Modern Chinese grammar papers

Modern Chinese Grammar Paper 1 Paper Keywords Modern Chinese Grammar; Comparison; interpret

Classical Chinese is an article written by the ancients in written language. This paper mainly discusses how to interpret classical Chinese easily, quickly and accurately from the syntax and vocabulary of modern Chinese.

Classical Chinese is an article written by the ancients in written language. Using the grammar knowledge of modern Chinese, we can not only clearly see through the grammatical phenomena of classical Chinese and interpret them quickly and accurately, but also learn classical Chinese more easily and effectively for the freshmen and sophomores who are new to classical Chinese, thus better inheriting the cultural heritage of the motherland.

First of all, use modern Chinese syntactic knowledge, compare ancient and modern sentence patterns, and correctly understand the meaning of sentences.

The general expressions of conventional sentences in modern Chinese are:

Attribute+Subject+Predicate+Object (Complement)

We can compare the routine sentences in modern Chinese as "standard sentence patterns" with those in classical Chinese, and it is easy to find the differences between ancient and modern sentence patterns. So as to identify the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese and correctly understand and translate classical Chinese sentences.

Let's take "inverted sentences" in classical Chinese as an example to talk about the application of this method in teaching.

Inverted sentences in classical Chinese, also called "variant sentences", are sentences with different expressions from those in modern Chinese.

1, "Great, Yao is the king!" In this sentence, "Yao Weijun" is a subject-predicate phrase, meaning "Yao Weijun". What about "Yao Weijun"? It does not express a complete meaning and needs further statement, explanation and description. And "big" is an adjective, meaning "great", which is to state, explain and describe an object. In this way, "Yao is king" and "Da" constitute a subject-predicate relationship, but the sentence pattern is predicate first and then subject, which is not in line with our usual expression habits in modern Chinese and obviously belongs to subject-predicate inversion. In order to emphasize the predicate, the speaker puts the predicate in front. With this understanding, students only need to straighten out the subject-predicate relationship when understanding translation.

2. "Earthworms don't have the advantage of minions, but their bones and muscles are strong." Ask the students to divide the sentence components of this sentence and find: earthworm (subject) +nothing (predicate) +minions (object). The subject and object are complete, and "benefit" seems to be more. However, according to the knowledge of parts of speech, "Li" is an adjective, which means "sharp" and should be used as an attribute or predicate in the sentence. "What is Sharp?" In the sentence, the object of this word can only be "earthworm" or "pawn", while "pointed earthworm" has no meaning and can only be modified. So "profit" is the attributive of "minions" and should be in front of "minions". This sentence puts the attribute back, which is an attribute postposition sentence. When translating, students only need to put the attribute in front of the head language.

3. "shine on you, green out of blue", Li, ... from time to time "and" shaped like wine, decorated with the shape of mountain turtles, birds and animals ". In the above three sentences, "Yulan", "Yu Yu" and "Mountain turtle, bird and beast" are all prepositional phrases (prepositional structures) composed of "Yu (1)+noun, which are all placed after the predicate verb. According to the syntactic knowledge of modern Chinese, they can't be used as objects (prepositional phrases can't be used as objects) or complements after predicates, while prepositional phrases in modern Chinese are generally used as adverbials. In fact, these three object-object phrases all modify predicates as adverbials in sentences, indicating comparison, object and mode respectively, which are adverbial postpositions. When translating, students only need to put prepositional phrases before predicate verbs in advance.

4.① "Pei Hongan is here"; 2 "in a word"; (3) "Ancient people were not arrogant" and (4) "Why are they ugly?" . The four sentence patterns listed above are the four forms of prepositional objects in classical Chinese. No matter what form the prepositional object is, it can be distinguished by the syntactic knowledge of modern Chinese. For example, in the sentence "Pei Gong An Zai", "Pei Gong" is a noun and the object of this sentence. "An" is an interrogative pronoun, equivalent to "where", and "zai" is a preposition, indicating the place. The original meaning of this sentence is "where is Pei Gong?" . In order to let students understand this language phenomenon, we can give a routine sentence similar to modern Chinese, such as "Where are you?" Compared with Pei Gongan-zai, where is the same as An-zai, but the former is preposition+object (interrogative pronoun) and the latter is object+preposition. Obviously, the latter puts the object in front. Similarly, in the sentence "The ancients were not arrogant", the meaning of every word that constitutes this sentence is the same as that of modern Chinese, which is easy for students to understand. But the students are puzzled by this way of speaking, "the ancients didn't bully me." Why did the ancients talk like this? Teachers can cite a similar sentence pattern for syntactic analysis, such as "He doesn't cheat me", "He" as the subject, "Cheat" as the predicate and "I" as the object. Comparing the two, students can easily find that "no I cheat" means putting the object "I" in front of the predicate verb, which is the prepositional object. This is one of the habits of ancient language expression, in order to emphasize the object. It can be seen that it is a simple and practical method to understand the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese by using modern Chinese grammar knowledge, so as to correctly understand the meaning of sentences and quickly translate sentences.

Second, combined with the knowledge of modern Chinese morphology and syntax, we can quickly interpret sentences and fully understand the meaning.

Take the first paragraph of Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan as an example.

"Water" says: "There is Shi Zhongshan at the mouth of Poyang Lake." Li Daoyuan believes that under the Shi Zhongshan near the deep pool, the breeze vibrates the waves, and the water collides with the stone, making a sound like Hong Zhong. This statement is often doubted. If the bell rings in the water, even strong wind and waves can't make it sound, and it is a stone! It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Li Bo began to visit the relics that he got two stones on the pool and listened to them. The sound in the south was loud, the sound in the north was clear, the sound stopped, and the aftertaste rested. He thought he had it. He thinks he has found the reason for Shi Zhongshan. The sound of stones is everywhere, and this is just named after the clock. Why?

When understanding this passage, the teacher can make students consciously compare with modern Chinese and analyze it with modern Chinese grammar knowledge. The meaning and usage of most notional words in this article are the same as those in modern Chinese, only the usage of "drum", "yes", "Ming" and "name" is special. We can use vocabulary knowledge for analysis. "Drum" is a noun in modern times, but in the sentence of "breeze drum waves", "drum" is between the subject and the predicate, and nouns are used flexibly as verbs to state "breeze", dominate the object "waves" and express "encouragement". "Shi" is a judgment word in modern times, but in the sentence "Yes, people often doubt it", "Shi" is a radical phrase, the object of "Zhi" and the object of "doubt". "Shi" should be a noun radical phrase, and "Shi" is a pronoun, which defines "Shuo" and means "this". "Ming" is a verb, and the pronoun "Zhi" is omitted after "Ming" in the sentence "Although the wind and waves are silent". The complete sentence should be "although the storm can't sound (Zhong Qing)". According to the modern Chinese sentence component analysis method, the backbone of the sentence is: Lang Zhiming. It can be seen that there is a meaning of "how does the subject make the object" between the subject "Lang" and the object "Zhi", so it can be judged that "Ming" is the causative usage of verbs, which can be understood as "making … Ming". "Name" is a noun in modern times. In the sentence "and this is a unique name", through the analysis of sentence components, we can see that "name" is in the predicate position and plays the role of predicate. However, according to the knowledge of parts of speech in modern Chinese, nouns are generally not used as predicates, so it can be inferred that "Ming" is a noun, which is flexibly used as a verb and predicate, meaning "naming".

Similarly, by comparing and analyzing this passage with syntactic knowledge, we can see that most of the classical Chinese sentence patterns are consistent with modern Chinese. However, the expressions of "two stones on the pool" and "stones are loud and everywhere" are different from modern Chinese. In order to make students clearly understand the special sentence patterns of ancient Chinese, teachers can analyze them with the syntactic knowledge of modern Chinese. The subject of this sentence is "Rip", and the previous sentence is omitted. The predicate is "de" and the object is "double stone". These three words form a sentence according to the expression habit of modern Chinese routines: "Li Bo has two stones". In the original sentence, "fish stall" is an object phrase, but in modern Chinese, the object phrase is generally used as an adverbial to modify the predicate. On this basis, "on the fish stall" should be used as an adverbial of this sentence, so the complete expression of this sentence should be "Li Bo got two stones on the pond". Comparing this sentence with "Two Stones on a Pond", students can naturally find that the prepositional phrase in the original sentence is postposition, thus mastering the adverbial postposition. In the sentence "the sound of stone is everywhere", "everywhere" means "this is everywhere" This is a sentence without a subject, and the complete expression should be: "(What) is like this everywhere". "What" is the object of this sentence, and this object is "stone". The word "loud" behind "stone" seems to form a subject-predicate relationship with "stone", but in this way, the original sentence becomes two sentences, forming a coordinate relationship and expressing two meanings, namely "stone (head) is loud" and "stone (head) is there". Is "loud" an adverbial? From the analysis of syntactic knowledge, we can see that "loud" is a verb predicate phrase, which is generally used as a predicate. Accordingly, "loud" can only be used as the attribute of "stone", which means "sonorous stone". It is a noun phrase and forms a subject-predicate relationship with the following "everywhere is". In this way, students can know the attributive post-sentence patterns in ancient Chinese.

Abstract: Computer processing of Chinese information includes three stages: word processing, word processing and sentence processing. "Sentence processing" is the key technical difficulty to realize natural language processing and understanding. There are many problems: the judgment of part of speech; Structural analysis of phrases and sentences; Ambiguity phenomenon analysis, etc. The most fundamental way is for linguists to summarize, analyze and summarize these phenomena in language as much as possible, and then describe them in a formal way for computer processing. thesis

Keywords: Chinese information processing Modern Chinese grammar sentence processing

Processing Chinese information by computer is Chinese information processing, also known as Chinese information processing. Chinese information processing includes word processing, word processing and sentence processing. Word processing and word processing are related to Chinese characters and vocabulary respectively. Here I mainly talk about "sentence processing".

The main content of sentence processing is how to make the computer understand the meaning of sentences in natural languages (such as modern Chinese) and how to make the computer generate sentences that conform to the rules of natural languages. The language knowledge needed for "sentence processing" will be comprehensive knowledge involving phonetics, semantics, grammar and pragmatics. At present. It is deeply felt that the existing knowledge about Chinese is far from meeting the needs of Chinese sentence processing. In terms of syntax alone. In the process of Chinese information processing, we will constantly encounter problems that we can't imagine. Many problems are relatively easy for people to solve, but computers can't. There are still some problems, and academic circles have different views, so it adds more difficulty to Chinese information processing.

There are many difficulties in using computers to process Chinese information. From the perspective of modern Chinese grammar, there are mainly the following problems:

First, part-of-speech judgment

Due to the lack of form in Chinese. Chinese part-of-speech judgment is mainly based on the grammatical function of words. Different words may have different part-of-speech meanings, and the same word may have different part-of-speech meanings in different places. In Chinese, most words have fixed parts of speech, but some words have special usages. For example:

1。 He spent ten yuan on a pot of flowers.

2。 You lock the door with that lock.

3。 He is more like Lei Feng than Lei Feng.

There are two flowers, locks and Lei Feng in these three sentences. But they only have the same sound and shape, but different parts of speech and meanings. The first "flower" in 1 sentence is a verb, meaning "flower", and the second "flower" is a noun, meaning "plant". The first "lock" in the second sentence is a noun, which means "lock", and the second "lock" is a verb, which means "lock". The first "Lei Feng" in the third sentence is a noun, indicating a person's name, and the second "Lei Feng" is an adjective, indicating "Lei Feng's spirit, quality, etc." . People with a certain knowledge of language can generally tell it apart. From the perspective of traditional language teaching, the two "flowers" in the sentence 1 have the same form and pronunciation, but different parts of speech and meanings, and there is no connection between the meanings of the two "flowers", which belong to homophones. The two "locks" in the second sentence have the same form, the same pronunciation, different parts of speech and different meanings, but their meanings are related, so they belong to the same category. The two "Lei Feng" in the third sentence have the same form and pronunciation, but their parts of speech and meanings are different, and their meanings are also related, but the second "Lei Feng" belongs to flexible use of parts of speech. ⅲ From the teaching point of view, this classification is more detailed and easy for people to understand and master. However, from the perspective of Chinese information processing, this classification is too detailed for computers to master.

At present, in Chinese information processing, the definition of multi-class words is as follows: Kang believes that "multi-class words have broad and narrow meanings. Generalized part-time words are homographs in modern Chinese and are quoted in Chinese information processing. As far as computers are concerned, as long as the words are the same in form, whether they are homographs, homographs, polysemy or multiple usages, one must be chosen. In a narrow sense, words of the same category refer to words defined by modern Chinese works, which are related to homonyms and have grammatical functions of two or more types of words. According to Lu Jianming, part-time words are "words with the same shape and sound, but different meanings or parts of speech". According to this definition, the words "flower", "lock" and "Lei Feng" in the above three sentences can all be called part-time words. Because the purpose of Chinese information processing is to let the computer judge the part of speech of words according to the specific environment, so as to accurately understand the meaning. However, Chinese parts of speech are multifunctional. One kind of words can act as different sentence components without morphological changes, and different words can act as the same sentence components, which brings more trouble to the distinction of part-time words. Therefore, the selection of part-of-speech words is a "bottleneck" of computer automatic part-of-speech tagging. Although information processing experts have used various methods to eliminate ambiguity, such as rule disambiguation, statistical probability disambiguation or a combination of the two, so far, no method or system can completely solve this problem.

Second, the structural analysis of phrases and sentences.

Due to the lack of form in Chinese. Therefore, word order and function words have become the main means of expressing grammar in Chinese. The structure of some phrases and sentences is difficult to understand and needs to be analyzed in combination with form and meaning. For example:

Group A: A. Shaanxi+Gansu+Ningxia ("Shaanxi+Gansu+Ningxia" is a joint relationship)

B China+(Beijing+Shaanxi) ("China" has a positive correlation with "Beijing-Shaanxi". "Beijing" and "Shaanxi" are unified)

C. China (xi 'an, Shaanxi) (There is a positive relationship between China and xi 'an, and there is also a positive relationship between Shaanxi and Xi 'an). This group of Abe's three phrases is easy for people to distinguish, but it is still difficult for computers to distinguish at present. To distinguish computers clearly, they must be combined to form a class, a class and an E class.

Group B: Start discussion (predicate-object relationship) and analysis research (joint relationship), and end research (subject-predicate relationship).

Write it down (predicate-complement relationship), read it down (conjunction-predicate relationship) and call him back (concurrent relationship)

Production management (fixed relationship) satirical (formal relationship) introduction writing (does not constitute legal syntactic relationship)

This group is a variety of different structural relationships of "verb+verb" in modern Chinese. For people, it can be roughly distinguished by explanation, but for computers, it is very difficult to distinguish clearly, because we have not yet summed up the specific laws of "verb words+verb words" forming various syntactic relationships. In other words, under what conditions "verb+verb" must form a legal syntactic relationship, and what kind of different syntactic relationships can be formed, which is still unclear.

Group C: Good weather-good weather (subject is positive) very good-very good (positive supplement)

Someone's coming. -Someone's coming. (object-subject-predicate)

A ticket is three yuan. -Three yuan a ticket. (Subject-Predicate-Subject-Predicate) This group of phrases and sentences have different structures and meanings because of their different word orders. These structures can be understood by people with a little knowledge, but they make it more difficult for computers to understand the meaning. People need to summarize the different structures formed by these word order changes and then describe them in a formal way. Enter it into the computer.

Third, ambiguity.

The ambiguity of phrase structure in modern Chinese is a big obstacle to Chinese syntactic analysis. The core problem to be solved in "sentence processing" is disambiguation. The ambiguity faced by computers is not only the ambiguity of some sentences we can feel, such as the following:

He is receiving a blood transfusion. He is giving a blood transfusion to the patient. /He is ill and receiving a blood transfusion. )

(2) visiting patients. The man you visited is a patient. The man who visited you is a patient. )

We urgently need imported products. We urgently need imported products. /We urgently need to import products from abroad. )

Some sentences that are not ambiguous to people will be considered ambiguous by the computer. For example:

He was called by the police to pay a fine of one hundred yuan.

He was called by the police to write a check. Sentences A and B have different structures in people's eyes. The prepositional structure of sentence A is "managed by the police" until the end. He was called by the police and fined 100 yuan by the police. But the prepositional structure of sentence B is "called by the police", not "wrote a check". However, the computer can't tell clearly. In order to make the computer distinguish clearly, we have to describe the jurisdiction, conditions and rules of the following verb words completely and accurately by PP in the structure of "PP+VPI+VP2" (PP stands for prepositional structure, VP 1 and VP2 stand for adjacent different verb words), formalize them and "hand them over" to the computer. This phenomenon and law have never been considered before, let alone studied.

In fact, there are ambiguity problems in the above examples, so it can also be said that the core problem to be solved in sentence processing is ambiguity.

The study of Chinese information "sentence processing" began in 1980s, and the earliest study of "sentence processing" was based on rules. However, in the early 1990s, the study of rule-based sentence processing encountered many difficulties, mainly because the language rules provided by linguists were far from meeting the needs of information processing. At present, in order to solve the problem of "sentence processing" in Chinese information processing, there is a situation of competing for research and development. As for sentence processing, various strategies and methods are summarized. There are two main strategies: rule-based and statistical. Rule-based researchers generally seek the rational knowledge of experts, and people abstract language knowledge; Statisticians generally turn to computers for statistical analysis of real texts of large-scale corpora, and computers abstract language knowledge. At present, it is difficult for us to say which is the only correct strategy and practice. On the surface, all kinds of strategies and methods are different, but in fact, they all need to rely on reliable Chinese knowledge to drive computers to correctly handle natural language (Chinese). Therefore, "whether it is the traditional rule-based processing strategy or the statistical method that has been in the ascendant since the 1990s, the demand for language knowledge is actually the same." . On the other hand, researchers who follow the rule route generally seek the rational knowledge of experts, and people abstract language knowledge (for example, in the form of rules with unity conditions). However, researchers who take the statistical route generally turn to computers for statistical analysis of large-scale corpora and abstract language knowledge (such as statistical results recorded in some data structure). The advantages and disadvantages of the two routes can not be generalized, but can only be evaluated by the actual effect in combination with the specific application objectives. "At present, more and more scholars advocate combining the two methods. Therefore, I believe that in the near future, we will overcome difficulties, achieve the goal of computer processing and understanding natural languages, and make Chinese information processing technology in the leading position in the world.

References:

1, Lan, Xing Xiangdong. Modern Chinese (II) [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2007, p. 48.

2. Kang: Modern Chinese Grammar Research for Information Processing [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2004, 177.

3. Lu Jianming: Modern Chinese Grammar Research Course (Third Edition), [M]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House. May 20051.

4. Zhan Weidong: Research on the structural rules of modern Chinese phrases for Chinese information processing [M]. Beijing Tsinghua University Press, February 2000.