What does "object" mean? !

Title: Object Pinyin: duì xìang Basic Explanation: 1 [goal; Object]: Target 2. [Boyfriend or Girl Friend]: The other person in love is looking for someone 3. [Character]: The main object of a specific person or thing described in the novel or in reality: 1. It refers to something that is a goal in action or thinking. Zhao Shuli's Sleepless Hand: "Although the object of training is to produce new people, there are exceptions." 2. Especially people in love. Bing Xin's My Student: "She has many boyfriends, but she has never heard of one that is particularly good. You're right, she won't choose a partner among her classmates. She will definitely marry a diplomat. " Liu Shaotang's "Xiao He Cai Lou Jian Jiao": "A girl as beautiful as flowers and pure as jade, her mother is an old hand at matchmaking, but Hua has never found an object." 3. Northern dialect also refers to finding a spouse. A twisted melon is not sweet in the valley: "Let us grow up to be our own object." This paragraph refers to the relationship between men and women, and the name of the behavior of both parties in love is "talking about the object and dealing with the object" After marriage, if you call your family, it means your husband or wife. The world that people face in this period is edited. In the book Acceptance and Choice, China scholar Tang Zhen regards the object as a specific thing that surrounds people and is used by people to accept or choose. He put forward the theory of object sequence: the object world of an individual refers to the world around the individual from the date of its birth, which includes various factors supporting the existence of the individual and the development of the individual. Judging from the individual's living conditions, the individual's object world is what we usually call nature in a broad sense, and the unfolding form of this nature. The world develops from low level to high level, and what they present to individuals is a sequence of "primitive nature-humanized nature-active nature-virtual nature". Primitive Nature Primitive nature is the object world that individuals use to maintain themselves. Primitive nature is a field that human beings have never touched in generalized nature, or it will be the field that human beings will contact for the first time. Its originality lies in its freedom. It ignores his existence and is completely centered on freedom; Although it "moves by itself" in the form of mechanical, physical, chemical and advanced creatures, and changes in what we call "regularity", this change has nothing to do with the individual's will; It just keeps moving, splitting and emerging new unity. The new entity denies the old entity, and the purpose of the old entity is to constantly differentiate into "new". For many individuals, primitive nature is mysterious. It is a strange, ignorant, chaotic, unpredictable and uncontrollable object that individuals must face. What makes individuals feel most uneasy is that primitive nature ignores the existence of individuals. Primitive nature only emphasizes freedom and develops according to its own laws. In its natural world, there is no artificial or human movement. If there is, it is only the result of human choice, not the original intention. For example, the reason why the four ancient civilizations originated in the Yellow River Basin (ancient China), the Nile Basin (ancient Egypt), the Ganges Basin (ancient India) and the Two Rivers Basin (ancient Babylon) is not the result of primitive nature's transformation according to people's requirements. On the contrary, it is a limited nature that human beings chose to meet their own requirements in the nature of that era. Today's agricultural production is still deeply influenced by primitive nature. Although people have mastered some characteristics of primitive nature in scientific breeding, fertilization and irrigation, agricultural production is still facing primitive nature, and "relying on the sky to eat" is the unanimous view of people engaged in agricultural production. Humanization of nature, nature is the object world that individuals use to liberate themselves. Nature with human will as the transfer. Humanized nature is the direct result of individual's transformation of primitive nature, and it is a harmonious and unified state between primitive nature and individuals. When primitive nature is the unknown world of individuals, it is a kind of "difference" for individuals. If this "difference" has nothing to do with the individual, it will not become the object of the individual. But the fact is that there is always a part of primitive nature as the direct living environment of individuals. As far as this part of nature is concerned, it does not change the individual, and the individual will inevitably change it. There are often contradictions between the individual and the original nature: on the one hand, the orientation of the individual's own nature needs to be confirmed and a result needs to be obtained; On the other hand, nature develops according to its own laws, that is, according to my personal opinion, it is strange, chaotic, unpredictable and even frightening that he is there and not me. Obviously, individuals must curb this development trend and solve this contradiction. Otherwise, the individual will not be able to achieve real self-reliance and his own existence will be threatened. This is a reality that individuals have already felt without thinking. The direct way for individuals to solve this contradiction is to create humanized nature. Archaeological findings show that humans were the earliest hunters in the early Pleistocene of Oduwe. They use tools and make tools, largely to meet the needs of eating meat: hunting, cutting and scraping. Sickle, mill, stone mill, etc. It appeared in 9000 BC and was originally suitable for the labor needs of harvesting or processing wild plants. In view of the part of the original nature that needs to be changed urgently, the individual began to think hard. By 3000 BC, people had mastered the skills of using wind energy, and unicycles for production and life also appeared at this time. The early waterway trade prompted people to invent sailing boats. Later, the emergence of plough, irrigation technology and metallurgical technology made individuals begin to strengthen their confidence in living in peace with primitive nature. Since then, bronzes, ironware, wood products and porcelain; Plough, hand mill, steam engine, machine tool; Ships, cars, computers and robots are all created by human nature. Every time human beings change the primitive nature, they transform a part of the existence in nature into humanized nature. Dynamic nature (other) dynamic nature is the object world that individuals use to observe themselves. Others are personal active objects. From the perspective of the evolution and development of nature, others are the products of nature; Compared with other natural objects, others are a very special kind of nature. At least for now, others are the only, advanced and dynamic nature among natural species. -initiative (anti-subjectivity): others are kind to me, just like I see my greatness or smallness, beauty or ugliness, modesty or skew in the mirror, and others are my mirror. The difference between others and the mirror is that he actively reflects me and I directly become his object. In the form of object, others boarded the other end of the object relationship and achieved the status of subject. At the beginning of my relationship with someone else, I didn't shape him. He came from another world. The original object of others is composed of primitive nature and humanized nature. After interacting with primitive nature and humanized nature, others gradually mature and grow. Therefore, others come from his object, and he carries everything on his object (of course, he is still absorbing these things and taking them to the outside world). I have never seen this thing, which makes me feel very strange. In terms of content, this strange thing is not terrible, because I will meet them myself in primitive nature or humanized nature. What makes me nervous is that this strange content has taken the same form as mine, so I can't help but pay attention. Others and I are the same form, which is my intuitive feeling and is recognized without proof. The problem that others bring to me is that others are the only animals in the world that can become "groups" with me. However, can this animal stay with me? When we know the primitive nature and humanized nature, we can calmly form an object relationship with them. However, when we meet others, it is not up to me to decide whether to form an object relationship. At the same time, others are also considering this thorny problem. Behind this consideration, it shows that when we face others, we can't give full play to our subjectivity as when we face primitive nature. Because others are also examining and measuring me, he wants to be my experimental object. He and I can be subjects of each other because, in the same way, he has mastered the advanced nature of primitive nature and humanized nature, which is the sum of his primitive nature and humanized nature and a dynamic nature. -passivity: others are very different from me at the same time. This difference comes from the primitive nature and humanized nature we have. To what extent we form an object relationship with the latter, we constitute the differences between them. The dynamic side here refers to the side that we are higher than the low-level objects, but in the same kind, the characteristics of mutual subjectivity also bring another characteristic of mutual respect and mutual restriction: passivity. Here, people are subject to the regularity of primitive nature and humanized nature itself, which does not mean that people have lost their subjectivity. But between people, people give up their subjectivity just to respect each other's subjectivity. Here, people give up their subjectivity, that is, they exist for others, so they are passive. Obviously, the dynamic aspect of others is actually the aspect of others as the subject, and the aspect of others as the subject is actually the aspect that others have more summation characteristics than other nature, that is, the ability of others to grasp objects with consciousness. Others are enough to attract the attention of individuals and awaken the nature of individuals collectively. The reason why others are superior to other nature is that others have the characteristics of summation. Because of this general characteristic, others make individuals feel supernatural power to some extent, which comes from another person in the universe rather than any other species, so it is a force that individuals can't ignore. Individuals respect other people's choices and social norms because they have already felt the initiative of others in their hearts. The active other became the representative of his object world and came to me. When he associates with me, it is actually the object world behind him that associates with me. Therefore, others are the form of the object world behind him, and the object world behind him is his essential content. This is what we can understand: "It is not necessarily gold that shines". Virtual object Virtual object is an individual's reflection on his object world. Compared with entities, virtual things are problematic. Personally, the entity is real, so there is no need to doubt, while the virtual thing is more like an illusion. The main reason for this result lies in the dependence of the individual on his own senses when he knows the object, and in the fact that the sensory organs in the initial state of the individual are still in the priority position for the individual to observe the world. The more a person relies on the natural senses of the body to observe the world, the more he takes what he sees as real. Similarly, if he relies too much on his brain to observe the world, what he thinks rationally may be respected. Fictitiousness is a generalization of things different from entities in the form of individual's cognition of things, such as thoughts, imitation, artistic creation, religious activities and so on. The virtuality mentioned here is a virtual phenomenon that exists independently outside the entity and has no reality of the thing itself. For example, when memory acts on an individual, it is no longer the effect of the thing itself on the individual, but the effect of the attribute of the thing on the image in the brain. Another example is illusion, which is only the experience of the individual brain to similar feelings, rather than the direct feeling of the entity. Edit this paragraph. In computer language, an object is a thing, an entity, a noun, an available thing, and you can imagine anything with its own logo. An object is an instance of a class. Some objects are alive and some are dead. Including drawings of customer objects such as this car, this person, this house, this table, this plant, this check and this raincoat. To sum up, everything is an object. Object-oriented is a hot topic in the current computer field and the mainstream of software development methods in the 1990s. The concept and application of object-oriented have gone beyond the scope of programming and software development and expanded to a wider scope. Such as database system, interactive interface, application structure, application platform, distributed system, network management structure, CAD technology, artificial intelligence and other fields. In ASP dynamic web pages, an object is an abstract concept and an operated object. For example, in real life, computers are the objects we search for information. It has the characteristics of appearance, operating system and price, and is called attribute in the concept of things. Playing games, watching movies, looking for information and so on with this computer correspond to the methods in the object. In addition, motherboard, CPU, graphics card, keyboard and other components can all be called a collection of objects. In ASP dynamic web pages, objects have three characteristics: attributes, methods and collections. The basic concept of object-oriented (1) class is the abstraction of objects with the same or similar attributes. So the abstraction of an object is a class, and the concretization of a class is an object. It can also be said that an instance of a class is an object. Classes have attributes, and attributes are abstractions of object states. Data structures are used to describe the properties of classes. A class has an operation, which is an abstraction of the object behavior, and is described by the operation name and the method to realize the operation. (2) There are several classes in the class structure of the objective world, and there is a certain structural relationship between these classes. There are usually two main structural relationships, namely, general-concrete structural relationship and whole-part structural relationship. ① General-concrete structure is called classified structure, which can also be said as "or" relationship or "is a" relationship. ② The whole part structure is called assembly structure, and the relationship between them is an AND relationship or A has a relationship. (3) The object is anything that people want to study, from the simplest integer to the complex airplane, which can represent both concrete things and abstract rules, plans or events. (4) the state and behavior of the object The object has a state, and the object describes its state with data values. Objects also have operations to change the state of objects, and objects and their operations are the behaviors of objects. Object realizes the combination of data and operation, so that data and operation are encapsulated in the unity of object. (5) The communication structure between messages and method objects is called messages. In the operation of an object, when a message is sent to an object, the message contains information that the receiving object will perform some operation. Sending a message should at least include the name of the object receiving the message and the name of the message sent to the object (that is, the object name and the method name). Usually, it is necessary to explain parameters, which can be variable names known to the object that knows the message or global variable names known to all objects. Object-oriented characteristics (1) Uniqueness of objects Each object has its own unique identifier, and the corresponding object can be found through the identifier. In the whole life cycle of an object, its logo will not change, and different objects cannot have the same logo. (2) Classification refers to abstracting objects with consistent data structure (attributes) and behavior (operations) into classes. Class is such an abstraction, which reflects the important attributes related to the application and ignores other irrelevant contents. The division of any class is subjective, but it must be related to the specific application. (3) Inheritance is a mechanism that subclasses automatically enjoy the data structure and methods of the parent class, and it is a relationship between classes. When defining and implementing a class, you can do it on the basis of an existing class, take the content defined by this existing class as your own content, and add some new content. Inheritance is the most important feature that distinguishes object-oriented programming languages from other languages, which other languages do not have. In the class hierarchy, subclasses only inherit the data structures and methods of a parent class, which is called single inheritance. In the class hierarchy, subclasses inherit the data structures and methods of multiple parent classes, which is called multiple inheritance. In software development, class inheritance makes the established software open and extensible, which is an effective method of information organization and classification. It simplifies the workload of creating objects and classes and increases the repeatability of the code. By adopting inheritance, the hierarchical structure of class specification is provided. Through the inheritance of classes, we can share common characteristics and improve the reusability of software. (4) PolymorphismPolymorphism makes the same operation or function or process act on many types of objects and get different results. Different objects will produce different results when they receive the same message. This phenomenon is called polymorphism. Polymorphism allows each object to respond to the same message in its own way. Polymorphism enhances the flexibility and reusability of software. The abstraction of object-oriented elements (1) means emphasizing the essence and inherent attributes of entities. In system development, abstraction refers to the meaning and behavior of an object before deciding how to realize it. Using abstraction can avoid premature consideration of some details. Class realizes the abstraction of data (i.e. state) and behavior of an object. (2) Encapsulation (information hiding) encapsulation is the basis for ensuring excellent modularization of software components. The object-oriented class is a well-packaged module. The class definition clearly separates its description (external interface visible to users) from its implementation (internal implementation invisible to users), and its internal implementation provides protection according to the scope of its specific definition. An object is the most basic unit of encapsulation. Encapsulation prevents the influence of changes caused by program interdependence. Object-oriented packaging is clearer and more powerful than traditional language packaging. (3) The object-oriented technology of * * * enjoyment improves * * * enjoyment at different levels: ① * * in the same class enjoys the same data structure. These objects have a * * * sharing relationship in structure and behavior characteristics. (2) In the same application, * * * enjoys the class hierarchy of the same application, and there is inheritance of data structure and behavior in all similar subclasses with inheritance relationship, so that all similar subclasses * * * enjoy the same structure and behavior. Using inheritance to enjoy the code is also one of the main advantages of object-oriented. (3) Enjoying object-oriented in different applications not only enables information to be enjoyed in the same application, but also prepares the conditions for the reusable design of future goals. Through the mechanism and structure of class library, information sharing in different applications can be realized. (4) Object-oriented development methods that emphasize object structure rather than program structure. At present, the research on object-oriented development methods has become increasingly mature, and many object-oriented products have appeared in the world. Object-oriented development methods include Coad method, Booch method and OMT method. (1).Booch method Booch first describes the basic problems of object-oriented software development method, and points out that object-oriented development is a design method that is fundamentally different from traditional functional decomposition. Object-oriented software decomposition is closer to people's understanding of objective affairs, while functional decomposition can only be obtained through the transformation of problem space. (2) Coad method Coad method is an object-oriented development method proposed by Coad and Yourdon in 1989. The main advantage of this method is that through the organic combination of many years of large-scale system development experience and object-oriented concept, a set of systematic principles are put forward in the identification of objects, structures, attributes and operations. This method completes the further identification of classes and class hierarchies from the perspective of requirements. Although Coad method does not introduce the terms of class and class hierarchy, it actually embodies the characteristics of class and class hierarchy in the concepts of classification structure, attributes, operations and message association. (3).OMT method OMT method was put forward by James Rumbaugh and others in 199 1, and its classic work is Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. This method is a new object-oriented development method. The foundation of development work is to model the real-world objects, and then use analytical models to design these objects independently of the language. Object-oriented modeling and design promotes the understanding of requirements and helps to develop clearer and easier-to-maintain software systems. This method provides a practical and efficient guarantee for software development in most application fields, and strives to find a practical solution to the problem. (4) The field of UML (Unified Modeling Language) software engineering has made unprecedented progress from 1995 to 1997, and its achievements exceed the sum of the achievements in the field of software engineering in the past 15 years, among which the emergence of UML is one of the most important achievements. UML will become the dominant standard modeling language in the field of object-oriented technology. UML not only unified the representation methods of Booch method, OMT method and OOSE method, but also further developed them and finally unified them into a standard modeling language accepted by the public. UML is a well-defined, easy to express, powerful and universally applicable modeling language. It combines new ideas, methods and technologies in the field of software engineering. Its scope is not limited to supporting object-oriented analysis and design, but also supporting the whole process from requirement analysis to software development. Edit the basic information of the book with the same name in this section. Title: Author: Li Zhanhuai, Xu et al. Press: Tsinghua University Publishing House, June 2006 -0 1, ISBN: 9787302127819, price: 35 Introduction This book is based on the object-relational database management system Angel, which is completely developed from the bottom and is being deeply analyzed. As the first monograph in China that comprehensively, systematically and deeply discusses the design idea and implementation technology of object-relational database management system, this book realizes the organic integration of object-oriented technology and relational technology in the aspects of base class extension, support for complex objects, inheritance semantics and dynamic schema modification, reference semantics, active rules and security mechanism. Its content covers all aspects of object-relational system, such as data model, query algebra and query language. This book is rigorous in argumentation, novel in content, reasonable in structure and fluent in language. It can be used as a teaching material for database specialty courses for graduate students of computer science department, and also as a reference for database software personnel or university teachers.