Dynasty ruins in Luoyang city

Luoyang in Xia Dynasty was called Zhuan Xu, and the site is in the east of Luoyang today. Erlitou Site is located in Erlitou Village of yanshi city and its surrounding areas. It is bordered by Guluo River in the south, Mangshan Mountain in the north and Yellow River in the back. It covers three natural villages, Erlitou, Gegrapple and Sijiaolou, covering an area of not less than 3 square kilometers. As a national key cultural relics protection unit, Erlitou site has important reference value for studying the origin of Chinese civilization, the rise of the country, the origin of cities, the construction of imperial capital and the customization of palaces, and is recognized by academic circles as one of the most striking ancient cultural sites in China.

The area of Miyagi confirmed by the excavation of Erlitou site is 6.5438+0.08 million square meters, the roads in the central area are criss-crossed, the base site of the palace wall is square, and the buildings are arranged in order, all of which indicate that Erlitou site is a large metropolis with careful planning and strict layout. The layout of Erlitou site initiated the architectural system of China capital, and pushed the discovery time of two-wheeled vehicles to the early Erlitou culture. The palace excavation of this site was rated as "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2004".

The age distribution is about BC 1750 to BC 1500 (BC 1730 to BC 1720). The excavation started at 1959, and the remains can be divided into four stages. There are palaces, residential areas, pottery workshops, bronze workshops, caves, tombs and other relics found in the site. A large number of stone tools, pottery, jade articles, bronzes, bone horns, mussels and other relics have been unearthed, among which bronze Jue is the earliest known bronze container in China. Erlitou site is the naming place of Erlitou culture, which was initially confirmed as the capital site in the middle and late summer. Main entrance: Xibo

Xibo, formerly known as Luoyang, also known as the founding capital of Bo and Shang Dynasties, is now the site of Xiyan Mall in yanshi city, Luoyang City, Henan Province. Shang Tang destroyed Xia Hou and built a new capital near Tiaozhan, called Xibo.

1984 In the summer, the archaeological team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered an early Shang Dynasty capital site in the west of Yanshi County, Henan Province, with a huge scale, and a ditch named "corpse town" happened to cross the city site. Through the study of archaeological excavations and ancient documents, it is preliminarily concluded that this ancient city site is "Xibo", the capital of Shang Tang. It is a state-level cultural relics protection unit. The site is adjacent to Mangshan Mountain in the north and Luohe River in the south, about 10 km away from Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, and about 6 km away from Erlitou site in Xiadu. Today, all the ruins of this ancient city are buried under the surface.

After 15 years of investigation and excavation, the proven city sites include big cities, small towns and Miyagi triple walls. The southwest sides of Dacheng City Wall are relatively straight, and the east of North City Wall is inclined to the southeast. In order to avoid a pond in the southeast of the city site, the wall south of the middle of the east wall is folded to the southwest, making the plane of the city site slightly knife-shaped. The longest north-south wall1700m, the widest east-west wall1200m, and the southern end is only 740m wide. There are 5 confirmed city gates; There are 1 block near the middle of the north slope, and there are 2 blocks in the corresponding parts of the east and west slopes.

The town is located in the southwest of a big city, with a length of 1 100 meters from north to south and a width of 740 meters from east to west. This wall is 6 ~ 7 meters wide. The south section of the south wall, the west wall and the east wall overlap with Dacheng wall, while the north section of the west wall, the north wall and most of the east wall are newly built. Miyagi is located in the south of the longitudinal axis of the town, covering an area of about 40,000 square meters, surrounded by a palace wall with a width of about 2 meters. Palace buildings are densely distributed in the south-central part of Miyagi. Palace buildings such as No.4, No.5, No.6, No.2 and No.7 have been excavated.

Luoyang Yanshi Mall was the earliest mall established in Xia Hou in Shang Dynasty, and the establishment of Mall Town was the symbol of the boundary between Xia and Shang Dynasties. The relevant state departments have invested in the construction of the mall ruins park here. Main terms: Cheng Zhou, Wang Cheng

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong built Luoyi. In 770 BC, Pingdong moved to the capital. The Spring and Autumn Period was called the King City. The city site is in the area of Wangcheng Park in the center of Luoyang today. According to the survey in 1954, the plane is rectangular, 2800 meters long from east to west and 3700 meters long from north to south, and the wall is rammed. Dongcheng Gate is called Dingmen, which is the gate where Jiuding moved in after the Yin Dynasty was destroyed. Main entrance: Luoyang Ancient City in Han and Wei Dynasties

Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, is the capital of Zhou, Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin and Northern Wei Dynasties in China. The existing sites are the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units announced by the State Council, one of the first batch of national key protection sites, and the world cultural heritage. The old city is located near Yanshi and Jin Meng, to the east of Luoyang 15km, in the center of Ilo Plain, with Mangshan in the north, Luoshui in the south, Hulao Pass in the east and Hanguguan in the west.

Luoyi was built in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and a city was built here, named Chengzhou. Because the city is in the north of Luoshui, it was called Luoyang in the Warring States Period. Sanchuan county, Qin and Wei. Liu Bangchu was here in the Western Han Dynasty and later moved to Guanzhong. In the first year of Jianwu (AD 25), Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty established the capital here and changed Luoyang to Luoyang. Later the capital of Cao Wei was changed to Luoyang. This is also the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty. In the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (494), he moved the capital from Pingcheng to this place. In the first year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (605), Yang Di built its capital in Luoyang, and the ancient city was in ruins. Because this place was the most prosperous during the Han and Wei Dynasties, it was called the old city of Luoyang during the Han and Wei Dynasties.

Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, continued to be used for nearly 1600 years. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and other dynasties successively made it the capital, and it has a history of more than 540 years. During the Zhou, Han, Jin and Wei Dynasties, he met with more than 40 emperors, which was an important period for China to change from ancient times to medieval times. The Roman Empire had only four contacts with ancient China, three of which came to Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties. This city witnessed the beginning of cultural exchanges between China and the West, and it was also the first time that the Silk Road extended to Europe. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the writer Sima Guang once said when passing through the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties: "If you ask about the rise and fall of ancient and modern times, please only look at Luoyang City." Almost sighed.

Luoyang City in Han and Jin Dynasties

It was expanded on the basis of Zhoucheng, which was built by the Duke of Zhou. The Qin, Western Han and Xin Mang all built palaces here. In the first year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25), Emperor Guangwu also established his capital here. After 165, he became the eleventh emperor. In the first year of Chuping (190), Dong Zhuo and Xian Di marched westward, and the houses of Luoyang Palace and Temple were burned down. In the first year of Huang Chu in Cao Wei (220), the capital of the old city of the Eastern Han Dynasty was established, and the Western Jin Dynasty was also here. After the Yongjia Rebellion, Luoyang was once again destroyed by soldiers. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang in the 19th year (495), he carried out a large-scale transformation and expansion of the old city of Han and Wei Dynasties. By the time he arrived in Xuan Wudi, the magnificent northern Wei Luoyang City had been built. In the first year of Tian Ping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534), he moved the capital to Yecheng and demolished Luoyang Palace. In the first year of Yuanxiang (538), the battle between Mangshan Mountain in the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties turned Luoyang into ruins in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The site of Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties is located in the east of Luoyang 15km. From 65438 to 0962, carry out investigation and excavation. The plane of Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties is almost rectangular, about nine miles from north to south and six miles from east to west, commonly known as "96 City". The east, west and north walls still exist, and the south wall was destroyed by Luoshui. The circumference is about 13km. * * * City Gate 12, three in the east, three in the west, two in the north and four in the south. The main streets in the city are criss-crossed, with 24 sections and widths ranging from 20 to 40 meters, all of which are parallel. Officials and ministers take the middle road, while ordinary pedestrians take the left and right roads. There are two palaces in the city, north and south, and there are many roads connecting them. The Nangong was founded in the Qin Dynasty, which was the place where the courtiers of the Eastern Han Dynasty deliberated. The plane is rectangular, and five halls, Fei, Chongde, Sino-German, Long Live the Millennium and Pingshuo, are arranged on the central axis. Gong Bei was built in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is bigger than the Nangong where the emperors' concubines lived. Deyang Hall in the palace is magnificent and can hold 10,000 people. Taicang and Arsenal are built in the northeast corner of the city. There is a gold market in the northwest of Nangong, heather in the south and horse market in the east. South of the city are Tang Ming, Biyong, Lingtai and imperial academy. Cao Weishi built three small towns in the northwest corner of Luoyang, named "Jin Yong", which were connected by doorways. In order to strengthen the defense, the west and north walls of Luoyang City and the outside of Jinyong City have built horse faces. Jinyong City is the commanding height of the military. The Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty became a battleground for both warring parties.

Luoyang City in Northern Wei Dynasty

After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, Cheng Mingmen was opened on the west wall of Luoyang south of Jin Yong, and the Nangong was cancelled since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and the palaces were concentrated in the middle of the north of the city. Miyagi in the Northern Wei Dynasty is in the west of the north of the city, with a rectangular plane. The main hall Tai Chi Hall is located in the middle of Miyagi. There are local offices in Taicang and Luoyang in the east of Gongcheng, and stables, armories and temples in the west. The south gate of Miyagi is facing Tongtuo Street, the north-south main road. The offices of the state, ancestral temple and central government are distributed on both sides of the street, and the famous Yongning Temple (see the former site of Yongning Temple) is on the west side of the street. In the second year of Jingming (50 1), Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties was taken as the inner city, and a huge outer Guo Cheng was built.

Guo Cheng is divided into 320 squares. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luoyang City was rebuilt by the Northern Wei Dynasty, only as its inner city, and Guo Cheng was also built on its periphery. There are 320 square Li Fang in Guo Cheng. There is a wall around the square, and a door is opened on both sides. The inner door is opened and closed regularly every day, which has the nature of military control. In Guo Cheng, there are big cities, small cities and stone cities. In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism flourished, and there were 1367 temples in Luoyang, facing each other. Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty was the first capital in the history of China to allocate residents Li Fang on a large scale, which changed the tradition that the palace area occupied the main space of the capital since the Han Dynasty and had a far-reaching impact on the capital system of the Northern Qi, Sui and Tang Dynasties. Main entrance: Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties

Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties In the first year of Sui Daye (605), Luoyang City was built in the east, Mangshan Mountain in the north, Yikekou in the south, and Luoshui ran through it. In the second year of Tang Wude (6 19), Wang abandoned Sui and became emperor in Luoyang. In the fourth year of Wude, the king destroyed Luoyang Palace Que and abolished the capital of Sui East. In 657, Du Dong was restored. Wu Zetian changed her name to Shen Du in the first year of Guangzhai (684), and became Shen Du in the first year of Tiancai (690). In the first year of Shenlong (705), Tang Zhongzong was restored and renamed the East Capital. During the Anshi Rebellion, An Lushan and Shi Siming proclaimed themselves emperors in Luoyang successively. During the war, the palace was burned down and all the houses were empty. Three years later (903), Zhao Zong moved the capital to Luoyang and restored the Guo Cheng Palace. During the Five Dynasties, the Liang, Tang and Jin Dynasties took Luoyang as their capital and continued to use the city. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, nomadic people marched south and Luoyang City was destroyed by war. The site of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was excavated in Luoyang City and its suburbs from 1954. The plane of Guo Cheng is approximately rectangular, with a circumference of about 28km. There are eight doors, three in the east, three in the south, two in the north and not in the west. Miyagi is located in the northwest corner of the country, and its plane is approximately rectangular. The city wall is rammed, with bricks inside and outside. A large area of rammed earth foundation was found in the city, and the remains of Wu Zetian Tang Ming were excavated. The East Palace is to the east of Miyagi. The Imperial City is built around the east, west, south and east of Miyagi. In the north of Miyagi, there are Obsidian and Bi Yuancheng. To the east of the imperial city is Dongcheng, and to the north of Dongcheng is Jiacang City, which stores grain.

Guo Cheng is divided into several square or rectangular lanes by vertically intersecting roads. Dingding Gate Street at the main entrance of Beitong Huangcheng is 12 1 m wide, which is the widest street in the city. Other streets connecting the city gate are 4 1 ~ 59 meters wide. The inner lane has square walls and doors on all sides, and there is a cross street inside. According to research, there are 28 workshops and 1 town in the north of Luoshui, 8 1 workshop and 2 towns in the south of Luoshui, and * * * 109 workshops and 3 towns. The changes of Luoyang's industrial and commercial district in Sui and Tang Dynasties: Fengdu City in Sui Dynasty to Mingchan City in Tang Dynasty; Tong Yuan was named North City, and Datong was named West City. In the Sui Dynasty, the West Garden was built in the west of the country, and in the Tang Dynasty, the Yang Palace was built in the east of the Forbidden Garden and southwest of the Imperial City. In the later years of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, it was a place to listen to politics.

Dingding Gate Site

The excavation of Dingdingmen Site in Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties ended. According to the person in charge of Luoyang Tang Cheng Team of Archaeological Research Institute who participated in the excavation work, Dingdingmen in Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties is the longest existing ancient city gate in China. Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was built in the first year of Sui Daye (AD 605) and continued to be the capital in Tang Dynasty. From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, Luoyang City was once used as the capital, called Xijing or Luo Jing. From the Sui Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, the layout of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties has not changed fundamentally. It is mainly composed of Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng, with Tintin Gate as the main entrance to Outer Guo Cheng.

According to historical records, in the first month of the second year of Sui Daye (AD 606), the Dingding Gate was officially opened. Later, this gate was successively designated as the main gate of Guo Cheng by the Tang Dynasty, Hou Liang, the Later Tang Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, and served as the southern gate of Guo Cheng for 530 years.

This record was confirmed by this archaeological excavation. According to the excavation, the architecture of Dingdingmen Gate can be divided into five to six periods, the earliest being the architecture of Sui Dynasty, and the latest being the late Northern Song Dynasty, which indicates that Dingdingmen Gate has been used for 530 years from Sui Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty. The Dingdingmen site has a total excavation area of 7,000 square meters, which consists of rectangular piers, three doorways, east-west flying corridors, east-west pavilions, and left and right roads. The East-West Flying Gallery and the East-West Que are located on both sides of the pier, which are parallel and symmetrical to the pier. This kind of gate que has only been found in the Dingdingmen site before, but has not been found in other parts of China.

Under the condition of ensuring the safety of cultural relics, Luoyang will display the original site of Dingdingmen according to historical records and archaeological excavations, and reproduce the magnificent momentum of Dingdingmen in its heyday.

Tang Ming website

Main entrance: Tang Ming.

Now there is no trace on the surface of Tang Ming site. Cheng Tang team of Luoyang Institute of Archaeology, China Academy of Social Sciences cooperated with the capital construction project of Luoyang Bus Company from February 1986 to 10, and found the site of Wu Zetian Tang Ming at the northeast corner where Zhongzhou Road intersects Dingding Road. According to archaeological exploration, Tang Ming is 400 meters long from north to south and 396 meters wide from east to west, surrounded by city walls and ditches outside the city walls. Its main architectural site is a circular rammer platform with a diameter of more than 60 meters and a rammed soil thickness of 2.5 meters.

Paradise ruins

Main entrance: heaven

Paradise site is located at the northwest of Tang Ming site 155 meters, and on the west side of Miyagi axis area. It is a kind of building foundation, with a five-fold circular bearing foundation on the square abutment, and its shape is very unique. This is a Buddhist temple building built by Wu Zetian and ordered Xue Huaiyi to store Buddha statues.

Paradise ruins can be divided into five periods, of which the first period (Sui to early Tang), the third period (middle and late Tang), the fourth period (late Tang and Five Dynasties) and the fifth period (Northern Song Dynasty) are composed of east-west cloisters, east-west canals and partitions, and only the second period (Wu and Zhou Dynasties) is a paradise ruins with a large building base.

The base address of the park is only Tai Ji, which is connected with Gongcheng West Corridor in the east, East-West Corridor House in the north, and brick apron and 4.33m wide East-West Corridor in the west, which are connected with other buildings. The abutment is slightly square, 77.7m wide from north to south and 69.15m wide from east to west. In the center of the abutment is a stone circular pit, and there are two columns outside, a rammed earth foundation and a gravel building foundation. The cornerstone of the column has two circles, the inner circle 12 and the outer circle 20. The cornerstone consists of four bluestones, a layer of rammed earth and a layer of cornerstone. The rammed earth foundation is 5.35 meters wide in one week, and it is directly hit on the raw soil. Gravel foundation is an annular belt-shaped building foundation composed of residual stones, with a width of about 0.5 meters.

In the first year of Jin Zhengda in Jin Dynasty (1224), a new city was built on the old site of Luoyang East in Sui and Tang Dynasties, with Luoyang as the capital, and the scale was only 1/20 of that of the capital of the East in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the sixth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1373), a brick city was built on the basis of Jinyuan City, and trenches were dug. Its plane is square, its side length is 1400 meters, and there are two doors on each side. This city is today's Luoyang Old Town.