19- Jacques Lacan.

Lacan was a French philosopher and the most influential psychoanalytic critic of Western literature.

His main contribution was to reinterpret the foundational concepts of Freudianism in terms of structuralist linguistic theory.

He reinterpreted the "unconscious".

1. Freud believed that the unconscious precedes language; Lacan believed that the unconscious is a product of language.

2. Freud believed that the unconscious is chaotic; Lacan believed that the unconscious has rules and structures like language.

3. Freud believed that the unconscious expresses content through compression and displacement; Lacan believed that the unconscious expresses content through metaphor and metonymy.

4. Freud believed that dreams are an instinctive impulse; Lacan believed that dreams are the result of the organization of desires by language, and that dreams have a sentence structure.

Reinterpretation of the Ego.

1. Lacan called the infant's subject-object indistinguishable state the "imaginative state". Later, by looking in the mirror, Lacan discovered the identity between the image in the mirror and himself, and then he realized his own existence, and the "ego" was established.

2. Lacan called the process of establishing the self the "mirror stage", after which the infant moves from the "imaginative state" to the "symbolic order", i.e., the structure of family and social relations.

3.

3. Lacan explains the process from a linguistic point of view: the infant is the "able to refer", the image in the mirror is the "referent", and the infant looks in the mirror to generate "meaning", so that the "self" is the "self" that is the "self" of the infant, and the "self" that is the "self" that is the "self" of the infant. The "self" is built in the process of identification with another complete object.

A structural psychoanalytic approach to textual interpretation.

1. While traditional psychoanalytic criticism focuses on the text and the writer, Lacan focuses on the text, the language, and the reader.

2. Use psychoanalytic principles to explain the difference between the way a text is structured and the way the writer, character, and reader's brain moves.