What is philosophy? How to understand the meaning of philosophy in a simple way? What role can philosophy play in real life

Philosophy, a theorized and systematized worldview, is the generalization and summary of natural knowledge, social knowledge and thinking knowledge, and the unity of worldview and methodology. It is the concrete existence and expression of social consciousness, is a social science in the form of the pursuit of the world's origin, essence, ****ness or absolute, ultimate metaphysician, in order to establish a philosophical worldview and methodology.

Detailed Explanation

Originally from the Greek word philosophia, meaning "love of wisdom". One of the social ideologies, is the doctrine of worldview. It is a generalization and summary of natural and social knowledge.

Φιλοσοφ?α / Philosophia is a term coined by the ancient Greeks 2,500 years ago. The Greek word Philosophia is a verb-object phrase consisting of two parts, philo and sophia, with philein being a verb referring to love and pursuit and sophia being a noun referring to wisdom. The Greek word philosophia means love of wisdom, and the thing or things expressed and defined by the verb-object phrase love of wisdom are the activities of the human mind that are carried out in order to increase the ability to think better and to be wiser.

It was Pythagoras who first used the terms philosophia (love of wisdom) and philosophos (love of the wise). According to Heraclides of Pontos in On the Uncreatures, Pythagoras first used the term philosophia (love of wisdom) when he was talking to Sikuon or León, the tyrant of Phryacia, and referred to himself as philosophos (love of the wise). Pythagoras also said that in life some servile people are born as hunters of fame and fortune, while philosophos (lovers of wisdom) are born seeking truth. He clearly categorizes the lovers of wisdom as free men and also associates freedom with truth.

The fundamental problem of philosophy is the relationship between thought and existence, spirit and matter, and according to the different interpretations of this problem there are two major opposing schools of thought:

the philosophy of idealism and the philosophy of materialism.

Marx and Engels critically absorbed the philosophical achievements of the past, summarized the results of natural science and the historical experience of the proletarian struggle, and established Marxist philosophy, i.e. dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

Editing Concepts

The word "philosophy" has an early and long history in China. As the words "ten philosophers of Confucius" and "ancient sages and philosophers" suggest, the term "philosopher" or "philosophers" refers to those who are good at thinking and discerning and who have profound knowledge, i.e., those who are good at thinking and discerning and have profound knowledge. The "philosopher" or "philosopher" refers to those who are good at thinking and discerning, and those who have profound knowledge, i.e., the western approximation of "philosopher" and "thinker". It is generally believed that Chinese philosophy originated in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, represented by Confucius' Confucianism, Laozi's Taoism, Mozi's Mohism and the late Legalism. And in fact, in the previous "I Ching" in the middle, has begun to discuss philosophical issues.

The naturalist philosophers of the ancient Greek period are considered to be the earliest philosophers in the West, and whether or not they understood the world in the right way, what set their ideas apart from superstition was that these philosophers generalized about nature by means of reason supplemented by evidence. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle laid down the scope of philosophical discussion, and they raised questions about metaphysics, intellectualism and ethics that remain to this day. Some modern philosophers argue that philosophical theories to this day are merely footnotes to the three of them, and remain indispensable to the issues they raised. In other words, even thousands of years later, we are still trying to answer the questions they posed, which means that we are still puzzled by them or by the extension of them.

In 1874, the Japanese Enlightenment scholar Nishiju first translated the word philosophy in Chinese in his Hyakuninsho, and around 1896, Kang Youwei and others introduced the Japanese translation to China, where it gradually became commonplace. In the East, the word philosophy is usually used to describe a person's view of life (e.g., someone's "philosophy of life") and basic principles (e.g., values, thoughts, behaviors). Academic philosophy, on the other hand, is the questioning of the rational basis of these basic principles, reflecting on them, and attempting to rationally reconstruct them.

The definition of philosophy has always been controversial, and the field has expanded throughout history and changed according to the interests of different times in different issues. It is generally agreed that philosophy is a method rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. The study of philosophy is based on rational thought and seeks to make scrutinized assumptions that do not jump from belief or are purely analogical. Different philosophers have different ideas about the nature of reasoning.

There are also many views on the subject of philosophy. Some see philosophy as an examination of the process of questioning itself; others see it as essentially the existence of philosophical propositions that philosophy must answer.

Although philosophy originated in the Western tradition, many civilizations have historically shared similar theses. The philosophies of East and South Asia have been called Eastern philosophies, while North Africa and the Middle East are often seen as part of Western philosophy because of their close interaction with Europe.

Postmodernism defines philosophy as the scholarship of creating concepts.

Philosophy involves a field of study that is the sum total of other disciplines, and it gives explanations of the nature of the world that largely influence the worldview of the recipient.

Philosophy is the study of categories and their interrelationships. The categories relate to the most basic objects of study, concepts and content of a discipline, and philosophy functions as a general methodology.

The way in which philosophy differs from other methods of approaching problems is through its critical, generally organized approach and its reliance on rational debate.

Ancient Greek Philosophy, The Academy of Athens

Editorial Criticism

Plato states that "thauma" (wonder) is the mark of the philosopher, the beginning of philosophy. Plato was not mistaken when he said that "iris" (rainbow, goddess of the rainbow, messenger of Zeus) was the daughter of "thauma" (wonder). "Iris" (rainbow) communicates the will of the gods and the gospel to man, and philosophy is born of wonder. Under its gaze, all things shed their mundane coverings and reveal their true nature. In so doing, it reveals itself as a truly liberating force.

Aristotle says in the Metaphysics that it is in the nature of all men to seek knowledge. All men begin philosophical thinking by wonder, at first at what is unintelligible around them, and then gradually advancing to questions about more significant things, such as about the changing phases of the moon, about the changes of the sun and stars, and about the creation of all things. One who is perplexed and amazed becomes conscious of his ignorance.

The Little Logic

Hegel argued that philosophy is a special movement of thought, and that philosophy is the quest for the absolute. "Philosophy, with the Absolute as its object, is a special way of thinking" - Hegel, The Little Logic.

Einstein spoke of philosophy in this way: if philosophy is understood as the pursuit of knowledge in its most general and extensive form, then it is clear that philosophy can be considered the mother of all the sciences.

The eighteenth-century German romantic poet and short-lived genius Novalis (1772-1801) defined philosophy as the mother of all sciences, and the essence of philosophical activity is to return to the home of the spirit, and any activity that goes around searching for the spiritual home with the impulse of nostalgia can be called philosophy.

Feng Youlan put forward his own definition of philosophy in A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy: "It is the idea of systematic reflection on life". Both Chinese and foreign philosophies have their origins in doubt.

After the introduction of philosophy into China, there was a debate in the academic world about the existence of philosophy in the native Chinese culture. Those who believed that there was philosophy in China defined it as the basic ideas about the universe and life. Hu Shi in his "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy" pointed out: "Where the study of life and important questions, from the fundamental point of view, to seek a and important solution" such a study is called philosophy.

Russell

Editing the fundamental questions

Origin

The fundamental questions of philosophy, also known as the basic questions of philosophy and the highest questions of philosophy, refer to the relationship between thought and existence, consciousness and matter.

Engels first expressed this clearly in his book Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, written in 1886. Its presentation provided the correct criteria for distinguishing between the two opposing philosophical systems, philosophical schools of materialism and idealism, as well as for their objective evaluation.

Connotation

The basic problem of philosophy has two aspects:

The first aspect is the question of what is the origin of thought and existence, consciousness and matter. Historically, there have been two fundamentally different answers to this aspect of the question, which has led to the formation of two camps, two basic schools of thought, and two opposing lines in philosophy, idealism and materialism. The philosophical school which holds that consciousness is first and matter second, that is to say, that consciousness precedes matter, that matter depends on consciousness for its existence, and that matter is the product of consciousness, belongs to idealism; and the philosophical school which holds that matter is first and consciousness second, that is to say, that matter precedes consciousness, and that consciousness is the product of matter, belongs to materialism. In addition to these two fundamentally opposed answers, there is another answer which holds that matter and consciousness are two separate and interdependent origins. The school of philosophy that holds this view is called dualism, and it is an incomplete philosophy that wavers between materialism and idealism, and tends to eventually fall back on idealism.

Another aspect of the fundamental problems of philosophy is the question of the identity of thought and being. The vast majority of philosophers, including materialist philosophers and some idealist philosophers, have answered this aspect of the question in the affirmative. However, the materialist and idealist solutions to this problem are different in principle. Materialism recognizes that the world can be known on the basis of the recognition of the objective existence of the material world and its laws and the recognition of thought as a reflection of existence; idealism, on the other hand, regards the objective world as a product of thought, of the mind, and believes that to know the world is the self-knowledge of the mind. There are also philosophers such as D. Hume and I. Kant, who deny the possibility of knowing the world, or the possibility of knowing the world completely, and who are agnostics in the history of philosophy.

Extension

Based on the first aspect above, it is possible to divide philosophy into two basic schools, "materialism" and "idealism":

Materialism: attributes the origin of the world to matter, which is produced by raw materials. Materialism: attributes the origin of the world to matter, which is produced by raw materials, advocates the first nature of matter and the second nature of consciousness, and believes that consciousness is a product of matter, which is specifically divided into ancient simple materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and dialectical materialism. This school of philosophy has always emphasized sensory perception and rational reasoning and objective evidence. Due to the limitations of the development of natural science, this school of philosophy has not yet reached a definitive conclusion on the explanation of the origin of the world.　

Idealism: attributes the origin of the world to the spirit, asserting that consciousness is first and matter second, and that matter is a product of consciousness. The content of idealism is very complex, can be roughly divided into three categories:

Objective idealism, which encompasses all the **** the same characteristics of idealism, mainly in the relatively ancient "figurative God" religion, emphasizing the objective existence of the gods who dominate all things.　

Subjective idealism, which encompasses all the ****ed-up features of idealism, holds that matter exists because of the existence of human consciousness (rather than the existence of a deity). To go deeper, it is to equate "cognition" with "existence", and what subjective idealism means by "existence" is a narrow "object", a "subject", and a "subject". The "existence" of subjective idealism is the narrow "object" of the "subject" that is cognized.　

Absolute idealism, encompassing all the **** the same characteristics of idealism, Hegel in his "Logic" at the end of the "Absolute Idea" elaborated, but its original text is very complex and difficult to understand, even the philosophers Wallace, Russell also difficult to explain. In the pursuit of the original elements of the world, "Absolute Ideology" falls into the same viewpoint as "Objective Ideology", but the difference is that Absolute Ideology denies that "the gods are entities". Aristotle's "God" and Islamic Sufism fall into this category.

Based on the second aspect of the above, we can say that philosophy can be divided into two basic points of view, namely, "gnosticism" and "agnosticism":

Gnosticism: the view that the world can be known, and the people who hold this point of view are mostly materialists, who believe that human beings can be known by means of their sensory organs and their extensions (meaning the extension of sensory organs). It is believed that man can fully recognize the world by virtue of his sense organs and their extensions (meaning scientific instruments), and that the parts of the world that have not yet been recognized are only due to technological underdevelopment, and that it is inevitable for man to fully recognize the world.　

Agnosticism: The view that the world cannot be known or cannot be fully known, and that the term "cannot be fully known" does not mean "not yet known", but refers to some parts of the world or some dimensions of the world, which human beings will never be able to know the truth. The concept of "conceptual world" is a concept that must be mentioned in the study of agnosticism.

Editorial Classification

Ancient Greek philosophers practiced philosophy by asking questions, which can be categorized into three types, and these three types of questions formed the basic disciplines of philosophy, Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Ethics.

Editorial Branches

There are many branches of philosophy due to the different fields of study.

* History of Philosophy

o History of Eastern Philosophy

+ History of Chinese Philosophy

+ Indian Philosophy

+ Islamic Philosophy

+ Japanese Philosophy

o History of Western Philosophy

+ Ancient Greek Philosophy

+ Medieval Philosophy

+ Renaissance Philosophy<

+ Classical German Philosophy

+ Russian Philosophy

* Marxist Philosophy

o Dialectical Materialism

o Historical Materialism

o History of Marxist Philosophy

* Philosophy of Science

* Modern Philosophy

o Philosophy of Survival

o Analytic

o Philosophy of the Humanities

o Hermeneutics

o Semiotics

o Pragmatist Philosophy

* Ethics

o Medical Ethics

o Educational Ethics

o Political Ethics

o Family Ethics

o Bioethics

o Ecological ethics

* Aesthetics

o History of aesthetics

o Aesthetics of art

o Aesthetics of technology

* Metaphysics

* Phenomenology

* Philosophy of process

* Theory of knowledge

* Philosophy of death

* Philosophy of life

* Philosophy of Law

* Philosophy of Mind

* Philosophy of Mohammedanism

* Contemporary Anglo-American Philosophy

* Comparative Philosophy

* Contemporary French Philosophy

* Philosophy of Philosophy

Edited Propositions

* Free Will

* Determinism

* Law of Cause and Effect<

* Randomness

* The white horse is not a horse

* The daily use of the people is the Way

* Paradox

* Change is new every day

* The twenty-one things of the debater

* Benevolence is the source of all things

* The body is one source

* Heaven is unchanging and the Way is unchanging

* Heaven's Nature

* All things are ready for each other.

* Firmness and whiteness

Oxymoron

Editing Western Philosophy

Western philosophy is a unified philosophical system sharing the same historical traditions and a unified system of concepts, but the definition of Western philosophy is ambiguous. In the American philosopher Tilly's History of Western Philosophy, although it mentions pre-Marxian socialist philosophers like Irving, but not a word about Marx (Tilly's History of Western Philosophy is written from Ancient Greek philosophy to American positivist philosophy whose time span includes Marx). Russell's History of Western Philosophy mentions Marx, but he says that he speaks of Marx because he is a philosopher who has had a major influence on Western philosophy. Therefore, "the West" in Western philosophy is widely recognized not only as the geographical "West" (Western Europe) but also as the cultural "West" (the capitalist world).

Western philosophy, before the formation of Marxist philosophy, went through three periods: ancient Greco-Roman philosophy, medieval philosophy, and modern philosophy.

Ancient Greco-Roman Philosophy

Ancient Greco-Roman Philosophy It can be roughly subdivided into three phases:

1) From the 7th to the 6th centuries B.C.E., philosophers attached importance to the study of the originality of the universe, and the philosophy of this phase was called natural philosophy. Due to the different answers to the origin of the world and the different regions where the philosophers lived, the Miletus School, the Aegean School, the Pythagorean School, the Aelian School, etc. were formed. The Miletus school took 'water', 'infinity', and 'gas' as the origin of the world; Heraclitus of the Aegean school thought that everything in the world was a fire that burned and was extinguished in accordance with the law; the Pythagorean school regarded 'number' as the archetype of things, and thought that number constituted the 'order' of the universe, and that 'everything is number'; the Aelian school regarded the ever-changing world as an illusory falsehood, and thought that the only thing that was real was 'existence', and 'existence' was 'the only real thing that existed'; and 'the only real thing that existed' was 'the world'. Being', and that 'Being' is single, finite, unchanging, and indivisible.

The later natural philosophers put forward the concepts of the 'four elements' (water, fire, earth, and air), 'seeds', and 'atoms' in order to search for the origin of the world; and some of them further searched for the driving force of the world's movement and change, believing that there is a finest, energetic, and material thing, 'Nous', which prompts the opposites of heat and cold, dryness and wetness, as well as the 'seeds' to be separated from the primordial mixture, and to constitute the original mixture. separates, begins to move, and constitutes the myriad of universes and concrete things.

Shift in Study

2 In the 5th century BC, the focus of ancient Greek philosophy shifted from the study of nature to the study of man. The wise men of this time did not believe in the existence of a real being or objective truth; Protagoras believed that everything was equally true and that right and wrong, good and evil were relative to human senses; Gorgias in turn believed that everything was equally false. Socrates, who called himself 'the lover of wisdom', believed that there is objective truth and that it is possible to know it; true knowledge seeks universal definitions of all kinds of morality from specific moral acts; the method of seeking definitions is polemical interrogation.

③ In the 4th century BC, Ancient Greek philosophy entered the systematization stage, represented by Plato and Aristotle. Plato put forward the theory of Ideas, that the real, perceptible world is not real, and beyond it exists an eternal, unchanging, real world of Ideas. Ideas are 'paradigms' of individual things; individual things are imperfect 'shadows' or 'facsimiles' of perfected Ideas; sensations that have individual things as their objects cannot be the source of true knowledge, which is the 'remembrance' of Ideas by immortal souls. Aristotle disagreed with Plato's theory of Ideas, which he called 'Forms', and argued that 'Forms' could not exist independently of individual things, and that Forms were the essence of things and existed within them.

Concrete things are made up of prime causes, form causes, motive causes and purpose causes. The process of combining prime matter and form is the movement of transforming potentiality into reality. But then he posited a final end of a thing, the ultimate cause of movement 'the first mover' as a form without a prime mover. After the death of Aristotle, Greek culture gradually combined with Roman culture, and in the course of more than 800 years, many philosophical schools emerged, mainly the Epicurean school, the Stoic school and the skepticism represented by Piron. They conducted relatively in-depth discussions on the basis of the development of the thinking of their predecessors and involved ethical issues and religious issues. At the stage of systematization of ancient Greco-Roman philosophy, Aristotle founded formal logic, which laid a solid foundation for traditional logic.

Medieval Philosophy

In the European Middle Ages, Catholicism dominated in all aspects of secular and spiritual life, and philosophy became the handmaiden of theology, whose role was to provide rational explanations for beliefs.

The 5th to 10th centuries were the early years of medieval philosophy, and philosophical research in this period focused on questions about the relationship between the universal and the individual.

The late Roman philosopher A.M.T.S. Boethius attached great importance to the reality of individual things with their diversity, believing that the ****phase exists in individual things, which are not material in themselves. The Irish philosopher J.S. Eriugena believed that the universal whole is the most real, and that God is the totality, which creates everything, encompasses everything, and transcends everything. God is different from all things; all things are parts of God, but God is in all things. from the early 11th century to the early 14th century, on the basis of the philosophical thought of the early Middle Ages, two schools of thought, nominalism and positivism, were formed. Nominalism, represented by the French scriptural philosopher Rosselin, held that only individual things had reality, that the individual preceded the universal, that the universal was nothing more than a name, and that the '****-phase' was nothing more than a 'sound' made by man, and did not actually exist. This thought is reflected in religion, which denies the Trinity as the supreme God, and recognizes only the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, who exist separately. Positivism, represented by the Christian philosopher Anselmo, holds that what really exists is the '****phase', not concrete individual things, and that there is a 'truth without beginning and without end' that exists before all things. This thought is reflected in religion, recognizing the universal church as real and considering individual churches as subordinate; recognizing the universal doctrine of Christianity as real and considering individual beliefs as subordinate; recognizing the original sin as real and considering individual sins as subordinate; recognizing the supreme God of the Trinity as real and considering the three separated gods as subordinate, and so on.

From the beginning of the 14th century to the middle of the 15th century, due to the decline of the Church and the development of natural science, the decline of orthodox philosophy, philosophy is more and more detached from theology, the idea of individual freedom began to emerge, medieval philosophy gradually to the transition to modern philosophy.

Modern Philosophy

Modern philosophy in the West was accompanied by the self-awakening of mankind. During this period, people's minds returned from the other world of religion to the earthly world, thus discovering nature and also man himself, and began to pursue knowledge and desire personal freedom.

The fifteenth to early seventeenth century was the first stage of modern Western philosophy. The center of research in this stage is man and nature, forming two streams of thought, humanism and natural philosophy, which are interconnected and somewhat different from each other. Humanism advocates that human beings should be the center, and that everything should be done for the benefit of human beings, and opposes the theory of the immortality of the soul and asceticism. The representatives of natural philosophy generally advocated the replacement of the deductive method of scriptural philosophy with the scientific method of empirical observation. B. Telesio of Italy believed that matter is eternal, and that the opposing action of heat and cold is the cause of the motion of matter; G. Bruno believed that the universe is infinite, that the solar system is only a part of it, and that nature, which is God, consists of monads.

The monad is the unity of matter and spirit, substance and form. Many of the representatives of natural philosophy were natural scientists, and their scientific research was often mixed with magic, alchemy, and astrology, which brought a good deal of imagination and fiction into their philosophical thought.

The early 17th century to the end of the 18th century is the second stage of modern Western philosophy. At this stage, the attention of philosophy was focused on the relationship between the subject of knowledge and the object of knowledge, and two schools of thought, empiricism and materialism, were formed. The materialist empiricism, represented by F. Bacon and Locke, held that the acquired sense of the external world was the source of cognition and that sensation was reliable. Bacon recognized that nature is material, that matter is dynamic and diverse, and believed that the purpose of acquiring knowledge is to know nature and conquer it, and that knowledge is power; Locke believed that the mind is a 'blank slate' and that ideas are the product of external things that leave traces on the slate. The only theory of materialism, represented by B. Spinoza, holds that the object of cognition is the objectively existing nature, but only reason can grasp it, and sense experience is unreliable. Spinoza regarded nature as the only 'entity' and believed that thought and extension are two properties of the unified and unique entity, that individual things are deformations of the entity, and that individual things can be known only when the unique entity is grasped through reason.

The idealist theory of solipsism represented by Descartes and G.W. Leibniz believed that true knowledge can only be obtained on the basis of an axiom that is completely clear and unquestionable and through the rational cognitive faculty of reasoning with clarity and accuracy. Descartes came up with the 'natural conception' claim that man's rational cognitive faculties are natural, and that the first axiom of unquestionable truth is also inherent and natural to life. However, in addition to recognizing the independent existence of spiritual entities, he also recognized the independent existence of material entities, and united these two relatively independent entities into one absolute entity, 'God'; Leibniz further developed Descartes's thought that all ideas are innate, but at first exist in people's minds as tendencies, endowments, habits or natural potentialities, which must be processed before they are truly manifested. The idealistic empiricism represented by Barclay and Hume believed that 'to exist is to be perceived'. Barclay asserted that there is nothing in the world but perceiving mental entities and perceived perceptions; Hume further argued that it is only perceptions that really exist, that experience consists of perceptions, and that anything outside of perceptions is unknowable.In the 18th century, in addition to the debate between existential idealism and empiricism, there was a group of French Enlightenment thinkers and encyclopedic materialists who had a greater influence on the development of Western philosophy philosophers. From the general point of view of the second phase of modern Western philosophy, characterized by mechanical metaphysics.

From Kant's philosophy at the end of the 18th century, modern Western philosophy entered the third stage, which is called 'German Classical Philosophy' in the history of philosophy, and is mainly represented by Kant, J.G. Fichte, F.W.J. Schelling, Hegel and Feuerbach.

The first four sought to unify the world on the basis of thought while overcoming the mechanical and metaphysical nature of the world, and believed that the essence of the world was spiritual. Spirit, self, and subject occupy a central place in their philosophy. Kant recognized the existence of a 'thing-self' outside of one's sensory experience, which is the source of sensory experience but can never be known. The stimulus of the thing-self gives rise to sensory experience, and then the cognizing subject sensibility, knowing, combines with the innate forms of cognition, such as space-time and 12 categories, respectively, and organizes the material of sensory experience in order to achieve systematic knowledge of phenomena; reason, which is a synthesizing faculty of the highest order above knowing, demands to know the nature of the world, but never achieves the goal. If reason absolutizes relative phenomena and thinks it has grasped the whole truth, it is bound to fall into falsehood. Fichte, on the other hand, further abolished Kant's 'thing-self' and believed that everything in the world was created by the 'self', and that the subject 'self' created the object 'not-self', which in turn further attained the unity of self and not-self. Schelling created the philosophy of sameness, which holds that object and subject, nature and spirit, existence and thought, apparently opposite, are in fact the same, and are all different phases of the undifferentiated 'absolute sameness' of the one and the same. Hegel regarded the whole world as a process of evolution of the 'Absolute Idea' itself, and believed that the Absolute Idea itself contains two aspects which are both opposed and united.

The unity of their opposites leads to the conceptual evolution of the Absolute Idea itself along the pattern of the positive, negative, and conjunctive triad, so that the Absolute Idea is externalized into the world of nature, and the evolution of the world of nature gives rise to human beings with the capacity for self-knowledge and human society. From knowing the natural world, human cognition gradually develops towards knowing oneself and the consciousness itself, and finally reaches the complete self-knowledge of the Absolute Idea, and the whole world returns to the Absolute Idea itself. Feuerbach, the last of the influential philosophers of classical German philosophy, criticized Hegel's philosophy as 'discursive theology'. He believed that nature was the only real thing and that there was nothing else but nature and man. God and God are the product of man's self-alienation; it is man who created God and God, not God and God who created man. Nature produces man, man and his thinking organs are products of nature, and thinking cannot exist apart from nature; it is not spirit that produces nature, but nature that produces spirit. But while abandoning Hegelian idealism, Feuerbach also abandoned the Hegelian dialectic.

Philosophical systems that have had some influence in the history of philosophical development in the world include Korean philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Pakistani philosophy, Sri Lankan philosophy, Vietnamese philosophy, Iranian philosophy, Arab philosophy, and a number of philosophies from Russia and other regions.

They are more or less influenced by the three major philosophical traditions, but are characterized by their own philosophical ways of thinking. Among them, Arab philosophy served as a medium for the spread of Aristotelian philosophy to Western Europe in the Middle Ages, and it also had a significant development of Aristotelian philosophy, which became an important link in the history of world philosophical development.

Modern Western philosophical schools

"Modern Western philosophical schools" refers to the various philosophical schools that have become popular in the West since the emergence of Marxist philosophy, and is a continuation of modern Western philosophy. Although the popular philosophical schools of modern Western philosophy come in all shapes and sizes, they are roughly divided into the two major trends of scientism (positivism) and humanism (irrationalism).　In modern Western philosophy, "Western Marxism" is closely related to these two trends. "Western Marxism" is the product of the "combination" of various modern Western philosophical schools and the revolutionary theory of Marxism.