China export product classification statistics, urgent! Under investigation.

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The website of the Ministry of Commerce has a database of import and export, and the data of main export mountains are published every month and can be consulted.

Analysis of Competition Trend in Domestic Printing Market

Printing is the cornerstone of information dissemination. Since the invention of printing in China, printing has been the main information dissemination tool for education, entertainment and business, and it has been inevitably integrated into all aspects of human life. Since 1990s, the third information dissemination revolution, marked by new electronic media, has directly competed with traditional print media in quantity and breadth. At the same time, the Asian financial crisis and global deflation at the end of the 20th century had a great impact on the printing industry. The overall profit margin of the printing industry declined and began to spread among industries. In recent 10 years, the average annual growth rate of China's total printing output value is as high as 17.66%, which is one of the fastest developing countries in the world. However, printing enterprises in China are faced with good market opportunities and the pressure of competitive impact from foreign printing enterprises.

According to Michael Porter's industrial competition theory, we can establish five competitive models of China printing industry.

The market share of large printing enterprises is 9%. 12% respectively. In 2004, Shenzhen Jinjia Color Printing Group Co., Ltd., the number one printing enterprise, earned only16.05 million yuan. In contrast, donnelly Company, the largest printing company in the United States, earned $8.205 billion in 2004, 42 times as much as Shenzhen Jinjia.

The domestic printing industry obviously presents the trend of block regionalization. Printing industry is a traditional urban industry, accompanied by the formation of three economic circles of urban agglomeration with industrial chain as the link. In recent years, three regional printing industrial belts are taking shape in China. The Pearl River Delta focusing on Guangdong and the Yangtze River Delta focusing on Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang have begun to take shape, and the printing industry in the Bohai Economic Zone focusing on Beijing and Tianjin is rapidly developing into a regional printing center (Figure 2).

There are many manufacturers in the domestic printing market and the competition is fierce. By the end of 2003, there were 92,389 domestic printing enterprises with nearly 3 million employees (see table 1). Foreign-funded printing enterprises are the dominant players in the printing market in China. In 2004, among the top printing enterprises in China 100, 55 foreign-funded enterprises occupied an absolute advantage. The traditional pattern that state-owned enterprises are the main force has been broken.

China's printing industry is a fragmented industry, with the top four and eight printing enterprises accounting for 2.90% and 4.76% respectively, while the top four in the United States and Figure 8 show the competitive pattern of China's printing market.

1. Pearl River Delta printing industry circle

The Pearl River Delta region, which is famous for its manufacturing industry, is the largest printing industry circle in China. In 2003, the annual output value of Guangdong printing industry reached 70 billion yuan, accounting for about one-third of the same industry in China, and it grew at the rate of 15%-20% per year. In addition, the output value of Hong Kong printing industry in the Greater Pearl River Delta has reached 654.38+000 billion yuan. There are 14400 printing enterprises in Guangdong province. In 2002, there were more than 1600 printing enterprises in the Pearl River Delta, printing printed products from more than 50 countries in the world, and the annual export value of overseas printed products was about 20 billion yuan. Based on the huge base and good development trend of the printing industry in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong and Hong Kong are working together to build an international printing center in the Greater Pearl River Delta and strive to develop into a world printing center.

2. Yangtze River Delta printing industry circle

The printing industry in the urban area of the Yangtze River Delta, with Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang as the focus, is also among the best in the country. Among the top printing enterprises in China 100, 33 enterprises have an annual output value of 8.7 billion yuan. Donnelly, the largest printing company in America, settled in Shanghai and put into production; Asian packaging center was built in Hangzhou: a number of time-honored state-owned enterprises such as Shanghai Printing (Group) Co., Ltd. regained their glory through restructuring and technological transformation; Jiangyin Unicom Industrial Co., Ltd. and other private enterprises are growing rapidly and ambitiously. A number of foreign-funded enterprises, such as Shanghai Zijiang Color Packaging Co., Ltd., have become the most competitive enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region because of their abundant funds, advanced technology and equipment and strict management.

3. Bohai Sea Printing Industry Circle

At present, the economic development of the Bohai Rim region lags behind the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta, and the printing industry is also relatively backward. Take publications as an example. There are more than 200 publishing houses in Beijing, accounting for one-third of the country, plus the sum of Shandong, Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei and other publishing provinces. The share of Bohai Rim in the national publishing market exceeds 40%. Unfortunately, such a huge publishing advantage has not been properly reflected in the printing industry. The ownership structure dominated by state-owned enterprises is still the characteristic of Beijing printing industry, and heavyweight foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises have not been formed. At present, Beijing has included packaging, performance, printing and distribution in the top ten key projects to upgrade and transform traditional industries in the city. It can be predicted that with the solid foundation of Beijing printing industry and the strength and potential advantages of the Bohai Rim region, the printing industry in this region will soon have new development.

The potential entrants to the printing industry are mainly foreign-funded printing enterprises and private printing enterprises.

1. Foreign printing enterprises

According to the Interim Provisions on the Establishment of Foreign-invested Printing Enterprises and the revised Regulations on the Administration of Printing Industry, foreign investors are allowed to set up Sino-foreign joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative printing enterprises, which speeds up the pace of international capital entering the printing industry in China through the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises engaged in all-printed packaging and printing business. At present, there are 265,438+000 foreign-invested printing enterprises in China, most of which are concentrated in coastal areas, and 900 in Guangdong. There are more than 200 (more than 20 wholly-owned enterprises) in Shanghai, with Hong Kong capital accounting for 90%. After joining W Quantity O, 98 foreign printing enterprises were newly approved in 2002 (1999-200/KLOC-0 only approved 43 enterprises in three years), with a total investment of 500 million US dollars. At present, foreign-funded enterprises have become the main force of printing in China. Many foreign printing media giants are spying on the printing market in China, such as Bertelsmann Group. It is expected that foreign-funded printing enterprises will become one of the most important competitiveness of China seal refreshing entrants.

2. Private printing enterprises

The number of private printing enterprises in China has reached 35,300, making it the second largest competitive force in the printing industry. It is expected that a large number of private capital will enter the printing market in recent years, which is restricted by its financial strength. Newly-entered private printing enterprises are mainly engaged in specialized processes and manual processing market segments.

The new entrants of foreign capital will mainly pose a threat in terms of scale, technology and market share, while private enterprises will mainly attack the existing market in the direction of price and low cost.

Since the invention of printing, there is no real substitute for printing. At present, the threat of printing substitution mainly comes from the rise of new media, such as online media, portable notebooks and personal channels (see Table 3). However, based on the deep-rooted reading habit of written information, it is difficult for new media to shake the position of print media in the field of information dissemination. The traditional print media continues to maintain the demand for printing, while the emerging media is eroding the traditional media market, and its growing advertising market will also drive the demand for printing.

Domestic printing customers are more sensitive to price than quality and brand. Customers usually resort to lowering prices or demanding higher quality or more services. In order to achieve this goal, they may let printing enterprises compete with each other, or they may not order products from any manufacturer. The following factors affect the bargaining power of printing enterprises to customers: first, bidding bargaining lowers prices through competition; Second, centralized bulk purchasing; The third is the specialization of purchasing personnel, and the fourth is the standardization and differentiation of printing bells.

Printing enterprises are processing industries, and their technology and cost are extremely dependent on suppliers, such as printing equipment. High-grade printing equipment in China is the largest fixed asset invested by printing enterprises, and whether or not to own imported printing machines has become a decisive competitive force. At present, high-grade printing equipment is mainly imported from Germany and Japan, and the price is basically controlled by a few printing machine manufacturers in Germany and Japan. In 2003, China * * * imported 47 1 13 sets of various printing equipment, with a total amount of US$ 654,338+0.35 billion, which greatly exceeded the domestic printing press output and ranked among the top three in the world. Another most important supplier of printing enterprises is China, a paper-making enterprise, which mainly relies on importing high-grade paper from Japan, South Korea, Finland, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. Despite the rapid development of domestic paper industry, high-quality paper is basically controlled by the above-mentioned national paper giants such as Guangjin Group, International Paper, Oufenhuichuan and Prince of Japan. The price of paper is variable. For example, in the first half of 2004, the increase of high-grade paper was as high as 20%, which caused great cost pressure to printing enterprises.

Other auxiliary materials of printing enterprises, such as ink PS version and CTP version, no longer have important bargaining power with the implementation of localization strategy of foreign material manufacturers in China and technological progress of local enterprises in China.

Environmental protection printing will be the inevitable trend of the development of the world printing industry.

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With the development of economy and the increasing prosperity of society, environmental protection has become a hot topic in recent years. This is not only a trend problem, but also a problem closely related to people. Protecting the environment is everyone's responsibility. It is an important measure to prevent pollution, control the environment and adhere to the road of sustainable development. It is also an inherent requirement for enterprises to integrate into the world economic trend and establish a modern enterprise system after China's accession to the WTO. The impact of packaging and printing industry on the environment can not be ignored. No matter from the environment or the economic changes caused by the environment, environmental protection will lead to a profound change in the packaging and printing industry. Realizing true green printing is both a challenge and an opportunity for the packaging and printing industry in China and even the whole world.

First, environmental protection issues in the process of printing production

1. Pollution during prepress output

The prepress process of traditional printing generally involves the selection and processing of the manuscript, and then the film is output by the laser imagesetter for printing and printing. Film is a silver salt photosensitive material, which contains silver ions, and the waste fixing solution after fixing also contains a lot of silver ions. These substances directly enter the environment, and heavy metal ions will pollute natural water bodies and cause harm to the environment. At the same time, the membrane base is a polymer compound, which is extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and is not easy to pollute the soil.

2. Environmental pollution in the printing process

1 ink. At present, traditional solvent-based inks are widely used in the printing industry. Solvent-based ink consists of pigment, binder, filler and additives. The solvents used are mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, ethers and other organic solvents, most of which are toxic, and harmful components such as heavy metals in ink will directly pollute packaged food, medicines and cosmetics. Volatile, with strong pungent smell, will pollute the environment and affect the health of workers; Organic solvents are flammable and explosive, which has hidden dangers in production safety.

② fountain solution. At present, most offset presses used in lithography are alcohol fountain systems, and isopropanol is one of the additives of fountain solution. Because the alcohol vapor produced by the volatilization of isopropanol is toxic and smelly, it will have harmful effects on human health, and the discharge of isopropanol will also pollute the environment. Isopropanol is a photochemical oxidant, which, like other limited gases existing near the ground, will form ozone under sunlight, thus leading to the so-called "summer smog" phenomenon. Photochemical smog can irritate people's eyes and respiratory system and endanger people's health and plant growth.

3. Environmental protection during post-press processing

① Plastic film mulching. Plastic film covering of printed matter is favored by publishers and consumers because of its folding resistance, wear resistance, protection of printed matter, increased gloss and low cost. However, plastic film mulching cannot degrade and become white pollution, and the paper covered with plastic film cannot be recycled, resulting in waste of resources. At the same time, toxic volatile solvents such as toluene and diluent used in the film covering process will endanger workers' health and pollute the environment.

② Oily glazing. Polishing process is the process of finishing the surface of printed matter. After polishing, the glossiness, smoothness and stiffness of the printed matter surface are increased, which plays a role in protecting the printed matter and improving the appearance. However, the diluent used in oily glazing materials is mainly toluene, which is a toxic volatile substance. Inhaling a certain amount of toluene will cause diseases of respiratory system and blood system. Therefore, oily glazing technology does not meet the requirements of environmental protection, especially for the packaging of drugs, food and other commodities, children's toys, children's books and so on.

③ Plastic printing waste. Plastic printing waste produced by printing factory is a kind of solid pollutant that can not be ignored. Because they are insoluble in water, they are extremely difficult to degrade in nature, and if they enter the environment directly, they will inevitably cause harm. If the exhaust gas is burned nearby, it will produce a lot of highly toxic gas, which can deform people and animals at a very low concentration. It is a strong carcinogen and will seriously pollute the surrounding air. Therefore, plastic printing waste must be treated reasonably.

Second, the development of environmental protection printing

With the continuous improvement of people's requirements for quality of life and survival and development environment, the product packaging market calls for "green packaging materials", that is, to improve environmental protection performance and choose pollution-free packaging materials that are energy-saving, low-consumption, non-toxic, pollution-free and easy to degrade. "Green packaging material" is the development trend of packaging and printing materials in the future, and people pay more and more attention to it. Ink is one of the seriously polluted raw materials in packaging materials. "Green packaging materials" call for environmentally friendly ink products to meet the packaging requirements of high-end products. As an important growth field of global ink, packaging ink is becoming more and more popular. Therefore, how to reduce the environmental pollution and energy consumption of ink has become the most important development direction of ink industry.

In China's flexible packaging printing industry, environmental protection inks, such as water-based inks, alcohol-soluble inks and UV inks, are increasingly favored by printing manufacturers. The continuous development of flexographic printing and screen printing provides a broader space for environmental protection packaging printing.

1. In the flexographic printing market, ink has developed rapidly in recent years and has a tendency to catch up with solvent ink, which has the advantages of easy use and simple printing. Nowadays, the flexographic printing industry has increased its confidence in ink when deciding whether to choose ink or solvent ink, which makes more printing work done by water-based flexographic printing. At present, the performance that ink users want to improve is mainly in the following two aspects: on the one hand, the ink system with stable PH value, that is, the ink manufacturing industry must develop ink with stable PH value in the printing process, and it is not necessary to detect and adjust PH value in printing; On the other hand, it is to improve the re-solubility, that is, in the process of ink printing, with the volatilization of amine, the resin will gradually solidify, and even in the printing format. According to the investigation, ink manufacturers have improved the properties of resin to make it easy to dissolve, which means that the printing system can run for a longer time before cleaning, thus increasing the printing output.

2. At present, volatile dry ink still occupies the mainstream position in terms of output and variety. The output of UV ink and water-based ink is increasing year by year, and it is only a matter of time before its output exceeds that of volatile dry ink. Among screen printing inks, UV ink and water-based screen printing ink occupy a large market together.

Due to the increasing variety of homopolymer, prepolymer and polymerization initiator in raw materials of UV ink, the application scope of UV ink is wider, and it can be applied to screen printing of various printing materials, and its market share will certainly increase. At present, foreign water-based silk-screen printing ink has occupied more than 50% in silk-screen printing ink, because the surface of all-functional water-based ink is dry for 5S and thermally hardened10 s; Ultrafine water-based ink can print 500 meshes, 8 colors and 6,000 colors by computer. The VOC content of water-based ink (cosmetic grade) is zero, and 50㎡ can be printed per kilogram of water-based ink.

3. In the aspect of flexible packaging of composite film, after years of development, the production technology of composite film has been relatively perfect, so there will be no major changes in the near future. Gravure printing has been widely used in China because of its good printing quality and high economy. However, due to the inherent characteristics of water-based ink, it can only be used for flexography and relief printing, and the high cost of UV ink greatly limits its application in gravure printing. Therefore, alcohol-soluble ink with low VOC emission is the only product that meets the requirements of environmental protection and has broad market prospects.

Three. conclusion

The author believes that for the future packaging and printing industry, environmental protection should be the focus of attention. Through continuous research and exploration, we will reduce the damage to the ecological environment and minimize pollution. I believe that with the cooperation and efforts of related industries, through the continuous research and development of new materials and the continuous improvement of technology, real green packaging printing will come into our lives more and more, and the prospect of green printing will be broader and broader.