What are the concepts of green consumption, low-carbon life, low-carbon economy and circular economy? Give a few examples.

Five characteristics of China's circular economy legislation In the new century and new stage, China, under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, insists on vigorously developing circular economy and promotes sound and rapid economic and social development in China. However, China's circular economy is still in its infancy, and there are still many problems and obstacles in practice, which urgently need to be solved through legislation. As China is at different stages of social and economic development, it faces different environmental and sustainable development problems. On the one hand, we should sum up a lot of practical experience at home and abroad, on the other hand, we should organically combine the characteristics of the times, China characteristics, industry characteristics and our own specialties to form a distinctive circular economy legislation. This is a gas-steam combined cycle power generation project newly put into operation in May 2007 in Hangang. One of the characteristics: comprehensive management method. Foreign legislation on circular economy is mostly handled by economic specialized agencies, which often has a strong color of one-way law. In China, the Environmental Protection Committee of the National People's Congress took the lead in drafting the law in cooperation with NPC Law Committee, Finance and Economic Committee, Standing Committee Law Committee, National Development and Reform Commission and relevant departments of the State Environmental Protection Administration. This shows that China's circular economy law is not a single law, but a comprehensive management law involving many related departments. The purpose of legislation is to achieve "minimization of input, recycling of waste and environmental harmlessness", and to achieve the comprehensive purpose of maximizing economic, social and environmental benefits with the minimum development cost. Compared with the development of circular economic law in other countries, we can more clearly understand this remarkable feature of circular economic law in China. For example, Japan's circular economy legislation, from brewing, production to continuous improvement and perfection, has shown obvious environmental protection color. 1994, the Cabinet of Ministers of Japan formulated the Basic Environmental Plan, and proposed for the first time "to realize the economic and social system based on recycling". The white paper on the environment puts forward a new strategy of "building the country by environment", and puts environmental protection in an important position in the national strategy. Despite these efforts, the waste generated by production and consumption is still one of the main domestic problems facing Japan. Therefore, under the Basic Law on the Environment of 1996, Japan convened the "Environmental Protection Congress" in 2000. The Senate and the House of Representatives voted and revised the Law on Promoting the Effective Utilization of Resources and other laws and regulations, and successively promulgated and implemented eight special laws on waste disposal, effective utilization of resources, government green procurement and recycling of containers, household appliances, building materials, food and automobiles. Obviously, Japan's circular economy legislation originated from the waste problem, aiming at solving the environmental pollution problem and the environmental problems faced in the whole social development process. It is basically a law centered on environmental protection. The second feature: the whole process management method of reduction priority. Due to different stages of development, the legislation of circular economy in developed countries focuses on resource utilization and environmental protection. China's circular economy legislation follows the requirement that "reduction is the first law of circular economy" and emphasizes "reduction", thus ensuring the resource conservation of the development source, the multiple utilization of the development process and the comprehensive benefits of the development results. The legislation and practice of circular economy in Germany are widely praised in the world. This country is not rich in mineral resources. After a large number of industrialization, there are few non-renewable mineral resources left. At the same time, a large number of waste materials such as waste steel, used cars and waste household appliances are "piling up like mountains". This objectively requires the recycling of waste to reduce the cost of economic development. In addition, the increasing amount of garbage (including industrial and consumer garbage) brought by consumption has also become one of the biggest domestic environmental problems facing Germany. By the middle and late last century, Germany realized that simple garbage terminal treatment could not fundamentally solve the problem. Therefore, Germany promulgated the Circular Economy and Waste Management Law on 1996. The purpose of this law is to completely transform the garbage disposal system, establish a product responsibility (extension) system, and require that the garbage should be reduced as much as possible during the production and use of products, and be safely treated or reused after use. Therefore, Germany's circular economy legislation starts with the problem of garbage, focusing on "garbage economy" (3R and final safe disposal) and extending to the recycling of resources in production systems (enterprises). At present, China is in the stage of accelerated industrialization, which not only faces a lot of consumption waste caused by the increase of population and the improvement of living standards, but also faces resource and environmental problems such as extensive production and operation, low efficiency of resource and energy utilization and serious pollution discharge in the rapid economic growth. China's circular economy legislation will focus on solving the problems of high energy and material consumption, serious waste of resources and great potential for front-end reduction, so as to realize efficient and economical utilization of resources. To this end, China's circular economy legislation follows: the development of circular economy should be carried out under the conditions of technical feasibility, economic rationality and environmental friendliness, with reduction priority as the guiding ideology. Compared with the principle of reuse and resource priority, the principle of reduction priority includes all reduction activities in production, circulation and consumption. For example, there are not only some special provisions in principle for "reduction", but also specific requirements for "production process reduction" and "circulation consumption process reduction" respectively. At the same time, it is also proposed to realize "reuse and resource utilization" on the premise of "reduction" It can be said that this is a whole-process governance mode combining reduction priority with comprehensive utilization of resources. The third feature: it has an overall framework, but also highlights that China's circular economy law has a general comprehensive framework, and highlights major industrial industries and key enterprises, and strives to solve major problems affecting the development of China's circular economy. For example, considering that China is currently in the stage of accelerated industrialization, major industries such as steel, nonferrous metals, coal, electric power, petrochemical, chemical industry, building materials, construction, paper-making, textile and food have high resource consumption, low resource utilization efficiency and large pollutant emissions, among which large enterprises account for a large proportion of resource consumption. Grasping key enterprises in these key industries at present and in the future is equivalent to grasping resources. Therefore, China's circular economy law has specially set up a management system for key enterprises, clearly put forward mandatory requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction, and conducted regular audits. It can be seen that starting from reality, highlighting key points and solving major contradictions is one of the important guiding ideology of China's circular economy legislation. The fourth feature: the organic combination of legal texts and supporting regulations. China's circular economy law should not only be universally applicable to different parts of the country, but also cover the whole economic process from resource exploitation to final disposal of waste, and highlight key industries and enterprises. Therefore, while formulating the circular economy law, we will work with relevant departments to study and formulate supporting policies, regulations, norms, systems, standards and technical support systems to provide legal basis, technical guarantee and code of conduct for the scientific development of circular economy in China. At present, the supporting documents have been issued, including basic system 1 1, reduction of 24 items, reuse and resource 10 items, and incentive measures 16 items. Among them, there are more than 30 standards related to the duties of AQSIQ, which are matched with basic systems such as statistics and standards, mainly involving water saving, material saving, renewable resources, waste products and waste recycling. In the field of water saving alone, there are 10 supporting documents, such as General Rules for Equipment and Management of Water Metering Instruments for Water Users, Limits and Grades of Water Use Efficiency for Water Nozzles, etc. The evaluation index system of circular economy and its evaluation regulations, which are matched with the evaluation and assessment system, are being studied and formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission in conjunction with the Statistics Bureau, the State Environmental Protection Administration and other relevant departments. Many supporting laws, regulations, standards, plans and circular economy laws are implemented simultaneously, which ensures the seriousness and operability of legal provisions. The fifth feature: the institutional arrangement is perfect, and China's circular economy law has established eight basic systems for the healthy development of circular economy. First, establish a circular economy planning system, and define the specific requirements of government performance evaluation and measures to encourage, restrict or prohibit it. Second, establish the evaluation index system and assessment system of circular economy, and put an end to the practice of attaching importance to economic growth and neglecting resources and environmental protection in some places. Third, establish the standards, signs, signs and certification system of circular economy, and standardize the basis and means for the government to evaluate the development of circular economy. Fourth, establish an extended responsibility system with producers as the main body, and make it clear that producers should bear the responsibility of recycling, utilization and disposal of their waste products according to law. The fifth is to establish a quota management system for resource conservation and recycling of key enterprises, and strengthen supervision over enterprises with high energy consumption and high pollution in major industrial fields such as steel, nonferrous metals, coal, electric power, petroleum and petrochemical, chemicals, building materials, construction, paper-making, textiles and food. Sixth, improve the industrial policy system, standardize and guide the development of industries that meet the requirements of circular economy, and limit the development of industries with high consumption and high pollution. Seventh, establish a policy incentive system to mobilize the enthusiasm of all walks of life and encourage the development of circular economy. Eighth, establish relevant systems, clarify the responsibilities of the government, enterprises and the public, give full play to the leading role of the government, the main role of enterprises and the public's participation in all aspects of production, circulation and consumption, and form an overall joint force to promote the development of circular economy. The above-mentioned eight systems accurately grasp the essential requirements of developing circular economy in China, ensure clear rights and responsibilities, standardized behavior, strong supervision and efficient operation, embody the incentive and restraint mechanisms and measures, and provide institutional guarantee for circular economy to become a real economy ruled by law. Circular economy refers to transforming the traditional linear growth economy that relies on resource consumption into an economy that relies on ecological resource circulation in the whole process of resource input, enterprise production, product consumption and abandonment within the large system of people, natural resources and science and technology. Traditional economy is a one-way linear process of "resources-products-wastes". The more wealth is created, the more resources are consumed, the more waste is produced, and the greater the negative impact on environmental resources. Circular economy can obtain as many economic and social benefits as possible with as little resource consumption and environmental cost as possible, so as to coordinate the material circulation process between economic system and natural ecosystem and promote the sustainable utilization of resources. Therefore, circular economy is a fundamental change to the traditional economic model of "mass production, mass consumption and mass abandonment". Its basic characteristics are: in the process of resource exploitation, we should vigorously improve the comprehensive development and recycling utilization of resources. In the link of resource consumption, we should vigorously improve the efficiency of resource utilization. In the process of waste production, comprehensive utilization of resources should be vigorously carried out. In the production of renewable resources, we should vigorously recover and recycle all kinds of waste resources. In social consumption, we should vigorously promote green consumption. Circular economy is an economy in which materials flow in a closed loop, which is also called the ecological transformation of economy (or industry). That is to say, in the big system of people, natural resources and science and technology, in the whole process of natural resources investment, enterprise production, product consumption and its abandonment, the efficiency and benefit of resource utilization will be continuously improved, and the traditional development relying on resource consumption will be transformed into an economy relying on ecological resources recycling. )