How to solve the problem of reading scientific articles in senior three?

Well, good luck with the college entrance examination. Scientific articles, including natural science and social science articles, are general discussion articles in the syllabus. It often appears in the form of multiple-choice questions, which mainly examines students' understanding ability and analytical comprehensive ability. Mainly investigate the following three aspects.

1. Understand the key words in the text: important concepts, words with special meaning or deep meaning.

2. Screen and integrate the main information in the article: explain the main content, central meaning and information reflecting the author's point of view and the theme of the work.

3. Infer and imagine according to the content of the article: infer new knowledge, infer opinions and infer results.

Example Solution: Tianjin Volume in 2009

Residents' health has become a major social issue of concern to the international community and governments around the world. Implementing the social development strategy based on residents' health has become an important measure to promote the harmonious development of society. It can not only promote the participation of the whole society and the priority allocation of social resources, but also coordinate the responsibilities and development goals between the government and social departments, standardize the personal life behavior of residents, and fully reflect the complementarity with other social policies.

Based on the concept of personal health-healthy society-healthy city-healthy country, the strategic thinking of developing from "personal health" to "healthy country" is established, which not only constructs new social health values, but also clarifies the new direction of medical and health development based on the national level and innovates the traditional model of health reform and development. ②

The core of the national development strategy based on residents' health is to study the decisive factors affecting residents' health and the policies and environment needed to improve residents' health. ① This strategy is an inter-departmental development strategy related to various social policies, and it is also a development strategy that organically combines health determinants with related policies. It not only establishes a specific and clear index system, but also has more accurate and credible empirical data to support it, and has a complete evaluation and supervision index system, so that it can not only understand the actual process of the strategy in time, but also constantly correct the deviation in the process of strategy implementation.

According to the national conditions of each country, combined with the characteristics of its own medical and health service system and the actual situation of residents' health status, each country has its own characteristics. At the same time, the strategic planning of "healthy countries" in various countries is a gradual development process, generally taking 10 as a stage.

"Healthy country" strategy is a development strategy with a solid scientific background. Based on public health, epidemiology, clinical medicine, health economics and health policy, it conducts extensive research on residents' health problems and pays attention to the development strategy of residents' healthy development. Cooperation between different government departments and different disciplines is also a high-level social development strategy, which has full coordination potential.

5. The following understanding of the development strategy of a "healthy country" is incorrect.

A. The core of the development strategy of "healthy country" is to study the determinants affecting residents' health and the policies and environment needed to improve residents' health.

The development strategy of "healthy country" constructs new social health values and is a breakthrough to the traditional health reform and development model.

C. The development strategy of "healthy country" is to develop in stages and gradually improve according to the characteristics of medical and health service systems in their respective countries.

D. The development strategy of "healthy country" is a strategy to solve the residents' health problems concerned by the international community and governments at present.

Analysis and choice D. This question examines and understands the meaning of key words in the text. Among them, ABC is based on its understanding of the word, which corresponds to the underlined part of the text, while option D belongs to none.

6. The following understanding of the relevant contents of this article is correct.

A. Standardizing residents' personal life behavior can build the concept of personal health-healthy community-healthy city-healthy village.

B. By studying the health status of residents, we can know the actual process of the development strategy of "healthy country" in time and constantly correct the deviation in the implementation of the strategy.

C. Implementing the development strategy of "healthy villages" based on residents' health requires the coordination of various departments, relevant policies and related disciplines.

D All countries are implementing the "healthy country" strategic plan, with 10 as a development stage.

Analytical choice C. This question examines the candidates' ability to screen and integrate text information, and summarizes and analyzes the main contents of the article. The individual life behavior stipulated in item A has nothing to do with the concept of building personal health-healthy community-healthy city-healthy village. In option B, the "healthy village" development strategy based on residents' health can not only know the actual process of the strategy in time, but also constantly correct the deviation during the implementation of the strategy, instead of studying the health status of residents. Item D is too absolute, which means that the strategic planning of "healthy countries" in various countries is a phased and gradual development process, generally taking 10 as a stage.

According to the information provided in this paper, one of the following inferences is unreasonable.

A, the social development strategy based on residents' health requires that the development direction of the national medical and health system be considered from the personal level.

B. Building a "healthy country" is a systematic project, a step-by-step and continuous improvement development process, and it will not happen overnight.

C. Implementing the social development strategy based on residents' health is conducive to improving the health awareness of the whole society and rationally utilizing social resources.

D. We must implement the development strategy of "healthy villages" with China characteristics according to the national conditions and proceeding from reality.

Analysis and choice A. Examine the examinee's understanding of the article, so as to infer and imagine. The article means that the strategic planning of "healthy countries" in various countries is a phased and gradual development process, generally taking 10 as a stage. Similar to item B, it means that the implementation of social development strategy based on residents' health can not only promote the participation of the whole society, but also give priority to the allocation of social resources. It is also said that the strategic idea of developing from "personal health" to "healthy country" has been established, which not only constructs a new concept of social health value, but also has the same meaning as option C. It is said that each country has its own characteristics in formulating strategies according to its own national conditions, combining the characteristics of its own medical and health service system and the actual situation of residents' health status. Like option d, option a has no basis in the text.

Method guide:

Social science reading is a common test item in the college entrance examination, which mainly examines students' understanding ability and analytical comprehensive ability. Because it often appears in the form of objective questions, the purpose of answering questions can be achieved by choosing the right one. The college entrance examination time is limited. In order to finish these questions quickly and accurately, we can start from the following three aspects. "Read quickly, look carefully and distinguish carefully."

"Fast reading" means browsing the article quickly and grasping the article macroscopically. Understand the general idea and overall structure of the article. Generally speaking, twelve of the three multiple-choice questions in the discussion class have certain basis in the text (or are processed and sorted out from the original text), and the purpose of fast reading is to know the general orientation of the options in the text. "Careful investigation" is to find out the knowledge involved in these twelve options from the original text. That is to find the corresponding information carrier for these twelve options (it may be a sentence in the text, or it may be a combination of several clauses in a paragraph or even several paragraphs). In order to improve the correct rate of doing the questions, you can mark the relevant knowledge from the text with a pen in the process of searching. There are always some options in the test questions that are inconsistent with the original content, which intentionally interfere with the examinee's thinking and achieve the purpose of misleading and confusing the examinee. And "careful identification" is the difference between the analysis options and the original text. Pay attention to the difference between the two meanings and eliminate them accurately. According to the way to analyze and distinguish, such as:

Regarding the understanding of important concepts and the screening of the main information in this paper, we should distinguish and analyze them from the following two aspects. At first glance, the options have nothing to do with the topic. The four options given in some questions can be found in the text, so it depends on whether the above options are related to the stem of the question, that is, whether there is a question and answer. Second, look at the relationship between the two clauses in the option. The options set in some topics are composed of several sentences in the text, that is, several clauses in the text are combined into one option. At this time, we should pay attention to the relationship between some sentences in the options. Pay special attention to whether there is a causal, progressive and turning relationship. Pay special attention to the words "so" and "so" appearing in the options.

Regarding the content of the text, we should analyze and distinguish the differences from the original text from the details. Pay special attention to the difference between the keywords in the options and the original text. Whether the words "Add", "Delete" and "Change" appear. Analyze and identify the differences between added, deleted, changed (or replaced) words and their original meanings. If you change your original intention, it is the wrong option.

Of course, sometimes there are some options that questioners randomly add in the reading of scientific articles, deliberately confusing candidates. That is, some options have never been involved in the text, so whether these options are correct or not, candidates should use exclusion method to exclude them.

"Fast reading, careful search, careful identification", fast reading is the foundation. Only when you have a general understanding of the article can you accurately find the contents involved in the options. Careful search is the key. If something is missing or wrong, it is difficult to get the topic right. Careful identification is the key. Only by identifying the differences with the original text can we achieve the purpose of correct answer.

Training: Shandong Volume in 2009

Textual research on "broken bridge"

Hu Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem, "When the bridge is broken, the barren moss closes, and the empty courtyard is full of flowers", which is considered to be the earliest document record of the "broken bridge" of the ten scenic spots in the West Lake today.

Broken bridge belongs to Baodufang, which was renamed Baodu Bridge in Xianchun period of Southern Song Dynasty. Because of the continuous "broken bridge", there is also a saying that the homophonic "broken bridge" is interpreted as "Duanjia Bridge". For example, Zhou Mi said "Duanjia Bridge" under "Broken Bridge" in the fifth volume of Old Wulin. However, due to the failure to reach a consensus on the constant issue of "broken bridge", people later gathered around the nominal issue of "broken bridge".

Looking through the classics, in addition to the broken bridge in the West Lake, there are several cases in the poem that say "the bridge is broken constantly". For example, Zhao Jin Bingwen's poem "The Return of the Tomb" said: "After crossing the broken bridge, the road was dark and suddenly I came to the village in the movie." Shao Ming's poem "Broken Bridge" said: "I have never heard the name of broken bridge." Looking at the poem "Four Odes to the South Building", Qing Gu said, "If the bridge is broken in front of the door, people will have no money for ten days." It can be seen that "continuous' broken bridge'" was relatively common in ancient times and was not unique to Hangzhou West Lake.

However, since the bridge continues, why is it called "broken bridge"? According to textual research, the "broken bridge" here is actually a "hairpin bridge", which is a kind of bridge accompanied by crab fishing, mainly used to assist crab fishing. At the turn of autumn and winter every year, crabs will breed and migrate to the shallows at the junction of rivers and seas, and fishermen will use this living habit of crabs for fishing. They put "sticks" made of Artemisia selengensis and bamboo poles into the river to block the way for crabs to travel downstream, and then crabs will climb up along the sticks to cross the downstream, and fishermen will catch them on the bridge beside the sticks (of course, some people row boats to catch crabs or collect cages). This method of catching crabs is especially common in Jiangnan. In Lu You's Journey to Jishan, "every village is a crab, and there are fish beams everywhere" (the word "crab" can also be used as "fat"). Li Ren, a talented girl in Haiyan, wrote a poem from Wuyuan to Meili, which was recorded in Fan's Continued Notes on Two Zhejiang Provinces: "The original boat moved to the sun and leaned against Chi Pan. I was glad to see the heart of the bridge, so I quickly put away my sail feet and went to Nong's house. " The "fat bridge" here refers to the bridge related to the placement of fish fat and crab fat, which still exists in some areas. However, because too many fish or crabs were placed, it had a great impact on the water flow in rivers and lakes, and the ancient government had already restricted it. Since modern times, with the rise of artificial breeding, this method of catching crabs has been gradually eliminated.

Hangzhou West Lake is the drainage lake of Qiantang River. Before the mid-Tang Dynasty, the water in Qiantang River and West Lake was connected together, and the water in the lake was diverted by isolated mountains, and the sediment carried gradually formed the "Bai Causeway". Two streams flowing through Gushan meet at the southern end of Baoshi Mountain, and "Bai Causeway" becomes a natural "fish beam". Fishermen set up a raft to catch crabs at the eastern end of Bai Causeway, and built a bridge according to the raft, which is convenient for catching fish and crabs and the traffic to the lonely mountain. It is also reasonable that this kind of bridge is called a raft bridge. The word "Baqiao" was written in Zhang Hu's poems, because the word "Baqiao" may not have been produced at that time, or it may be rarely used. After the Five Dynasties, especially after the seawall was built by King Qian Mu of wuyue, the phenomenon of fish and crabs migrating through the West Lake in Qiantang River disappeared, and fishermen gradually stopped using rafts to catch fish and crabs. With the development of Hangzhou capital culture and the promotion of the tourism image of West Lake, "Broken Bridge" has lost its original meaning of catching fish and crabs. However, due to the praise of literati works and word of mouth among the people, the name "Broken Bridge" has been used to this day.

(Excerpted from Guan Changlong's Broken Bridge Test, with changes)

[Note] ① Lejin: A halter with a gold-decorated chewing ring, which refers to the rider here.

1. Among the following options, the description of "bridge" is incorrect.

A. "Hairpin Bridge" is a kind of bridge accompanied by fishermen weaving hairpins for catching shrimp with Artemisia and bamboo poles.

The main function of hairpin bridge is to facilitate fishermen to catch fish and crabs with chopsticks.

The "hairpin bridge" at the eastern end of "Bai Causeway", today's West Lake Broken Bridge, was originally designed to facilitate fishermen's fishing and crab catching.

D the reason why "Chaitou Bridge" was written as "broken bridge" in Zhang Hu's poems is that the word "Chaitou Bridge" may not have been produced at that time, or it may be rarely used.

2. One of the reasons why the following methods do not belong to the phase-out of catching fish and crabs with chopsticks is that

A. The ancient government had restrictions on placing fish or crab sticks on rivers and lakes.

B. since modern times, artificial aquaculture has risen.

C. After five generations, the phenomenon that fish and crabs in Qiantang River returned through the West Lake disappeared.

D. the development of Hangzhou urban culture and the promotion of the tourism image of West Lake.

3. The following statements are inconsistent with the original intention.

A. The record of Hangzhou Gushan Temple written by Zhang Hu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest document to record the broken bridge of the West Lake.

B. The "Broken Bridge" of the Ten Scenes of the West Lake was also called Baodu Bridge in the Southern Song Dynasty, and it was also called "Duanjia Bridge" because of its homonym.

C. The third paragraph lists the poems of Zhao and others, explaining that in ancient times, in addition to the broken bridge of the West Lake, there were also "continuous broken bridges" in other places.

D. The fourth paragraph quotes the poem of Li Ren, a talented girl in Haiyan, explaining that it was very common to catch crabs with fish or crab pins in Jiangnan before modern times.

1, select c for analysis. The analysis options are different from the original text. In the original text, it is said that "bridges should be built on bamboo poles to facilitate crab fishing and isolated roads", which should have two main functions: one is crab fishing and the other is isolated roads.

2. analyze and choose D. Examine the ability to filter information. To solve this kind of problem, we must first make clear the relationship between options and questions. However, because too many fish or crabs were placed, it had a great impact on the flow of rivers and lakes, and the ancient government had already restricted them. In modern times, this method of catching crabs was gradually eliminated with the rise of artificial aquaculture "and the fifth paragraph" After the Five Dynasties, especially since Qian Liu, King of Wu Yue, built a seawall, the phenomenon of fish and crabs migrating to the West Lake of Qiantang River disappeared, and fishermen gradually stopped catching fish and crabs with chopsticks ". These contents are related to alternative answers a, b and c, while the content described in item d has nothing to do with the stem.

3. choose B. analyze and distinguish the difference between the original meaning and the original meaning. In the second paragraph of the original text, the homonym "broken bridge" is interpreted as "Duanjia Bridge", so the fundamental reason for being called Duanjia Bridge is "continuous broken bridge".