What is the analysis of urban environmental factors?

Broadly speaking, urban environment includes material environment, social environment and cultural environment. At the same time, the urban environment is influenced and influenced by the development of economy, technology, social culture and management legislation system, forming an open system with mutual constraints and continuous development.

The human world has stepped into the automobile age of missile and satellite from the era of walking with broadsword and spear, and the carriage age of soil cannon and cannon has promoted the expansion of urban space from the radius of only 1 ~ 2 km in ancient times to the activity range of 5 ~ 10 km in the middle ages, and finally became a continuous urban agglomeration spreading along expressway, and the urban structure has correspondingly changed from a simple geometric center to a sub-center and a suburban center, and finally developed into a multi-center. If economic technology, as a dynamic development system, changes the activities of social groups from the outside and then affects the city, then the social and cultural dynamic development system changes the social groups themselves from the inside and exerts influence on the city.

Cultural factors always determine people's material life, way of thinking, ethical principles and behavior orientation in tangible or intangible ways. With the transformation of vertically subordinate interpersonal relationship into a network society, the extended family with several generations living under the same roof has evolved into a direct family or a nuclear family structure, and the individual's emphasis on his own value and pursuit of independent behavior have replaced the one-way sense of obligation to the family. Personal behavior places will gradually expand, interpersonal communication will inevitably increase, and the requirements for urban environment will continue to increase. Therefore, it is the premise of planning and design to analyze the urban environment, understand the characteristics of social groups' activities, seek their symbolic systems and body symbols, predict their development prospects and explore the language of dialogue with local residents. First of all, we must confirm the distinctive urban spatial elements, so that those worthy of protection can be protected and the urban spatial forms can be diversified.

People have always attached importance to protecting the cultural characteristics of the urban environment. As early as 100 years ago, people clearly put forward the protection of historical buildings. Later, in 1962, French Andler malraux put forward "protection of historical blocks", and in 1967, Britain implemented the historical environment protection law to carry out protective redevelopment of historical areas. Other countries also have various laws and practices to protect historical buildings and historical sites. There is no doubt that it is necessary to protect human cultural treasures, but this is only a way to protect the artificial elements that constitute the urban environment. Taking social group activities as a clue, the following framework of protection elements can be established for the urban environment.

Natural elements in the physical environment are often protected in planning because they are related to environmental pollution, which is one aspect of the problem. Natural elements such as water, topography and plants are important factors that constitute the characteristics of urban landscape. Streams, rivers, gentle slopes and mountains all bring vitality and different characteristics to the city. More importantly, these natural elements can also create a beautiful environment for social groups to carry out activities.

The ancient canal in Kyoto, Japan was an important part of the urban water system at that time, and it was the traffic lifeline of ancient transportation materials. Today, it is a dry ditch, but in planning and practice, it is regarded as a witness of urban history and an integral part of the landscape, and has been preserved to this day. Sightseers stroll along the quiet ancient canal, look at the old junk in the canal and the traffic on the main road of the city on one side of the canal, and recall the prosperity of that year, which has a unique flavor.

The ancient canal in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is beautiful and beautiful, and tourists are woven. The wooden boat beside the canal has been used as a rental house, and the interior is newly renovated, which is the favorite dormitory area for college students. The southern American city of San Antonio has tropical plants and Spanish scenery. Since 1930s, it has been considering how to protect and transform the rivers flowing through the city center. At that time, two schemes were put forward: (1) transforming the polluted river course into a concrete ditch and opening a parking lot on the ditch; (2) Improve the river course, form long corridors and strip parks along the banks of the river course, and link all large economic enterprises together. In order to implement the second scheme, the Haite Hotel by the river designed the ground floor of the central hall as a part of the public walkway, extending to the city parks and municipal squares. The waterfalls in the city park flow into the river through the central hall of the hotel, so that the cooperation between the municipal government and the private sector creates an organic urban design, which increases the charm of the city and is also the pride of the citizens.

In recent years, many cities in China have begun to pay attention to the protection, transformation and utilization of natural elements in urban environment. Lanzhou has opened up riverside green space along the Yellow River. After it was completed, there was an endless stream of people from early morning to late at night. The peach blossom forest on the hillside in the north of the city is also used to hold the annual peach blossom party, which increases the life interest of the city. The Spring Festival Lantern Festival in Zigong, Sichuan is held in People's Park, which is surrounded by mountains and has a lake in the middle. Although the park area is not large, the multi-level space on the mountain and in the lake on the shore makes the Lantern Festival magnificent and more spectacular than ordinary cities. In the planning, ancient and famous trees and migratory bird habitats should be classified as protected spaces, which are potential public spaces in urban development.

The protection of human factors, social environment and cultural environment includes three aspects. (1) Preserving cultural relics and historical buildings with historical, artistic and scientific values without changing their original appearance is the inheritance of cultural heritage and belongs to the protection of historical relics. (2) It is the protection of urban environment to protect the appearance of historical blocks, traditional residential areas, traditional scenic spots and green spaces, and to transform and improve the interior and environment of buildings. (3) The characteristics and scale of activities to protect urban centers, traditional industrial and handicraft areas, ethnic minority residential areas and community structures that make up cities are aimed at realizing transformation and development.

Many cities in the world have well-preserved historical buildings, which often constitute unforgettable urban spaces, such as the Louvre, Place de la Concorde and Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. The Tower of London, St Paul's Cathedral and Tok Square in Britain; Roman ruins in Rome, Italy, St. Peter's Cathedral; Site of Heisei Palace in Nara, Japan; Washington Monument in Washington, USA and the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. People can still feel strong historical and cultural information and cordial sense of continuity in these urban spaces, although some of them are just ruins or ruins. Traditional culture is not just the past. H.G. Gadamer, a contemporary hermeneutic master, once said in the book Truth and Method: "Tradition is not only a ready-made thing we inherited, but also produced by ourselves. Because we understand the progress of tradition and participate in it, we further define it ourselves." Based on this understanding of the relationship between man and tradition, we should not only inherit the excellent urban spatial environment created by human beings, but also participate in the development of traditional urban environment and further define tradition.

Quincy market in Boston, USA, is a successful example of urban environmental transformation, which is often quoted by urban designers. The market is close to the bay and is the warehouse area of the old port. After reconstruction, the building still maintains its original appearance and restores the historical features of the port activity area in that year. Built internally, one is used to sell traditional food, and the other is a small professional service shop. Indoor modernization has been carried out, and outdoor seats, lamps, statues and floors have been added, transforming the narrow and monotonous space into a kind and pleasant rest space, which can hold various street performances and other activities, and people do not want to come back here. Not far from Quincy Market is the Boston Children's Museum, an old masonry building with a simple appearance, which also maintains its original appearance. There are game rooms in the inner hall, such as China vegetable market and commercial street, Japanese residential street and European detached house. Children who come to visit can take China bamboo baskets to buy food, take off their shoes and sit on the floor in the Japanese bedroom, use chopsticks, and go to grandma's room to see the early life scenes and appliances, so that activists can be interested in them personally. A simple and meticulous method is used in the outdoor environment transformation-a big bottle is placed at the entrance of the building as a ticket booth. This big white bottle has now become one of the city symbols of Boston.

There are countless examples of this kind of participation in traditional progress aimed at protecting the urban environment. In recent years, the South Street Seaport Warehouse in New York has also been transformed into a small restaurant selling seafood. The exterior of the building is the same as before, but the public space and pedestrian street are built inside, and the floors are changed, and greening and architectural sketches are added. Together with the old boats in the port and the newly-built indoor commercial pedestrian street, it provides a public space for the city. The traditional commercial street of Channingban in front of Kiyomizu Temple in Kyoto, Japan, the rugged wind-induced area in Nagoya, and the castle park all have similar practices, and the buildings and spaces formed in history have been transformed and modernized. This is a form of urban environmental protection.

The other is to protect the activities of some distinctive social groups in the urban environment. Social group activities generally include community organizations and individual behavior places in the social structure; Production activities in the economic structure and festivals, arts and entertainment activities in the cultural structure. Many cities in the world have ethnic communities and various community structures, forming cities with rich cultural characteristics. In recent years, China City, where Japanese and Koreans live together, is gradually undergoing new construction. Chinese colorful archways, dragon and phoenix patterns and big roofs, Japanese owls, huts with wooden grilles, black, white and sauce-colored stone lamps, stone pillars and landscape gardens all add a sense of diversity to the city. Arakawa area in Tokyo, Japan is an ancient industrial area in the Edo period, which is crowded with many small industries and handicrafts. After the development of urban economy and the expansion of urban scope, these small industries were protected and stayed. At present, although the area has entered the edge of the city center, the technology in the factory has developed from original products to high precision, and the surrounding environment has also improved, it is still a gathering place for small factories with 100 people, maintaining the small-scale characteristics of the old city, which is in sharp contrast with the urban redevelopment areas such as Akasaka and Shinjuku in Tokyo. Shimizu Burning in Kyoto, Japan, and West Station Weaving Group also maintained the original characteristics of magnetic kiln workshops and hand-made textiles. Western woven buildings are still streets with slopes and wooden fences, but the burning of clear water has evolved into independent villa residential areas, which has made due contributions to improving the urban environment and urban cultural diversity.

In cities, art, festivals and entertainment spaces are also generally valued and protected. In the annual Independence Day celebration in Boston, USA, there is a program to listen to the famous Boston Symphony Orchestra. Therefore, an outdoor performance platform with a shell was built on the green land of Charles River, and a memorial statue of the famous conductor Ferad was built. There is an artist's gathering place next to Zhengxingshou Church, the commanding height of Paris, France, where painters build their own sheds to paint, sell, cut and draw portraits. These activities are protected by the municipal authorities. It has become one of the must-see spots for tourists. There is a national famous float parade in Takayama, Japan. Citizens consciously protect the width of the street and the height of the building where tall floats pass, so as to ensure the best effect of the parade.

In recent years, cities in China have paid more and more attention to the protection of historical sites. Tianjin Cultural Street, Hefei Qian Miao Street, Nanjing Confucius Temple and Jinan Ancient Garden around the city are all good examples to improve the urban environment, but the protection and transformation of social group activities with characteristics in the urban environment needs further exploration and improvement. Social groups are the owners who use the city and the builders who create the urban environment, so the planning and construction of the city can not be separated from social groups, and the protection of the city can not be separated from them. At present, all countries in the world have planning procedures to listen to residents' opinions and absorb residents' participation, and the masses should also participate in formulating protection plans and carrying out protection activities.

When determining the protection project in Arakawa District, Tokyo, Japan, residents are first mobilized to use cameras to record the buildings, urban environment and social group activities that they think need to be protected, and then the planning department summarizes and reports them to the government for decision-making. In Takayama, Japan, elementary school students started the carp festival, and residents started the "street corner beautification" movement, which greatly improved the urban environment. Copley Square in Boston, USA, has launched a scheme design competition for generations to discuss renovation during the development of the city for hundreds of years, and it is still working hard. They believe that with the development of urban economy, technology, social culture and the improvement of social group activities, the protection and transformation of urban environment will be endless.