Complete collection of detailed information of rubbings

Rubbing refers to a piece of paper that extends the shapes of inscriptions, stone carvings, bronzes and other cultural relics and the words and patterns on them. It is an ancient traditional skill in our country, and it is a skill to clearly copy the words or patterns on inscriptions and utensils with rice paper and ink.

Basic introduction Chinese name: rubbingmbth: Rubing Pinyin: tà piàn Athena Chu: ㄊㄚˋㄆㄧㄢˋ Category: Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings, Qin and Han dynasty tile rubbings Attribute: traditional skill assignment: southern school and northern school word definitions, basic concepts, categories and word definitions refer to inscriptions. The first draft of the sequel to Lao Can's Travels: "Lao Can asked the scholar,' What ancient monument is that broken stone under the west porch?' The Taoist priest replied,' It's the Qin Regiment, and its common name is Taishan Cross. There are rubbings for sale here. Gentlemen, do you want it? Letter from Lu Xun to Wang Zhengshuo: "A package of rubbings, * * * 67, was also received on the same day. Yang Shuo's "The Peak of Mount Tai": "If you want to capture the shadow of history, you can choose some rubbings of Taishan stone carvings from the tea shops in Chaoyang Cave. "Basic concept rubbings are one of the important carriers to record China culture. Useful materials can be found in history, geography, politics, economy, military affairs, nationalities, folk customs, literature, art, science and technology, architecture, etc. Broadly speaking, rubbings are to cover the surface of objects with rice paper and record patterns and characters with ink. The quantity and content are all-encompassing, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions bronzes, epitaphs, cliff statues, coin portraits and so on. In a narrow sense, rubbings mainly refer to rubbings. Many inscriptions that have been lost and destroyed can only feel the content and style of the original inscriptions because of the rubbings handed down from generation to generation. For example, the Huashan Temple Monument in the Han Dynasty, the epitaph of Zhang Xuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the celestial monument in Soochow, and the Song Tuo Monument in Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty are all orphans. If there is no rubbings, it will be difficult to see the true face of Lushan Mountain, and it will become a "puzzle". Rubbing (rubbing, rubbing) refers to the technology of copying words and symbols on hard surfaces to portable paper with dyes. Most dyes use ink, which is generally replaced by pencils in modern times. Paper materials often choose super absorbent rice paper and paper. In the late Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan wrote in "Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" Volume II "On Painting Style, Painting and Extension": "A good person should put hundreds of Xuan paper and wax it to imitate it (Gu Kaizhi has a wonderful imitation extension method). In ancient times, when you painted well, you got seven or eight out of ten, without losing the trace of the spirit. There is also a royal government extension, called official extension. Ku, Hanlin, Jixian and Secret Pavilion in the State Dynasty are numerous. In peacetime, this road is good. After the difficulties, things are gradually abandoned, so those who have made very good profits should be cherished. We can hope for its authenticity and leave it to be verified. "This shows that as early as before the Tang Dynasty, the skill of copying calligraphy and painting was quite low, and many government agencies also served as extension writers. In ancient times, rubbings were a traditional craft in China culture, because of its high difficulty and strict requirements. China's rubbings are divided into north and south factions, and the next faction has branches. Ancient stone carving calligraphy works mostly exist in the world in the form of rubbings. Since the Song Dynasty, "Bei Bei Nan Tie" has simply summarized the main differences between the North and the South. The southern school focuses on the study of calligraphy with ink, while the northern school focuses on the study of steles (calligraphy with stone carvings). During the May 4th chaos in China, the North and South factions were separated for political reasons. The Southern School experienced the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Liu Song Dynasty, Southern Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty. After the Northern School, Zhao, Qin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties came down in one continuous line, and the Tang and Song Dynasties formed the present situation. South School is represented by Su School, and Jin Chungang is the representative master of Su School's techniques. The main rubbings of traditional rubbings in China are calligraphy characters and a few patterns on stone tablets, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes. The rubbing method is different. Just cover the paper on a hard surface engraved with the contents to be unfolded, tilt the pencil head and gently color it, and you can copy the uneven parts of the pictures and texts to the paper. The traditional rubbing procedure in China requires that the graphic parts on the surface of stones or bronzes should be cleaned first, and then poured thoroughly with clear water. Wet rice paper, small rubbings can be wet with soft brush, and large rubbings can be wet with towel. After wetting, gently wipe the rice paper on the rubbing surface from top to bottom, then stick a layer of dry rice paper on the wet rice paper to absorb excess water, fix the four corners, pat the rice paper with a brush to make the wet rice paper stick to the rubbing surface, and then uncover the dry rice paper. When the wet rice paper is slightly dry, dip an oar in an appropriate amount of ink and pat the wet rice paper lightly to copy the pictures and texts depicted. After the rice paper and ink are air-dried on the flat plate or air-dried, the four corners are removed and fixed, and finally the rice paper is removed. Rubbing, that is, sticking rice paper on the surface of utensils, rubbing with ink, and recording patterns and words. The rubbings are printed directly from the original, the size and shape are the same as the original, which is a good method for scientific records. In addition to objects with concave and convex patterns, there are Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions, epitaphs, ancient coins, portrait bricks and stone reliefs. , are widely recorded in this way. The basic method of rubbings is: firstly, clean the stone surface, scrape the patterns or characters to be rubbings as clearly as possible, cover the paper with a suitable size of Xuan paper, and gently wet it, then cover the paper with a layer of soft absorbent paper to protect the paper surface, and pat it gently with a brush to make the wet paper stick to the surface of the object and fluctuate up and down with its patterns and characters. Then remove the covered layer of paper, wait until the wet paper is slightly dry, dip a proper amount of ink in the puff, spread it evenly on the surface of the puff, and pat it gently on the protruding object, so that a black and white rubbing will be formed. In the process of wiping, Bletilla striata water has the best wetting effect on rice paper, which can make the tissue paper better adhere to the surface of the wiped object. Small rubbings can be wet with soft brushes and hairbrushes, and large rubbings can be wet with towels. The size of the robot depends on the size of the extended object. The interior is made of new cotton, plus a layer of impermeable tissue paper, and the outermost layer is wrapped in silk and tied with string or rubber band. There should be no wrinkles on the surface of the robot dipped in ink, and the heart of the robot should protrude slightly. Uncovering ancient paintings and calligraphy, especially those with precious cultural relics, must find those experienced, skilled and conscientious mounters. Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou and other places have professional painting and calligraphy mounting shops and skilled mounters. For example, Rong Baozhai of Beijing Liulichang is a state-owned enterprise, which is responsible for the preservation and rescue of cultural relics. They received ancient paintings and calligraphy, and they had to study and discuss how to uncover them before assigning special personnel to operate them. Don't go to someone with ordinary skills to save trouble and money. Lu Shihua, a famous expert in painting and calligraphy in Qing Dynasty, said in his book On Painting and Calligraphy: "Painting and calligraphy are not in the well-known hand pool. Although they are in tatters, it is better to wrap them in a hidden box. Don't press anything else, don't be eager to pay for clumsy works, and rushing to pay for clumsy works is the trace of destroying it. Stupid work means killing the executioner. "This is really an experience. In addition, it is best to take photos or videos before uncovering precious ancient paintings and calligraphy, so as to prepare for uncovering the evidence of legal recourse in the mounting process. The types of Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings Oracle Bone Inscriptions are the characters carved by Qi Dao in Shang Dynasty, also known as "Wen Qi" and "Qi Ke", which have different styles in different periods. Except for a few notes, most of the contents belong to the records of the divination of the princes at that time. Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings, Qin and Han rubbings and Wadang rubbings are all ancient building components, which are muddy and can't be unfolded. Unlike photos, they can be copied indefinitely to increase the weight of the collection. Han Wadang Changle Weiyang rubbings developed a series of changes in the burial custom system from Qin bricks to Ming bricks. The shorter the dynasty, the less the number, the more valuable it is, especially those with words and patterns. Qin brick Shuanglong intersection rubbings ancient coins rubbings ancient coins are generally small in size, and the tools for rubbings should be exquisite and small, which has become the new favorite of collections. The rubbings, inkstones and rubbings of ancient coins, inkstones are one of Four Treasures of the Study, and inkstones are a derivative organism. The content of inkstone inscription records the descriptions and feelings of inkstone carvers, inkstone owners, inkstone givers, collectors and appreciators, as well as the feelings caused by inkstone, people and events. China's rubbings refer to the stone reliefs, brick reliefs and tomb murals left over from the Han Dynasty, which are a combination of painting and sculpture. The rubbings of Han paintings have precious artistic value, collection value and academic research value. Among them, rubbings are divided into Zhu Tuo and Medog. Cinnabar and ink are used as pigments for rubbings, showing different color effects, while Zhu Tuo is mostly used for newly unearthed stone carvings in ancient times. Its rubbings are divided into cicada wing rubbings and Wujin rubbings. Twenty-four-character bricks in the Han Dynasty, Zhu Tuo Tiandi people and Zhu Tuo rubbings, which are the most numerous rubbings, involve famous monuments in past dynasties and are the main reference for calligraphy copying today. The old rubbings of bronze wares with inscriptions on the first statue of Longmen Twenty Products refer to rubbings printed by inscriptions and patterns on bronze mirrors and bronzes. Bronze rubbings, rubbings, rubbings and rubbings refer to ancient stone carvings (mostly based on Buddhist themes), and rubbings are the source of Chinese traditional art. Anyang Lingquan Temple flies for nine years 1