What is the structure of the mountain city?

Japanese mountain cities learn from tangdao in China, evolve from Japanese culture, and finally form a mountain city with Japanese characteristics. This is what I shared about the structure of the mountain city. Let's have a look.

The structure of Japanese mountain cities and the structure of mountain cities.

First, the head: the head cover of the handle, where is the wire rope on the handle? Boss? Most of the knots on the surface are metal products such as copper and iron.

Handle roll: steel wire rope wound on the handle, which acts on the fixed surface? Center? And the handle is easy to fall off when held by hand.

Knife: Most of the ornaments on the handle are of fine workmanship, which is the favorite of collectors in the field of Japanese metal handicrafts.

Fourth, Tan: or "Hua", that is, modern armguard or sword lattice. The function is the same as that of hand guard. In addition to protecting the palm of your hand, it is also an indispensable part when drawing a knife, and it is also the most exquisite accessory for knife decoration. It is also the focus in the eyes of collectors.

5. Millet shape: When the knife is tied to the waist, the scabbard is fixed to prevent it from slipping. Mostly made of wood or horns.

6. Thread: When the knife and fork are at the waist, tie the tail of the thread on the belt. To prevent the scabbard from slipping, the material is mostly silk.

Pawl: The scabbard at the end of scabbard is mostly made of metal or angle steel.

Thumb mackerel: Mackerel skin wrapped on the handle, commonly known as shark skin in China. This kind of fish is native to Nanyang, and the growing fish is about one and a half feet long. The leather surface is covered with prominent fine stone particles, which makes the handle roll easily wound on the handle. The price of shark skin is not cheap since ancient times, but it is deeply loved by samurai and sold out.

Furniture: fixed blades and decorations, also used as hair pins and ear palladium, mostly copper or copper alloy products.

10. Corner: The devices to prevent the sheath from protruding from the ground are mostly wood and corners. If it is made of metal, it is called? Responsible for gold? . But not every knife has this accessory.

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Japanese mountain city method

Japanese knives have developed quite high technology in their production methods, from steelmaking, punching to grinding and sharpening, all of which are made by different masters. * * * is divided into the following steps:

make steel

The material steel of Japanese knives is called Wakou or Tamahagane. Jade steel is made by traditional Japanese indigenous method. This is a low-temperature steelmaking method, and the furnace temperature does not exceed 1000℃. This method seems primitive, but compared with modern high-temperature steelmaking, it can produce good steel with pure quality. But the steel produced at high temperature is soft and easy to make, while the steel produced at low temperature is hard and difficult to make. It can be said that making Japanese knives is a labor-intensive fortification, and the quality is exchanged for blood and sweat. According to different regions and schools, the composition of the steel used will be different, and the steelmaker will only visually select the best quality steel from the refined steel and send it to the mountain city. Generally speaking, the composition of Yugang is shown in the table.

Water reduction

The jade steel sent to the knife (craftsman) is not a complete piece of steel; But scattered; Expand a few pieces. Knife makers must reassemble these scattered jade steels into a whole piece of steel to make a mountain city. This process is the quenching process, which is called heat treatment. In Japan, it is called Mizuho. From the perspective of modern materials science, this step can be regarded as a method for tool makers to control the carbon content of steel.

First of all, in order to prevent jade steel from being oxidized by air; Steel should be coated with clay first; Then the cutting machine will hammer the heated steel into a flat plate about 5 mm thick, which seems to be a simple process, but it is not. In order to control the carbon content of steel, the heating times are strictly limited. Moreover, the hardness of steel will change when it is gradually cooled. Only experienced knife workers can accurately grasp the change of hammering strength and forge jade steel into thin slices with uniform thickness under limited heating times.

After the steel plate is formed, the cutting machine coupling will be quickly cooled with water. Excess carbon-containing parts in steel can be peeled off. The blade is elastic, hard and not easy to have gaps. Knife makers must master the temperature of steel plate and the weight of water very accurately, so as to get materials with appropriate carbon content.

do gymnastics

The knife maker will beat and forge the red-hot steel block, and then fold and beat the steel block after the hammer is opened. Repeat this for the first time 10, and there will be 1024 layer steel. Through this step, impurities such as sulfur and excess carbon in steel can be removed to increase the elasticity and toughness of steel. It's like kneading dough. The more layers are knocked, the more uniform the carbon and various components in the steel are, and the more detailed the crystallization of iron is. Finally, the forged steel will have a uniform quality, reaching thousands of layers, which is very strong.

Steel collocation

What is the shape of Japanese Dao, whether it is the tip or the whole blade? Round? For the basic modeling, the reason why the blade bends is mainly caused by the matching of steel and quenching. First of all, the knife maker uses hard and carbon-rich Shingane and Kawagane to change the soft core with less carbon content. The outer blade gold and skin flap make the knife sharp, moderate in hardness and not bent. In the subsequent sintering stage, the volume expansion difference between the tip and other parts is controlled by the carbon content and the cooling rate of penetration, which makes the tip generate strong compressive stress, makes the tip not easy to be damaged, and forms the curvature of the machete.

Cross-sectional structure diagram of Japanese mountain city

Sue smoke

Type out the shape of the knife and extend it into strips, called sunobe. At this stage, the prototype of the knife basically appeared. After this step is completed, the cutter union will cut off the front part to make the tip of the knife.

age

? Quenching? The final fire forging process. First, the cutter uses the powder of clay, charcoal powder and grindstone to prepare Yakibatsuchi, and then the molded cutter body is sealed with the Yakibatsuchi. The soil used for blades is thin, and the soil used for pickaxes and buildings is thick. Basically, the distribution of burning soil can be seen from the blade text of the finished product. Different genres have different compositions and modulation methods. Put the sealed blade into a fire at 750℃-760℃ (when it reaches this temperature, the blade will appear as red as the sun). Knife workers judge the temperature in the furnace by the color of fire inflammation. When the temperature exceeds 800℃, it will affect the strength of the knife (the blade will crack). After a certain heating time, the knife maker will put the knife in water to cool quickly and then carry out a quenching process. Through this step, the knife becomes harder and sharper, the blade will naturally produce radian, and the surface of the knife will produce a very solid layer? Maddens crystal? Or? Martin trisomy? (martensite). In short, the so-called Maddens crystal (Martin loose body) refers to the high-temperature crystal structure produced by rapid cooling, thus locking carbon atoms in the grains? Elegant? (metastable) state, so there is great internal tension between crystals, resulting in hard effect. After this step, a granular pattern similar to silver sand is produced at the junction between the blade and the blade surface, which is called "Nie" in Japanese. Generally speaking, these tiny white dots form a white line called (にぉぃ, Nioi), which is an important basis for appreciating the quality of a Japanese knife.

Because of this step, the technical requirements are very high, and a slight slip may cause the blade to crack, causing fatal damage to the whole knife. In addition, even if it is barely formed, it may not be able to produce beautiful patterns. In order to reduce mistakes, knife workers often use oil to burn this step now.

end

At this point, the knife has been basically formed and needs to be transferred to more detailed deep processing.

Forging and pawning

Adjust the bending degree of the cutting tool, and the tool performs rough cutting. At this point, check and trim the tiny defects and the shape of the cutter body, and enter the final adjustment stage.

prevent

The part left to hold the hilt, called Nakago in Japanese, can also be written as center and neutron. The cutting machine adjusts the shape of the stem and opens a Mekugiana when embedding the handle. And engraved with eyes (やすりめ, Yasurime). This part is easy to rust, and the age of the knife can be roughly judged according to the rust.

Minche

Generally, the cutter will engrave his name, residence and production date on the stalk at the end. Strictly speaking, the inscription is made by cutting or chiseling the stem with a sharp weapon. Generally, the name and residence of the knife maker are marked on the surface (the outward side is the table when the knife is worn), and the production date and the name of the tool holder are marked on the inside, but there are exceptions.

After the above steps are completed, the work of the tool is over, and other processes such as grinding, sheathing, decoration and winding are all the responsibility of others, which are not within the scope of the tool.

Other accessories

Japanese mountain costume has sheath, handle, handle, edge, head, eye penetration, shovel and so on.

Among them, the sword is the main accessory, and the sword is equivalent to the general sword lattice or hand guard, and its function is:

Switching between cutting and cutting.

Protect your palms and wrists when fighting.

A symbol of social status, honor and nobility.

Before Antu Taoshan era, it focused on practicality, that is, the first two items, and later it focused on decoration, that is, the third item.

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