The History of Television in China

History of the Development of Television Set

A few pioneers began to study the technology designed to transmit images at the end of the 19th century.In 1904, the Englishman Bellville and the German K?r?n invented the television technology of transmitting one photograph at a time electrically, and it took 10 minutes to transmit each photograph.In 1924, the British and German scientists succeeded in transmitting a still image by using mechanical scanning at the same time almost simultaneously. However, the distance and range of wired mechanical television transmission was very limited, and the images were quite coarse.

(1) In 1923, the Russian-American scientists Zvorikin applied to the photovoltaic tube, television transmitter and television receiver patents, he first used a comprehensive "electronic television" send and receive the system, become the pioneer of modern television technology. The application of electronic technology in television, so that television began to come out of the laboratory, into public life, in 1925, British scientists developed a successful television. 1928, the United States of America, New York, 31 radio stations carried out the world's first television broadcasting test, due to the CRT technology has not yet fully passed, the entire test lasted only 30 minutes, watching the television set is only more than a dozen, which declared the As a social public **** cause of the advent of the art of television, is an epoch-making event in the history of the development of television.

In 1929, the United States scientists Ives between New York and Washington, broadcast 50 lines of color television images, the invention of color television. 1933, Zwolikin and the successful development of television camera with the camera tube and picture tube. Completed the process of making television cameras and video completely electronic, so far, the modern television system is basically taking shape. Today's television cameras and television reception of the imaging principle and apparatus, is based on his invention to improve.

(2) the development of television art in the United Kingdom and the United States: the textbook emphasizes the 1930s to 1940s, the art of television in the United Kingdom and the United States has made great strides. It is suggested that teachers can just combine the textbook with appropriate additional information.

On November 2, 1936, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcast a sizable song and dance program and started the first two-hour daily television broadcast at Alexandra Palace outside London. There were only 200 television sets in London, but it marked the beginning of world television. Coverage of the Olympic Games in Berlin that year was a big debut for the young television industry. Four cameras were used to film the games. The most notable of these was the all-electronic camera. This machine is huge, its a 1.6-meter focal length lens weighs 45 kilograms, 2.2 meters long, was jokingly called the TV cannon. Thereafter, the rather expensive television began to gain popularity in upper-middle-class homes in the U.K. In 1937, when the company broadcast the coronation of King George V, there were already 50,000 viewers watching television in the U.K. In 1939, at the outbreak of the Second World War, about 20,000 British families owned a television set.

On April 30, 1939, the American Radio Corporation transmitted a television program of President Roosevelt's opening address at the World's Fair and a parade led by the mayor of New York City through a transmitter on the roof of the Empire State Building. Thousands of people crowded into department stores and lined up to watch this fresh spectacle. At the end of World War II, there were about 7,000 television sets in the United States. Other countries that started television before World War II included Germany, France and Italy.

(3) The popularization and application of television art: It is suggested that teachers grasp the material from the three aspects of the conditions, time and performance of the popularization of television art.

Contact with the results of the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution, combined with the overall teaching materials in this section pointed out the conditions for the popularization of the art of television: the progress of electronic technology and other aspects of the great changes in society and the new spiritual needs of mankind and the drive of commercial profits. Suggested that teachers from the development of television sets, television transmission, television production of three aspects to add, such as: television sets have experienced from black and white to color, from tube, transistor television rapid development to integrated circuit television, at present, the television is to intelligent, digital and multi-purpose towards; television transmission from the satellite transmission to the satellite live.

Performance: the textbook to the United States and China as an example to illustrate, first of all, after the Second World War, the United States television business development over the United Kingdom: from 1949 to 1951, the number of television sets from 1 million units jumped to more than 10 million units, in 1960 the United States as many as 780 television stations, television sets of nearly 30 million units, about 87% of the families have at least one television set. During the same period, there were only 1.9 million televisions in Britain, 30,000 in France, 20,000 in Canada, and 4,000 in Japan. at the end of 1993, 98 percent of U.S. households had at least one television set, 99 percent of which were color televisions.

In 1958, China's first black-and-white television set was born in Tianjin, the same year, began test broadcasting. At that time, there were only 50 black-and-white TV sets in the country. in 1971, 32 TV stations had been built in the country. at the beginning of the 21st century, the TV coverage rate in mainland China was as high as 94%.

The birth of television is one of the greatest inventions of mankind in the 20th century. In modern society, life without TV is no longer imaginable. Various models, various functions of black and white and color TV from an assembly line a steady flow into factories, schools, hospitals and homes around the world, is miraculously and rapidly changing people's lives. Television in all its forms and colors has brought people into a colorful and wonderful world.

Nipkov disc

Russian-German scientist Paul Nipkov was still in high school, very interested in electrical appliances. It was a time of rapid technological development in wired electricity. Electric lamps and streetcars replaced the old oil lamps, candles and horse-drawn carriages, telephones had appeared and were popularized, and undersea cables connected Europe and America, all of which brought great convenience to people's daily lives. Later he came to Berlin University to study physics. He began to envision whether electricity could be used to send images to distant places. He embarked on an unprecedented quest. After painstaking efforts, he realized that if the image was divided into individual points, it would be possible to transmit images of people or scenery to faraway places. Soon after, an instrument called the "television telescope" was introduced. It was a photomechanical scanning disc, which looked clumsy but was extremely original. on November 6, 1884, Nipkow declared his invention to the Royal Patent Office in Berlin. On the first page of his patent application he wrote: "The instrument described herein enables an object in place A to be seen in any place B." A year later, the patent was granted.

It was the first patent in the history of world television. The patent describes three basic elements of how television works: 1. breaking down the image into pixels and transmitting them one by one. 2. the transmission of the pixels line by line. 3. transmitting the process of motion with a picture in which many frames appear rapidly one by one, and in the eye this process merges into one. This is the basic principle on which all subsequent developments in television technology are based, and even today television still works according to these basic principles.

The word television was first used at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900. But mechanical television, in its simplest and most primitive form, did not appear until many years later.

Baird and Mechanical Television

By chance, British inventor John Baird came across information about the Nipkov disc. Nipkov's genius vision aroused his great interest. He immediately realized that what he wanted to do in the future was to invent the matter of television. So, he immediately got down to work. It was the persistent pursuit of the invention of television and great enthusiasm to support Baird, 1924, a cohesion of Baird's blood and sweat of the television set finally came out. Using the Nipkov principle, this television employed two Nipkov discs to transmit a cross silhouette picture for the first time at a distance of four feet apart.

Bell (1888-1946) British inventor who built a mechanical television system in 1926.

The Inventor of Television - Baird

One day in 1929, when Britons saw television images for the first time, they were all over the moon and running for cover. Baird (1888-1946), the inventor of television, was in their midst and shed tears of excitement.

Baird was born in England and grew up sickly, and was nearly killed by disease many times. However, his physical frailty honed his courage and perseverance in overcoming difficulties. After graduating from university, he worked in an electrical company. He was meticulous about his work, and in a very short time he repaired several almost obsolete machines, and was highly valued by the company.

A relentless illness caught up with him and he had to quit his job to recuperate, but one day in 1923, a friend told him, "Since Marconi was able to transmit and receive radio waves over long distances, it should be possible to transmit images as well." This greatly inspired him. Baird was determined to accomplish the task of "transmitting images by electricity". He sold what little he had, gathered a lot of information, and devoted all his time to the development of the television set, and finally, completed the design of the television set.

To turn the design drawings into a physical prototype is no easy task. A small room was both a bedroom and a studio. Although the disease tormented him, but he still worked tenaciously, often day and night, fighting through the night, eating bread when hungry, sleepy and clothes to sleep for a while, there is no money to buy experimental equipment to old tea boxes, old hat box cover, knitting needles and other substitutes.

After a long period of hard work and countless failures, Baird finally used electrical signals to move the human image on the screen. 1929, the British Broadcasting Corporation allowed Baird to carry out public **** television broadcasting business. 30 years later, Baird turned to the study of color television, and some achievements.

After constantly improving equipment and technology, Baird's television became better and better, and his reputation grew, causing a great sensation. The Baird Television Development Company was founded. With the continuous improvement of technology and equipment, the transmission distance of Baird's television has been greatly improved, and the first time on the TV screen color. Baird himself was honored by the British as the father of television.

Almost at the same time, the German scientists Carolus also in the development of television made remarkable achievements. 1942, Carolus team (including two scientists, a mechanic and a carpenter), built a device. This equipment with two 1-meter-diameter Nipkov disk as the two ends of the transmitter and receiver signals, each disk has 48 1.5 mm holes, capable of scanning 48 lines, with a synchronous motor to connect the two disks, synchronous rotation of 10 pictures per second, the image is projected onto another receiver. They called this machine the Big TV. The results of this Big TV were much clearer than Baird's TV. However, they never gave a public performance and thus their invention was little known. The fact that scientists from different countries made similar inventions almost at the same time is a good indication that the invention of mechanical television is not subject to the will of man, and it is a testimony to the creativity that mankind possesses in the face of nature.

In 1928, the "Fifth German Broadcasting Exposition" opened in Berlin. In this unprecedented exhibition, the most eye-catching new invention, the television set, was displayed as a public product for the first time. From then on, people's lives entered a magical world. However, it cannot be denied that the wired mechanical television had a very limited distance and range of transmission, and the images were quite coarse, making it practically impossible to reproduce a fine picture. Because only a few percent of the light can pass through the holes of the Nipkov disk, in order to get the ideal light, it is necessary to increase the holes, then, the picture will be very rough. To improve the clarity of the fine details of the image, you must increase the number of holes, but the holes become smaller, the light that can come through is also very small, the image will be blurred. This Achilles' heel of mechanical television plagued people. People tried to find a new way to improve the sensitivity and clarity of the TV at the same time. Thus electronic television was born.

Electronic television

In 1897, the German physicist Braun invented a cathode ray tube with a fluorescent screen. When a beam of electrons hit it, a bright light emitted from the fluorescent screen. At the time, Braun's assistant had proposed using the tube as a receiving tube for television, but the stubborn Braun thought it was impossible.

The first electronic television picture receiver, made in Germany in 1906.

In 1906, two of Braun's obsessive assistants actually built a picture receiver for image reproduction using this cathode ray tube. However, this device of theirs reproduced still pictures and should be considered a facsimile system rather than a television system.In 1907, the famous Russian inventor Rossin also tried to apply the Braun tube to television. He proposed a long-distance television system using a Nipkov disk for long-distance scanning and a cathode ray tube for reception. It is particularly noteworthy that Campbell Winston, a British electrical engineer, in his inaugural address as President of the London Society in 1911, had the incredible vision of proposing an improved device for what is now called the camera tube. He even described today's television technology almost flawlessly in one of his lectures. But at the time, the lack of amplifiers and a number of other technical limitations prevented this perfect vision from being realized.

Zvoregin, a Russian-American scientist, ushered in the era of electronic television. Zvorekin was an electrical engineer at the Technical Research Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia. As early as 1912, he began to study electronic camera technology. 1919 Zvorekin moved to the United States, entered the Westinghouse Electric Company. In 1924, Zworykin's research result, the electronic television model, appeared.

Zworykin (1889-1982) was an American inventor who invented the electronic television camera tube in 1923,

and the television picture tube in 1931.

Zworykin called the key part of the model photoelectric camera tube, that is, the television camera. Unfortunately, because the image was dull, almost like a shadow, in 1929 Zworykin was determined to introduce an improved model, the results are still not very satisfactory. The American company ARC finally invested 50 million dollars, and in 1931 Zworykin finally produced a more satisfactory camera tube. In the same year, a field test of a complete photoelectric camera tube system was carried out. In this experiment, an image consisting of 240 scanning lines was transmitted to a television set four miles away, and then use a mirror to reflect the image of the 9-inch tube in front of the television set, completing the process of making the television camera and video completely electronic.

With the application of electronic technology in television, television began to get out of the laboratory, into the public life, and become a real medium of information dissemination. The year 1936 saw a major development in the television industry. November 2 of this year, the BBC in the London suburbs of Alexandra Palace, broadcast a rather large-scale song and dance program. The program, which was broadcast entirely on an electronic television system, was a spectacular and impressive spectacle. The coverage of the Olympic Games held in Berlin in the same year was an even bigger debut for the young television business. Four cameras were used to film the games. The most striking of these was the all-electronic camera invented by Zolkin. The machine was so large that its 1.6-meter focal length lens weighed 45 kilograms and was 2.2 meters long, and was jokingly called the TV cannon. The image signals from the four cameras were transmitted by cable to the studios of the Reichs Post Center, where they were mixed and transmitted via a television tower. During the Olympic Games in Berlin, the games were broadcast on television for 8 hours a day, and more than 160,000 people watched the games on television. At that time, many people crowded in front of the small TV screen, excited to watch a thrilling game of moving scenes, so that people are more convinced: the television industry is a promising business, television is becoming a member of people's lives.

By 1939, there were about 20,000 households in the UK with television sets, and the Radio Corporation of America's television made its debut at the World's Fair in New York, where it began its first regular television program broadcasts, attracting thousands of curious viewers. The outbreak of World War II brought the fledgling television industry to a virtual standstill for 10 years. After the end of the war, the industry boomed again, and television quickly became popular; in 1946, the British Broadcasting Corporation resumed regular television programming, and the U.S. government lifted its ban on the manufacture of new televisions. In 1946, the British Broadcasting Corporation resumed regular television programs, and the U.S. government lifted the ban on the manufacture of new televisions, which made the television industry grow rapidly. In the United States, from 1949 to 1951, just three years, not only television programs have been broadcast in the country, the number of television sets also jumped from 1 million to more than 10 million, the establishment of hundreds of television stations. Humorous dramas, light songs and dances, cartoons, entertainment shows and Hollywood movies were often broadcast on television. The emergence of a thousand different television programs caused a strong reaction among the public. In a short time, the public abandoned other forms of entertainment and sat drunkenly in front of the television set in their living rooms, sharing the sorrows and joys of what was shown on the small screen. Television became more and more essential to people's lives.

The first black-and-white television was broadcast in the United States in 1946. Pictured here is a TV program recording scene in the 1950s.

The main members of the television family

Since the advent of all-electronic television, the television family has rapidly flourished. The number of televisions grew dramatically, their shapes became diverse, and their functions became more and more comprehensive. It is not an exaggeration to say that the dazzling new TV sets are in the overwhelming trend of a steady stream of people's lives. In this torrent of television sets, electronic video, satellite transmission, as well as a variety of new media is doubly favored by the people.

Electronic video -- Ginsberg and Anderson in 1956 designed and produced the Modoll VRllo video cassette recorder was introduced, so that the electric technology took a big step forward.

Previously, people produced television programs in two general ways. One was to use television film to capture the program, develop it, and then broadcast it through electronic scanning. One of the biggest drawbacks of this method is that it is not possible to broadcast live TV programs. The other is to broadcast the signal directly from a video camera. Although this satisfies the needs of those viewers who wish to witness the scene, it cannot be recorded and replayed and loses its historical value as a source. As you can see, the previous production methods had an insurmountable drawback. The emergence of the VCR completely changed this situation. With the videotape recorder, people can take the programs produced in New York to the whole world without any limitation of time and space, so that people can enjoy the same joy.

In 1972, Japan's Sony Corporation introduced a 3/4-inch cassette tape, which fundamentally changed the way television programs were made. This cassette looks ordinary, very small, it is the world's first professional color video projection system. To this day, video technology has developed like a spring. Black and white, color, lift type, cassette, a variety of models and functions of the video recorder to compete, the picture, sound, clarity is getting better and better.

Satellite communication--August 12, 1960, in a blaze of fire, another rocket rose into the air, sending a satellite for communication into the vastness of space. Although the satellite was a huge metal ball that could only be used to reflect radio signals, it pioneered satellite communications. With the successful launch of Messenger and Telstar 1 satellites into space and into Earth orbit, satellite communications entered a practical phase.

With the emergence of communication satellites, television spread faster. Through the live broadcast, a variety of world sports events and major scientific and technological information, in the blink of an eye spread throughout the world, the scope of television dissemination is more extensive. 1982 more than 140 countries, more than 10 billion people in the television to see the World Cup soccer matches, the number of people watching the game is unprecedented, the geographic boundaries of television dissemination has been narrowed. From 1965 to 1980, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)*** launched five international communications satellites, fully realizing global communications. It is no exaggeration to say that communication satellites have enhanced people's social interaction and mutual understanding. Under the light of communication satellites hanging high in space, the earth seems to have become smaller, and the era of the "global village" has come.

The emergence of new media -- home video, cable TV, satellite live TV, multifunctional TV and other new media, bringing a new trend in the development of television -- from the public **** media to the family media change.

Since the first 1/2-bandwidth home video recorders were introduced to the market in 1975, the home video business has developed with unstoppable momentum. With VCRs, people had more freedom to watch their favorite TV programs whenever and wherever they wanted, and were no longer constrained by TV schedules. When people are out of town and cannot see the program they want to watch, they can use the timing device of the VCR to record it for people to enjoy. VCRs can also be used to store information and guide learning. When people are interested, they can also use home video cameras to film their own outings, birthday parties and family holiday parties for future memories.

People always want to be able to easily see their favorite programs on TV and selectively watch certain programs. Catering to this mentality, cable television was born. In contrast to the popularization of television programs in the past, cable television has narrowed its delivery to provide special entertainment channels, children's channels, sports and news channels to meet the needs of some viewers.

Today, cable television is very developed. By 1980, the United States has nearly 10,000 cable television systems, cable television users nearly 5 million households, accounting for 52% of the total number of households. Cable television is entering into people's daily lives and becoming a strong competitor to wireless television.

Satellite live television - November 5, 1983, the United States USCI began the first satellite broadcast. The previous satellite transmission, to go through the ground reception, and then the signal transmitted by radio or cable. Live satellite television is different, as long as the same household home is equipped with a small parabolic antenna of about 1 meter in diameter and a tuner (used to decode the signal), you can directly receive the satellite's downlink signal. This is of great practical value in remote areas.

Multifunction TV - Since the 1st shade color TV was introduced in 1949, TV has gained amazing development in just a few decades. From electron tube TV, transistor TV quickly developed to integrated circuit TV. At present, along with the rapid progress of microelectronics and computer technology, TV is moving towards intelligent, multi-functional and multi-purpose.

Today's TV is not only used to watch TV programs, at the same time can be a home computer, video game consoles and can be pre-produced video tapes. People not only use the TV news, but also through the satellite and television for remote sensing type diagnosis, the use of home TV control home appliances, TV alarm, shopping, recording, learning and so on. In addition, stereo TV, super-large screen TV, high-definition TV, laser video disk, home database and so on are also constantly developing. In other words, the modern television has changed from a public **** medium viewing tool to the center of a home video system containing numerous information systems.

Color television was successfully piloted in 1954. The picture shows the modern television guide control center.

The invention of television has profoundly changed people's lives, not only does it make people's leisure time unprecedentedly full, but more importantly, it has increased the information dissemination space and the amount of information, so that the world began to become smaller. Nowadays, TV has become one of the most popular household appliances, and TV news, TV entertainment, TV advertisement, TV education and so on have formed a huge industry. As a great invention, television has brought a visual revolution to mankind.