Who says there is no deaf culture in China?

"Deaf culture" is a unique cultural phenomenon of hearing loss or hearing loss groups. Deaf culture exists objectively, which consists of unique deaf language, psychology, personality, communication, customs, art, literature and values. The deaf culture does not exist in a vacuum, but complements the culture of people with normal hearing. It keeps pace with the multicultural world composed of people with normal hearing, and is by no means a "subculture phenomenon" in a certain cultural category. Like other cultures, culture has a clear purpose, that is, it has the right to use this cultural value and other aspects to become a permanently preserved information medium. It is through intuitive and vivid sign language that deaf people show their pride and cultural heritage handed down from generation to generation. As American deaf educators John W. Lehman and Mike Bliss wrote in "Deaf Students Return to Mainstream Education", "American sign language weaves deaf people into the warp and weft of deaf culture like a thread. When people use American sign language together, deaf people naturally find it easier to communicate in communication than in listening. When people are together, whether in religious, social, sports or teaching environment, the same language can always make people feel free and smooth in communication and expression. In the deaf group, people are used to self-critical analysis after listening communication, and no matter how much hearing loss, they can be accepted as a member of deaf culture. As Paten (1980) said, "deaf" in American sign language means my friend, which just expresses the meaning of deaf culture. " In China, the evolution of "deaf" gesture expression contains deaf culture-before the official publication of Chinese sign language, "deaf" gesture was defined as "making a fist with one hand, sticking out the little finger and sticking it to the ear to indicate deafness"; This gesture is mostly opposed by deaf people with certain cultural knowledge, so in the book "Chinese Sign Language" edited by China Deaf Association 1989, this definition is changed to: "One hand sticks out food and middle finger and sticks it to the ear to indicate deafness." This definition expresses the feelings of self-esteem and self-love of deaf people. This is the enrichment and improvement of deaf culture.

Composition of deaf culture

As an integral part of human culture, deaf culture is composed of deaf language, literature, art, psychology, society and other elements, and has corresponding characteristics, which are described as follows:

1, deaf-mute language

Sign language is the language of the deaf. Everyone has formed this formula. Sign language is the information of language symbols used by deaf people, which consists of sign language, natural gestures and artificial gestures. Zhou Youguang, a famous linguist in China, pointed out: "Sign language is a practical means of communication and a silent language that can express ideas." Simonov, a scholar of the former Soviet Union, said in his book The Thinking of Adult Deaf and the Role of Sign Language in Language Learning: "Sign language is a special language for deaf people to express their wishes, likes, judgments and opinions, a way of language communication, and an external expression of their neuropsychological state and feelings."

With the progress of society, education and medical services are provided for the deaf. More and more deaf people have received hearing and speech rehabilitation training and cultural education, and their listening and speaking abilities and expressive functions have been continuously improved. Phonetics, vocabulary and spoken grammar have been applied to the reward system. The organic integration of sign language and spoken language has greatly enriched the deaf language, and the expressive force of the deaf language is stronger. Gestures such as "philosophy", "science", "Tibetan" and "Zhuang" borrowed all or part of the spoken language, making up for the lack of sign language performance. This integration is just like many foreign words in Chinese. Sofa, toast, three names and cigars are all transliterated from English "sofa", "toast", "sand" and "cigar". Another example is Japan. As we know, Japan is a country that is good at learning advanced culture and science and technology from other countries. A large number of Chinese characters in Japanese are still Han-Tang style, and there are a lot of traces of American English and Fujian dialect among Chinese characters. What's more, most of their katakanas are used to write foreign words, such as

(from English candy) (from English) ...

Sign language is a special communication tool for deaf people, and it has its own characteristics compared with audio language:

(1) Sign language is to turn thoughts into actions and expressions.

(2) It is visual language, which is mainly obtained by eyes.

(3) The object, or the image of the object, or the characteristics of things beyond the objective existence is intuitive, concrete, intuitive and general.

(4) The expression meaning is too vague and confusing, which needs to be understood in the context, so as to correctly grasp that sign language, like Chinese characters, belongs to the ideographic system according to the word formation type. Deaf people have lived in social groups for a long time. Due to the long-term influence of traditional culture, their language is closely related to Chinese. According to the analysis of Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty, gestures generally follow the following word-formation types:

A pictographic sign language, such as the sun, the moon, flowers, grass, trees, cows, nets, etc.

B, sign language refers to things, such as eaves, roofs, sweetness, etc.

C, can sign language, such as: Central Committee, Liberation, etc.

D, pictophonetic sign language, such as Han nationality, Chinese, etc.

E. the emphasis is on sign language, such as village and Urumqi.

F sign language under the guise of: overseas Chinese, facts, etc.

In addition, there are other methods of sign language chisels, such as "empty books, mutual matching, imitation of characters", such as "B, jujube, X, I, Yong, Gong, Ren and Cancer".

2. Deaf literature

Deaf literature is an art that vividly reflects the objective reality with deaf sign language as a tool. Its main forms are pantomime, textbook drama, deaf-mute dance, sign language songs, sign language poems, sign language stories, hand shadow games and so on. Mainly relying on sign language, with the use of facial expressions and body language, or exaggerated movements, or expressive expressions, or image explanations, or demonstration performances, things can be described intuitively and vividly, and life can be reproduced artistically, so that the deaf can be educated, enlightened, happy and enjoyed.

Deaf literature is a favorite art form of deaf people. They constantly imitate, learn, ponder and sublimate, find ways suitable for deaf people to understand and accept, express their feelings and inherit civilization.

Mime is a form of drama, which only uses actions and expressions to express the plot, without dialogue and singing. It is intuitive, vivid and concise. It is the most acceptable art form for deaf people. It comes from life, lives in truth, vividly reproduces life and is deeply loved by deaf people. No matter the deaf-mute students in school or the deaf-mute people in society, people always entertain themselves with a pantomime when holding cultural performances or public gatherings. In recent years, the representative works of deaf people or imitating film and television works or writing and performing by themselves include Eating Chicken, Drinking Noodles, Hairdressing, Clinic, Citizen, Mr. So, Unintentional School and so on.

B, textbook drama, as its name implies, is based on the content of textbooks, plus the performers' understanding of life and children's performance experience. This is also an art form that deaf people prefer. With short, sharp, vivid, concise and vivid stars. It is often used to test deaf students' understanding of written language in Chinese classes in schools for the deaf, stimulate deaf students' interest in learning written language, cultivate deaf students' feelings of loving the motherland's language, internalize the formation of language, lay a foundation for deaf students' future life and improve their quality of life. The performance of textbook drama is mainly reflected in Chinese classes, morning meetings, class meetings, speeches under the national flag, cultural performances or other large-scale activities, mostly concentrated in middle and lower grades. Formed a textbook drama with a certain form, high ideological connotation and artistic value. There are: duckling and rooster, camel and sheep, pony crossing the river, it's going to rain, little gecko borrowing its tail and so on.

C dance for the deaf is an art form in which the deaf reproduce their life with rhythmic movements and exaggerated, vivid and concise gestures. Common are rhythmic gymnastics, sign language dance, dance and so on. Generally, the rhythm teacher grasps the rhythm and speed of January under the stage, or the deaf with low hearing loss leads the dance on the stage. Dance for the deaf is an important way to educate the deaf aesthetically, develop their residual hearing and improve their quality of life. Whether it is the entertainment activities of deaf students at school or the gathering of adult deaf people, deaf dance plays a leading role and is an important form for deaf people to entertain themselves and enrich their spare time. In recent years, the dances "The Rhythm of Spring" and "Mother by Candlelight" arranged by our school for the deaf have won many awards in the students' literary competition in special education schools, and some of their works have been named by the literary exhibition of the Provincial Disabled Persons' Federation.

D, sign language songs

Sign language song is a popular song and dance form in Hong Kong and Taiwan since 1980s. Through the singing and gestures of the actors, the connotation of the song is well expressed. Because of its novel and lively form, it is quickly loved by fans. In recent years, sign language songs have become popular in Chinese mainland, such as Green Apple Paradise sung by Little Tiger and Peace to You sung by mainland singer Sun Yue. This reflects people's understanding of the deaf. At present, deaf people also perform sign language songs in the form of recorded sign language, ending the history of deaf people lacking song performances. Winning songs are different from simple sign language. According to the change of tune and the content of lyrics, they properly interpret gestures, exaggerate gestures, skillfully deform dances, and give people beautiful enjoyment and edification. In recent years, the most popular sign language songs among the deaf are Grass, 1997, Mom loves me again, Whenever I walk by the teacher's window, My China Heart and so on. In particular, my China Heart is quite influential in the deaf and the whole country. The lyrics are as follows:

E, sign language stories

The story of sign language is an art form with sign language as the material carrier and real or fictional things as the narrative object. Coherent, vivid and attractive is one of the forms of cultural inheritance, mutual enlightenment and entertainment education for the deaf.

Anduw byme b a, a deaf teacher in Canada, begins with the story that deaf children need more sign language: My father is deaf, and he is one of the most influential people in my life. I am always willing to listen to many sign language stories he tells. I am a deaf-mute teacher, and my occupation is telling sign language stories. Because sign language literature has become the center of my life. When I become a bilingual and bicultural teacher in grade one, I hope to share my love for China literature with my students. "Words, all reveal a deaf person's love for sign language stories, and the important and indispensable role of sign language stories in the growth of deaf people.

When analyzing sign language stories, we find that a story that can attract deaf people's attention and interest often has the following five elements: 1, character 2, action 3, suspense 4, imagination 5, appropriate repetition and annotation. This research result is basically similar to ahdreu bymu's point of view. It can be seen that the function and expression of sign language stories are similar among deaf people at home and abroad.

2. Deaf people socialize

Socialization, that is, social communication, is an important way for deaf people to socialize. As far as the positive role is concerned, in the process of communicating with others, we can improve our understanding, enrich our emotions, expand our knowledge and make the deaf people develop physically and mentally in an all-round way. As far as negative effects are concerned. Mainly in the process of interacting with bad objects, deaf-mute people will be cheated. At present, serious phenomena such as truancy and theft of deaf-mute students in schools are all here. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose a good communication partner in the communication process of deaf students.

(1) communication classification and investigation

As far as the communication object is concerned, you can communicate with the deaf in an atmosphere; Associate with a healthy audience. Among them, deaf people prefer to associate with the same kind of people. As Ai Ruiting (1982) discovered: "Deaf children are born with trust and understanding of deaf culture." Their communication is based on the same language, similar way of thinking and similar cultural background.

As far as communication role is concerned, it can be divided into communication with parents; Communicate with teachers; Communicate with partners. Deaf people tend to associate with their partners. The survey shows that the reason why deaf people choose to associate with their partners is that there is no role discrimination, no cultural knowledge difference and no too many restrictions. The most important thing is that there is no difference in cultural knowledge, and the atmosphere of communication is smoother and easier.

As far as the age of communication is concerned, it can be divided into communication with the elderly; Communicate with peers; Associate with young people. The survey shows that 1 1% people are willing to associate with the elderly, 62% people are willing to associate with their peers, and 2 1% deaf people are willing to associate with young people; Another 6% of deaf people have the awareness of unknown communication.

As far as communication area is concerned, it can be divided into intra-school communication; Communicate with neighbors; Communicate with the deaf in this city; Communicate with deaf people in other provinces and cities. Most deaf people expressed their wish to associate with deaf people in other provinces and cities.

(2) Misunderstanding in communication

Deaf people in the process of communication, due to lack of life experience, relative lack of knowledge, weak will and emotion, right and wrong is unknown, often into the following misunderstandings:

Excessive dependence on parents and teachers

B, too much trust in adult deaf people

C, lack of communication strategies and skills

D, lack of self-protection awareness

5. Deaf psychology

As early as more than two thousand years ago, human beings showed great interest in their own psychology in social life. From famous philosophers to ordinary people, people are thinking about why people have hatred, why they have love, why they are lonely and live in groups, and how their behaviors are different. Deaf people, as a special group, have their unique psychological manifestations and characteristics. We study it as an important part of deaf culture. In the study, we found that the common psychological characteristics of deaf people are as follows.

A, lack of completeness and comprehensiveness when perceiving things;

B, lack of consciousness and selectivity when observing things;

C, emotional feelings are relatively poor and superficial;

D, relatively weak willpower and weak psychological endurance;

E, strong personality, easy to be paranoid, lack of interest and ideals and beliefs;

F. Slow understanding of morality and lack of rich moral feelings;

F, strong imitation psychology, easy to be hinted;

G, rebellious, difficult to control;

H, the cover-up psychology is obvious and superficial.

Deaf psychology, in the study of deaf culture, we try to carry out psychological rehabilitation training for deaf children in school, including the following contents:

(1) Educate deaf children to face up to reality and accept themselves happily;

(2) Educate deaf children to learn to adjust and control their emotions;

(3) Educate deaf children to learn to communicate with others correctly and establish good interpersonal relationships;

(4) To guide deaf children to cultivate the ability and quality of self-care, self-reliance in study and self-improvement in work;

(5) Guide deaf children to cultivate strong will, constantly hone and carry out a certain degree of frustration education.