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This paper investigates in detail the changes of commercial structure, function and spatial distribution in Kaifeng in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and estimates the commercial scale of Kaifeng in the middle of Qing Dynasty according to the inscriptions of Shanshan Guild Hall.

Keywords: donations from Kaifeng Commercial Shanshan Club

Kaifeng is one of the six ancient capitals in China, with a population of over one million in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is a leading metropolis in the world, not only a political center, but also a prosperous economic metropolis. Kaifeng was the capital of Henan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the scale and prosperity of the city could not be compared with that of the former capital. Fu Yiling and Han Dacheng inspected Kaifeng's urban economy in Ming Dynasty, and Mr. Deng also discussed Kaifeng's economy in early Qing Dynasty. On the basis of these studies, this paper intends to make a further investigation on Kaifeng's urban commerce and its changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The description of Kaifeng business in Ming Dynasty is the most detailed in the book Dream Record in the early Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly relies on this book to investigate Kaifeng business in Ming Dynasty. As for the commerce in Qing Dynasty, there is no such detailed description as Dream Record. However, the author collected a number of inscriptions on merchant halls in the field investigation. According to these inscriptions and local chronicles, we may have some more specific understanding of Kaifeng business in Qing Dynasty.

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Kaifeng in the Ming Dynasty was 20 miles away from the city. "Nine out of 60 people are street workers, six out of 50 are alley workers, and 40 out of 20 are hutong workers." There are more than 65,438 streets, alleys and hutongs. (4) Kaifeng also has a city within a city, which is the mansion of Zhou Wang and the fief of the fifth son Zhu. Zhou is located in the north of Kaifeng, 9 weeks away, accounting for about 0/5 of Kaifeng's total area. There are four gates in the city: Wumen Gate, Donghuamen Gate, Xihuamen Gate and Houzai Gate. The street outside the city wall is five feet wide before people can live. ⑤

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① Fu Yiling: On Social and Economic Changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, People's Publishing House, 1989, p. 152- 159; Henan, Shandong Province in Ming Dynasty, Social Science Front, No.3, 1984. Han Dacheng's Urban Studies in Ming Dynasty, Renmin University of China Press, 199 1 Edition, pp. 66-72.

② Deng: A Preliminary Study on Kaifeng's Urban Economy in the Early Qing Dynasty, No.2 of Historical Monthly, 1986.

③ Anonymous: A Dream Record, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1984 edition, proofread by Confucius.

(4) Shunzhi "xiangfu county annals" volume 2 "street".

(5) Dream Record and The Third Week.

Ming Dynasty system: The emperor's second son was made a prince, and Mi Lu was made a mangoku. The eldest son of the prince attacked the seal, and the rest sealed the county king, eating two thousand stones; In addition to the eldest son attacking the seal, the county king also gave the town general a thousand stones; Sun, the king of the county, awarded the general of the auxiliary country and ate 800 stones; The great-grandson of the county king gave the country a general and ate 600 stones; Great-great-great-grandchildren awarded the town state lieutenant and ate 400 stones; Five grandchildren awarded the deputy commander of the auxiliary country and ate three hundred stones; The sixth grandson awarded Lieutenant Guo Feng 200 stones. The prince's daughter is a princess and eats 800 stones; The king of the county, the daughter of the princess, eats 600 stones; Jun Jun, the granddaughter of the county king, ate four hundred stones; Great-granddaughter Rixian Jun, eating 300 stones; Great-great-great-granddaughter Rixiangjun ate 200 stones. The descendants of the King of Zhou continued to multiply, and by Jiajing, it was already "thirty-nine county kings, more than 500 generals, and the squadron leader was invincible" (2). According to the records in the Wanli period, in Henan, "Zhoufu is the most famous vassal state, with 48 county kings and thousands of royal families". Therefore, there are many palaces in Kaifeng, including Qujing, Huating, Ruijin, Zhenping, Fengqiu Wang Fu, Fengxin Palace, Linru Palace, Junling Palace, Anji Palace, Blocking Palace, Runing Palace, Luyang Palace, Yingchuan Palace, Shenqiu Palace, Ruyang Palace, zhecheng county County Palace, Yining Palace and so on. These mansions are all "golden nails and Zhu households, and all four doors are accompanied by guards."

There are also a large number of civil and military officials and soldiers who serve them, such as princes and county kings. Zhou has a special organization, and foreign officials have two members, one is a prince and the other is a judge. In addition, there are eight colleges: Guangdong Diandietetic College, Silk College, Guangdong College, Guangdong Dianyi College, Guangdong College, Guangdong Jishan College, Zheng College and Guangdong Telegraph College. Officials of the above eight halls, one is a member of Diantang, one is the leader of the long history department, and the other is a member of the Guard Command. Officer, "palm mansion, through this chapter, like the factory director in JD.COM. COM”； There is a "five members of the commitment department, one meal a year, one treasure, and the rest are responsible in turn." Bandu, regardless of quantity, with big hats and clothes * [autumn+three]; The flat towel below, and the scattered officials below are not counted; The rest of the guards and captains have their own rations. "The king of the county has a professor officer and a food officer in every yamen. In addition, the prince has 360 private schools in Zhuang and the county king has 24 private schools. " Wang Zongmen and women have salaries, escorts and a captain have rations, civil and military officials have salaries, and all kinds of people have jobs and meals; The soldiers of each battalion are paid and the soldiers of each health station are stationed. The local government and firefighters are short of money when they see branches. ⑦ A large number of princes and nobles with Zhou as the center and officials, large and small, who served them constituted a special group in Kaifeng population.

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(1) "Dream Record" and "The Fourth Order of Grand Prix".

② Tan Qian: Sinology Volume 63, Ancient Books Publishing House, 1958, p. 3983.

③ Wang Shixing: Guang Zhi Yi Volume III Four Provinces North of the Yangtze River, Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, p. 37.

(4) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(5) "Dream Record" is "ranked fourth and subject fourth".

6 "Dream Record" and "Week 3".

All landowners "Dream Record" and "The Fourth Order of Grand Prix".

Kaifeng, the capital of Henan Province, is also the seat of Kaifeng Prefecture, with Xiangfu County as an appendage, and the provincial, prefectural and county government offices converge in one place. All the official offices are in the southwest of Zhoufu. In the west of Zhonglou, the general secretariat room is composed of experience department, grinding department, six rooms and fourteen departments, surrounded by Dojo department, history department, proofreading department, grinding department, official treasury department and report department. Government offices and houses are continuous, with bookkeepers and hundreds of people living around them. According to the inspection department, it is located in Chief Secretary West Street, with the River Management Office in the east and the Police Road Department in the west. There are also a large number of government offices and houses. Headquartered in the East Street of Paris, it consists of the Justice Department, the Prison Department, the Warden Department and the Experience Department. Duchayuan Department is the east of Duchuan 14; According to the inspection department, it is west of Leijiaqiao; The study section is to the south of the horse. To the west of Yanqing Temple, there are six halls in Kaifeng, including Qing Army, Nanhe, Inspection Department, Criminal Management Department, Grain Management Department and Prison. Xiangfu county magistrate's office is located in the west of Suoguofu, with six rooms, such as warehousing, supervision, Qing army, Donghe, grain management and inspection department. In addition, Kaifeng Xuanwu Wei has one governor, one governor, and 24 town governors and governors, with 36,000 households and 7,200 households, all of which are hereditary. (1) The civil and military officials of the third-level yamen, as well as numerous clerks and servants, are another part of Kaifeng's urban population.

In addition to the above-mentioned royal nobles and serving officials, there are also a number of retired officials and squires living in Kaifeng. For example, descendants of Xu Fu, Zhang Shangshu, Governor Yang and Xu Da, the founding father, as well as Gaoxiang, Zhang Xiang, Liu Xiang, Li Xiang, Sean and so on. Therefore, "A Dream Record" has a cloud: "Streets and alleys, Wang Fu and the squire archway are the same, and there are countless streets and alleys in the city, and the situation is like two capitals." ②

As Mr. Fu Yiling pointed out, the population structure of Kaifeng in Ming Dynasty formed its economic characteristics, and a large part of the city's commerce and handicrafts served many princes and nobles centered on Zhou. For example, there are more than ten bankrupt shops in Kaifeng, and there is also a "bankrupt office, which specializes in collecting ingots and ingots", which is directly related to Wang Fu Road. Every summer and autumn, Zhou Fu has more than 202,000 quotations for exchange. For another example, there is an official workshop in the city that specializes in making all kinds of towels and hats. "The hat makers are all workers, who specialize in making all kinds of towel hats with cow ponytails. The Zhou government often sent a dozen or twenty broken nets to wash and mend, and the circles were fixed, made of suet jade, jasper, agate and Zijin "; Golden-pin handle umbrellas, yellow, blue, shadow-catching, rain-catching and dragon-catching umbrellas made by the umbrella shop are used by princes, county kings and others for going out for etiquette; "Call the candy store and make all kinds of candy with ten tables, five tables and three tables" is also for the supply of "Wang Fu". There is also a painter, who represents the Tao God. "Five feet high and six feet round, for Wang Fu's funeral"; Outside Nanxun, there is a Zhou Wang Bowl Shop, which contains porcelain bowls and lamps produced by Yuzhou Shenhou. "Zhou Wang welcomes the festival in accordance with the festival, and changes clothes here with wine. This is the palace".

For the demand of civil and military officials, such as shamao shop, "specializing in the crown scarf of princes and civil and military officials, belts such as gold, jade, rhinoceros horn, agate and black horn, and female crowns"; There are "official hat shops, official hats, hoes and the like"; There are "tapestries, Confucian tapestries, hooks, skirts and knots"; There are also "thirty or twenty hat towel shops, customizing hundreds of hat towels"; Soap boots shop, "custom-made materials lined with civil and military officials, men and women pinch gold boots with four seams."

Kaifeng is a cultural resort in the Central Plains and a gathering place for literati. As the provincial capital and government, a large number of candidates come to take the exam every year, so there are also many stationery shops. There are at least 8 paper shops, 3 invitation shops and several pen shops in Kaifeng, as well as book shops, painting shops, lettering, jade album making, painting and calligraphy uncovering, suturing, handmade noodle shops, shaft shops and antique shops. Paper shops are divided into red paper, Wen Jing paper and ancient paper. ⑦ The so-called "invitation" is a necessity of courtesy among princes, nobles, bureaucrats and literati. As for the "jade book", it is obviously to serve the needs of the court.

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(1) Dream Record and the Fifth Five Sense Discipline.

(2) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

③ Fu Yiling: On Social and Economic Changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, p. 156- 157.

(4) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(5) "Dream Record" and "Observation of Images" Volume VII.

6 Dream Record and Sixth Market Discipline.

⑦ Record of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

There are also many shops that specialize in women's products, such as satin, handkerchiefs, sweat towels, umbrella fans, rouge, needles, pink, ribbons, curtains, aprons and so on. There are "twenty or thirty silver shops and Cui Hua shops selling jewelry and pearls" in the front street of Chenghuangmiao. Yangjia Hutong has a "fine art" silver shop, which "specializes in playing dragons and phoenixes, flowers, landscapes and figures, embedding silk in the urn, sticking real gold, and operating 100%"; There are three lanes in the west of the department, and there are thirty or twenty comb shops in each lane, "all selling Sichuan boxwood net teeth and Fujian litchi pine root exquisite combs"; Shaosima "Rong En III" archway sells rouge, palace powder and sachets; There are all kinds of incense shops under the bell tower, selling incense, incense, incense and so on. Another example is Linqing handkerchief shop, green silk towel quilt and Lu silk shop, all of which are exclusive high-end consumer goods for aristocratic women. ①

Catering and hotel industry is also an important part of Kaifeng's business, which is characterized by complete varieties and grades and can meet the needs of different consumption levels. There are many high-end restaurants and restaurants around the Drum Tower and Dayoushou. "All kinds of wine and delicacies are served by Cantata prostitutes at the wedding" to meet the consumption needs of dignitaries and wealthy businessmen. Other hotels and restaurants in each street cater to a wider range of consumers, either with special flavors or with popular diets. For example, according to the inspection department, there is a "mutton noodle restaurant" in the west, where a few sheep are slaughtered every day, and the noodles are as silver as silk, and they win the championship without food, which is famous by governments all over the world; In the south of the bell tower, there is a "big restaurant selling pork soup, garlic noodles and shredded pork noodles, which is very famous in Hejun"; Feng Qiu Fujiao "all kinds of wine and rice business, all kinds of doors"; From Changshi Shinan to the corner of the county seat, there are various restaurants, restaurants, Daoxiao Noodles, vegetarian noodles, skins, yellow wine, biscuits and coarse grains. As for carts and stalls selling all kinds of flavor foods, such as mutton carts, beef carts, oil cakes, pancakes, flat food, zongzi, oil powder and so on. They are more suitable for the consumption of the lower class. ②

Many hotels are joint accommodation, for example, there is a "prostitute passerby hotel" in the south of Dashan grocery street; Yongnan New Store is "a store for all customers, prostitutes, restaurants and hotels in Youduo". There are 200 or 300 temples in the backyard of Suoguo Temple, which specially receive "past officials, big businessmen, tea shops, diners and others" and "entertain prostitutes with wine, sing and dance". Restaurants, pubs, hotels and guest houses in Xiguan and Nanguan outside the city "have no business in the city". The catering service industry in Chengguan mainly receives merchants from all over the world, so catering, accommodation, entertainment, transportation and intermediary services are relatively concentrated. For example, in Mashi Street in Xiguan, there is a "mule shop, which is the thoroughfare of eight provinces, so there are thirty or fifty big shops, where countless prostitutes live, and businesses on both sides go door to door".

Table 1 is an incomplete statistic of commercial shops in Kaifeng according to the records of dreams. Please refer to.

In addition to commercial shops, Kaifeng temple fair market is also very prosperous. For example, in Dongyue Temple, "every year on March 28th, Christmas Day, there will be a meeting five days ago, and people will pay homage to it, and there will be a sea of people. All kinds of goods are sold everywhere, tents are set up all over the yard, and all kinds of goods are ready. In particular, the City God Temple Club sells the most goods. Mr. Fu Yiling once put the Chenghuang Temple on the basis of dream records.

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(1) The Record of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(2) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(3) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(4) "Dream Record" and "Viewing the Scenes" article 7.

(5) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

Source: like a dream, the sixth market discipline, the seventh image discipline.

List of fair trade goods ①, slightly adjusted in this paper, transcribed as follows (see Table 2):

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① Fu Yiling: Shandong and Henan in Ming Dynasty.

The most prosperous business district in Kaifeng is mainly concentrated in mountain products Street, Bell Tower, Drum Tower and Dayoushou, where a number of big shops and shop names are gathered. For example, there are dumping silver shops, gold shops, Zheng Sheng brand shops and large grocery stores in the north, and there are large shopping streets in the east. There are grocery stores in the south of West Road, such as Song Zihao Store, all of which are owned by selling groceries and fans; In the north district, "there are more than 100 buildings". Shandian Street, to the north, is full of shop names, including Red Paper Shop, Wen Jing Paper Shop, Silver Shop, Hesen Shop, Raw and Cooked Medicine Shop, etc. There are old dealer tea shops and all kinds of bud tea in the east of Lu, and pharmacies and vermicelli shops in the south of Lu; There are Zhang's shop, Gulian paper shop, Fansiyin shop, North-South spice shop, medicine shop, sheepskin shop and porcelain shop in Luxi. To the south, there are gold shops, leather gold shops and raw and cooked pharmacies until the south exit. There are all Beijing goods near the bell tower, as well as incense, brushing teeth, ear spoons, hats and boots, suitcases, gold lacquer boxes and other commodities. There are tapestry craftsmen who make ribbons, Confucian tapestries, hooks, skirts and knots. Lunan first sells handkerchiefs, umbrellas, cages, watches and the like. There are thirty or twenty towel shops with hats, and hundreds of towel hats are customized. There is also a fragrance shop that sells incense, incense, incense and sachets. Goods such as suitcases, boxes with crowns and hats, stationery hairpin boxes and seven-inch pillow boxes are "all heavy bronze ornaments"; In gulou west, there are various shops, such as axle shoes, felt products, satin shops, Guangfu shops, sugar shops, Lu 'an bud tea shops, Yu Fang satin shops and southern hotels. , reach the first corner. On Dayushou Street, there are shops in the south, such as drugstore, sheep oil, candles, ready-made clothes, dye house, crimson carpet shop and paper shop, which lead to Jiangjun Shengan. Further east, there are shochu, Linqing handkerchief, sweat towel, umbrella, kudzu towel, needle powder rouge, woven cloth shops, and further east, there are wool shops, Linqing handkerchief shops, moss sweat towel shops, curtains, aprons, silks and satins shops, silk shops, official dumping shops, South shoe shops, bronze mirror shops, flower and cambric stickers and paper shops. Other places, such as Xuanjiang Hutong, Chief Secretary's Office, Inspection Department, Kaifengfu Corner, County Corner, Lilian Hutong, Chayuan East Street, Dusi Office and Qiao Zhou, are also very prosperous. ①

Kaifeng has commodities from all over the country, such as Lu Shanxi Silk, Linqing Handkerchief, Jiyang Xiabu, Lu 'an Bud Tea and Sichuan Boxwood Comb. And "thick and thin summer fans, monk's hats, head grates, kudzu towels, soot and other goods shipped from Beijing, Hangzhou, Qingdao and Yangzhou". Ma Dao Street, south of Gulou, gathers goods such as suitcases, hat boxes, stationery hairpin boxes and pillow boxes, as well as products such as sipping, scraping tongues and scraping eyebrows. "Tourists from Beijing, Linqing, Nanjing, Tai 'an, Jining and Yanzhou come to sell" and "congestion is constant every day". These goods are not only for consumption in this city, but also sold everywhere. Besides Kaifeng, Dongguan "connects Nanjing, Zhejiang and Shandong by land"; Nanguan "roads lead to Sichuan, Guangdong, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and there is a lot of trade"; Outside the gate of Xiguan Girder, "The road is quiet, Shanshan makes the passenger market, the car is fixed in the horse pool, and the smoke is filled"; Outside Anyuan Gate of Beiguan, "huanghe road leads Linqing into Shi Jing East Road". In particular, the merchants in Mashi Street outside Xiguan are the most prosperous. "Cattle and donkeys are listed in the morning, mules and horses are listed at noon, and there are customers buying and selling; Mule and horse shop, regardless of foot strength, is the thoroughfare of eight provinces, so there are thirty or fifty big shops. Those who buy mules and horses or hire foot power should mainly sell goods from Kaifeng to merchants in other places.

Firewood, coal, charcoal, vegetables, etc. It is closely related to people's lives, mostly from surrounding counties, and enters from the gate of Chengguan every day. For example, outside the Daliang Gate in Xiguan, "fresh vegetables are piled up in the fifth watch, crowded and motionless, all bought by vendors and traded under the lights; As soon as the city gate is opened and plugged in, the goods are sold in different streets. Kaifeng also has a large number of vendors walking the streets, such as: vendors selling white cloth, cotton wool, goat hair and women's red goods on rattles; All kinds of craftsmen, washing mirrors, repairing shoes, sharpening knives and scissors, mending pots and bowls, weighing, cutting wood and grass, tying saddles and twisting whips. There are also people who sell tuckahoe cakes, fried chestnuts, candied fruits, melon seeds, salted beans, roast chicken, squab, pig's head meat, donkey meat from cattle and sheep, and all kinds of melons and fruits, or set up stalls in the streets or sell them by carts. As for seasonal commodities, lanterns and Yuanxiao are sold in the last Yuan season, while zongzi, glutinous rice, baisuo, flat cable, vermilion, realgar, Ai Hu and calamus are sold in the Dragon Boat Festival. Sell summer sleeping mats, pu mats, summer fans, kudzu towels, watermelons, melons and lotus roots in May and June; Mid-Autumn Festival sells burning paper, gold and silver; Mid-Autumn Festival

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(1) The Record of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(2) Records of a Dream and Article 6 Market Discipline.

(3) Shunzhi "Xiangfu County Records" Volume 1 "Guan Liang" records the Ming Dynasty.

(4) "Dream Record" and "Viewing the Scenes" article 7.

(5) "Dream Record" and "Observation of Images" Volume VII.

Selling fresh fruits and sacrifices such as pomegranate, chestnut, pear and peach; Chrysanthemum cakes are sold on the Double Ninth Festival in September, and cold clothes are sold in October; In the twelfth lunar month, please ask the kitchen god, the door god and the couple to sell candlesticks, incense burners, oil candles, pine branches, carnations, dried fruits, saucers, cotton towels, cotton thread belts, diced pieces, lingzi, pith flowers and colorful velvet flowers. ①