recite by association. (3) Recite according to the content of the article.

Some are taken out of context and recited in sections; Recite each other, check for leaks and fill gaps; Recite repeatedly, break through the difficulties, let students set the text to recite, and improve the effectiveness of recitation. Reciting helps us to accumulate language, get familiar with the language habits of classical Chinese and cultivate our keen sense of language.

If the reading of classical Chinese can reach the level of "correct, fluent and emotional", it will be of great help to the following "translation" and lay the foundation. (2) "Point"-Pay attention to the important knowledge points in the text after you are familiar with reading.

1. Common words, ancient and modern meanings. For example, the word "Qiang" in "Xiang Qiang" in "Idle Feelings" means "hard" jiāng.

The word "death" in "The Wise Man Should Respond to His Death" in "Yu Gong Yi Shan" means "Wu" and "Wu". The ancient meaning of "although there is death, there is a son" in "Yugong Mountain" means "even", which is different from "although" in modern Chinese. "Friends" in the ten articles of The Analects of Confucius refers to like-minded people, and now it refers to people who get along well with each other.

Reciting common words in classical Chinese (please find out and explain) 1 in the seventh grade (the first volume), strong items and blunt "childlike interest" 2. Let's talk about the music of the Ten Analects of Confucius 3. How much does my niece know about the Ten Analects of Confucius 4? I don't know what I don't know, but I know the wisdom of the Ten Analects of Confucius. 5. Turn to Xitou and suddenly see Xijiangyue. 6. There is nothing in the mountain city. 7. Like a mountain city in Starlight Glimmer. 8. Is Zunjun in the seventh grade of Chen Taiqiu and the Friendship Period (Volume II)? On the day of the ban, Zhong Yonghuan praised the Yi people.

2. If you want to learn ancient Chinese, why not talk about cultural inheritance? It's useless to you.

Let's start with something more specific. First of all, because this is a means for national education to screen talents, a selective examination like the college entrance examination is to arrange different resources for people with different educational levels, including the educational resources and social resources you occupy.

There are two main reasons for selecting talents: 1 is to improve efficiency, and people with small ability can't educate so deeply, wasting time and energy, which is not cost-effective; 2. To save resources, the shortage of teachers and educational resources in China is normal. As you said, ancient prose itself doesn't need everyone to know so much. Many people are either not interested or can't learn so much.

It is precisely because many people do not have the ability to learn ancient prose that they choose ancient prose as a compulsory test item. The screening degree of college entrance examination can be assumed to be 10%, that is, as long as 10% students can meet the learning requirements of ancient Chinese.

Because our country is short of resources, we can only give these resources to 10% students. The existence of ancient prose in college entrance examination subjects is not to make everyone become a knowledgeable person who studies Confucian classics.

That recitation and translation is nothing to the study of Confucian classics, just like children playing with sand. You should also understand that no one is forcing you to become a researcher in Confucian classics now.

The college entrance examination does not make you a Confucian classics researcher, nor does it make you an outstanding person. The college entrance examination is only for merit-based admission.

Whether or not to become a scholar is your own choice. You have your freedom, as long as you don't violate the law, you can do whatever you want.

The college entrance examination is only for 10% people to have better resources. Whether you want to be that 10% or not, other people really don't care except your head teacher, grade head, principal and your parents.

Others hope you'd better not be 10%, so they have one less competitor. The reason why your class teacher, grade leader and headmaster have to give you so much pressure is because they have their own business pressure.

You are asked to endorse and translate because you can't control them and can't damage the admission rate of their school. Finally, I want to say something.

I am grateful that there are so many people in China who care about the inheritance of the motherland's cultural traditions and have no utilitarian intention to do research and publicity for these cultural traditions. Because of their existence, I feel at least a little blood flowing in this land; Because of their existence, I feel that being a China person is a great pride.

After reading my statement, I still don't expect you to change the culture of ancient Chinese. But I also hope that those who support my point of view will give me an approval when you can insist on reading it and agree with me.

Although we are all unknown, at least we have the same roots.

3. Why do you want to learn classical Chinese? 1. Why do you want to learn classical Chinese: 1. Inherit excellent traditional culture and carry forward national spirit.

Learning classical Chinese is an important way to inherit Chinese culture, carry forward national spirit and improve one's own quality. 2. Promote the study of modern Chinese and improve the level of Chinese.

Ancient Chinese is the foundation and source of modern Chinese, and modern Chinese is the inheritance and development of ancient Chinese. Learning classic works and absorbing vital and expressive ancient languages are important ways to improve Chinese.

Second, what is the use of classical Chinese: 1, cultivate a variety of abilities and improve aesthetic quality. 2. Classical Chinese has beautiful language, neat rhythm and harmonious tone. Regular reading can not only cultivate language sense, but also improve memory ability.

3. Classical Chinese is difficult to understand because of the obstacles of language, times and thoughts, but it can train and improve students' understanding ability and analytical and critical ability, thus forming a dialectical materialist point of view. 1. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is the written language in ancient China, mainly including the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

After the 20th century, in China, the position of classical Chinese was gradually replaced by vernacular Chinese. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose.

The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding. 2. Introduction of classical Chinese sentence patterns: Classical Chinese sentence patterns are basically the same as modern Chinese sentence patterns.

It is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences, both of which have six major components: subject, predicate, object and definite complement. The word order of sentences is basically the same.

Of course, there is still a difference between the two. When learning classical Chinese sentences, we should try our best to grasp the differences between classical Chinese sentences and modern Chinese sentences. Although the sentence patterns of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are basically the same, there are some special sentence patterns because some entity words in classical Chinese are different from those in modern Chinese.

If you want to learn classical Chinese well, understand the meaning of sentences correctly and understand the content of the article, you must master the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese. We often say that the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese are judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, inversion sentences, passive sentences and fixed sentences.

4. What are the advantages of improving classical Chinese? Zhihu can appreciate the beauty of culture by improving classical Chinese. Some classical Chinese texts (including ancient poems) in middle school Chinese textbooks are masterpieces that have been passed down through the ages. They are typical and representative in ideological content, emotional factors, artistic skills and language forms, which can directly cultivate middle school students' self-cultivation, improve their cultural accomplishment and help them become elegant people in the future.

A person with a certain foundation in ancient literature will have appropriate expressions and actions in practical work, and it is easier to get close to success. It makes people full and not frivolous.

Understanding the relationship between ancient and modern vocabulary and expanding language knowledge, modern Chinese and ancient Chinese come down in one continuous line. For example, learning classical Chinese can help us understand the origin, exact meaning and evolution of idioms, and we can also use idiom vocabulary accurately.

Therefore, learning classical Chinese can make our language concise and lively, and improve our reading ability and expression ability.

Learning classical Chinese can improve the ability to use language and form your own creative style. Many great modern writers in China have profound attainments in classical literature and language, and use fixed words, phrases or sentence forms in classical literature flexibly, thus forming their own unique style and becoming literary masters.

Learning classical Chinese can learn from the writing skills of famous ancient writers.

Poems written by ancient writers have their own characteristics in conception, conception, drawing materials, cutting materials, using allusions, planning articles, layout, wording and sentences, narration, description of characters, lyricism, analysis and expression of things. Ancient writers paid special attention to the artistic conception, structure and language of articles, and tried to learn from ancient masters by studying classical Chinese, which helped to improve their literary accomplishment and writing style.

China's influential literature is well versed in China's ancient literature.

The culture of any country has a foundation, and the cultural background of China begins with ancient literature. Learning and reading classical Chinese can make people really get in touch with China's temperament.

Classical Chinese records the ancient cultural heritage of our country. If you don't understand classical Chinese and ancient documents, you can't talk about inheritance, absorption and development.

Students can read China's ancient articles with simple reference books. We can understand the poems of Han and Tang Dynasties, and even the articles of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bamboo Slips.

However, if the British want to understand the original Shakespeare printed more than 300 years ago, they have to rely on thick reference books to understand it, and it is not easy for middle school students to understand it.

5. How can I learn classical Chinese well? The first problem we encounter when learning classical Chinese is words, including content words and function words.

The key of notional words is the meaning of words. For example: "? ブ? Xian Zhi rakes the ape and hits Heng) Wei (wéi) first (xiàn). "

(take: preposition, take. Multiplication: number, four.

W: Cooked cowhide. First, adjectives are used as nouns.

The first gift. ) Master ancient and modern different meanings, original meanings, extended meanings (polysemy), borrowed meanings, etc.

First, ancient and modern different meanings 1, basic words: these words have the same meaning in ancient and modern times and are easy to understand. Such as people, horses, the sun, the moon, mountains, water and so on.

2. General words (key points of learning and memory) (1) change words. These words have different glyphs, different pronunciations and the same meaning.

For example, in ancient Chinese, it was called "crown" and now it is called "hat"; It was called "yǒu" in ancient times, but now it is called "window". (2) Semi-variant characters.

These words have the same glyph, the same pronunciation, different meanings or subtle differences between ancient and modern meanings. ③ In another case, monosyllabic words become disyllabic words.

(1) has different meanings in ancient and modern times. For example, "walking" means "running" in ancient times and "walking" in modern times.

The ancient meaning of "persuasion" is "encouragement", and now it means "advice and persuasion". (2) There are subtle differences between ancient and modern meanings.

For example, "buy" the ancient meaning of "offering a reward for soliciting customers and buying them with heavy money"; Now it means "buy". Such as: "Taizong tasted Wang Xizhi and bought a book of gold and silk from the court."

The modern meaning of "bathing" is "bathing". The ancient meaning of "bathing" is shampoo, and "bathing" is bathing.

③ Monosyllabic words become disyllabic words. Such as "gram-gram", "solid-solid" and "clothes-clothes".

Second, polysemy: a word has original meaning, extended meaning and figurative meaning, resulting in polysemy. For example, the original meaning of "soldier" is "weapon", extended to "soldier", extended to "army", extended to "military force", further extended to "war" and extended to "strategy and tactics".

Sometimes several meanings of a word coexist in an article, which makes it difficult for us to understand. (A) remember the original meaning and extended meaning.

(2) The definition of context. Third, borrowing meaning means borrowing words.

(a) the sound is similar to the shape, and the sound symbol is used instead. Such as "straight → value", "bird → capture" and so on.

(two) the pronunciation is different, but there are the same initials or finals, using the same phonetic symbol. Such as "inside → receiving" and "seeing → now".

(3) Phonetic homographs are different. Such as "want → invite", "cut → talent", "have → have" and so on.

Note: 1 password is one-way, not two-way. For example, "I want an invitation, but I can't get it."

Polysemy is a matter of meaning, and interchangeable words are a matter of sound. When you encounter such a problem in reading, you should "don't understand, consider the sound."

That is, consider the ambiguity of the word first, and then consider whether it is a common word. Fourth, the flexible use of parts of speech.

1, nouns and adjectives are used flexibly as verbs. For example, "Chao" is a noun in "Chao Xianzhen" and can be flexibly used as the verb "appear in court".

The word "exhausted" of "exhausted teacher" means that adjectives are flexibly used as verbs "exhausted, exhausted" 2. Causative usage of nouns and adjectives.

For example, "leisure" allows our country to have a rest (leisure).

For example, "Qin does not mourn my loss" and "mourn" Qin does not mourn our new loss (does not sympathize with the loss of our nation). 4. Nouns are adverbials.

Such as "and make people [suddenly] sue" (a fast horse or post car that informed the news in ancient times. ) and so on.

5. Verbs and adjectives are used as nouns. Such as "say" and "say (say)".

6. others. The numeral "wholeheartedly" is used as the adjective "wholeheartedly"; The word "Chengshou" is used as the numeral "four" and the word "catch" of "Ma Xu Shi Jia" is used as the quantifier.

Function words one, distinguish between reality and reality. In addition to adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and exclamation points, function words in classical Chinese also include pronouns.

A word can be either a function word or a content word. For example, the word "Gu", which means "visit", is a real word; The ancient meaning is "don't", which is an adverb in function words.

Second, identify the meaning of words. Many function words are polysemous, and their meanings depend on their functions in sentences.

For example, "the eldest son Mai will go to Rao Dexing Wei and send it to Hukou." The first "zhi" is the auxiliary word "de", and the second "zhi" is the pronoun "he" instead of "Mai Su".

The first "Wei" in Who is the King is the preposition "gei" and "substitution", and the second "Wei" is the verb "Chu" and "Zuo". Third, be familiar with the changes of ancient and modern meanings.

(A) Some classical Chinese words have completely disappeared. Such as "husband" and "cover".

(2) Some meanings and usages have changed. For example, "so" means cause in classical Chinese, and now it means result.

(3) Some of them used other words. For example, Yu can play a variety of guiding roles in classical Chinese, and now it is replaced by prepositions such as zai, Xiang, dui, cong, tong, gei, bi and Bei. The structural auxiliary word "zhi" was changed to "de".

Fourth, the characteristics (1) are more flexible than the content words: 1. This word has several uses.

2。 There are several interpretations of this word.

3。 Strong grammatical function.

4。 Great changes have taken place in language.

Only a few people still use it now. (2) Be sure to master the meaning and usage of function words in classical Chinese 1.

Some function words in classical Chinese have disappeared, such as "complex", "change", "zhe" and "zhi". 2。

Some meanings and usages have changed: for example, the ancient expression "so" formed a noun phrase, but now the expression leads to a conjunction. 3。

Some people used other words: "Yu" is now replaced by "Being, Thinking, Tao, Right, Being, Being, Being, Being, Ghosts, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, Being, "Zhi" is now used as "De".

Classical Chinese is different from the special sentence pattern of modern Chinese. First, the verdict.

Classical Chinese generally does not need to judge the verb "yes" between the subject and the predicate. 1, ..., ... and.

For example, "Father, Fan Zeng also." Two, ..., ... and.

Such as "I, Confucius said there is also." "If you fight the enemy for one day, you will suffer from it."

3, ..., ... such as "Bo chicken, Yuan people."

A person who gambles on cockfighting is from Yuanzhou. Four, ..., ... and.

Such as "peony, expensive flowers." 5. Subject predicate.

Such as "Liu Bei is fierce in the world. Liu Bei is a hero in today's world. This man is a genius.

6. Use "Nai", "namely", "Wei", "Quan" and "Ze" to express judgment. For example, "Today is the autumn of great submission."

"The upright person is Fu Su" (it should be) "This is the face of loyalty" "I am General Zhao." (Yes) "The residents of Huancun are all Orion."

(both.

6. Is it suitable for beginners to learn phonology?

I'm not a Chinese major, but I'm working now and want to do something meaningful in my spare time. Classical Chinese is not a beginner and has a poor foundation. I'm going to start with the basics. After checking the relevant materials, most of them say that phonology, exegetics and philology are the basis of learning ancient Chinese. Now I want to know whether to learn content words, function words and sentence patterns first, or whether it is more appropriate to lay the foundation with phonology, exegetics and philology first.

Free and unfettered high school students = _ = love China's classical literature.

As a hot chicken high school student, I don't know phonology, exegetics and so on ... Until now, we are still learning special sentence patterns such as nominal words. Personally, I think it is better to start with real function words and special sentence patterns. After all, you don't even understand the meaning of this sentence, let alone talk about anything else.

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