"Seeing the virtuous and thinking of the wise, and reflecting on oneself when one sees the unwise" Meaning

The first to the ninth are in the form of quotations, while the tenth is in the form of dialogues.

The ten rules compiled here are taken from Xuezheng, Weizheng, Liren, Shuzhi, Taibo, Zihan, and Wei Linggong, and their contents are all related to study and conduct of people, which are the most valuable parts of Confucius' educational thought.

The first rule: How to conduct oneself

Zi said: "Learning and practicing are not the same as saying? If a friend comes from afar, isn't it a joyful thing to do? People do not know but do not huff (yùn), is not also a gentleman?" (Xue Er)

Confucius said: "Isn't it pleasant to learn knowledge and then review it at a certain time? Isn't it a pleasure to have like-minded people come from afar? If I am not angry with others who do not understand me, am I not a gentleman?"

Key words and phrases:

(1)Zi: An ancient Chinese honorific for a man of status and learning, and sometimes a general term for men. The Analects of Confucius in the book "Zi said" Zi, are referring to Confucius.

(2) Learning: The "learning" that Confucius is talking about here mainly refers to the study of the Western Zhou's traditional cultural texts such as rituals, music, poetry and books.

(3) Learning: In the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "learning" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at an appropriate time". But Zhu Xi, in his book "Analects of Confucius", interpreted the word "time" as "time and again". "Xi" refers to practicing rituals and music, and reviewing poetry and books. It also means reviewing, practicing and practicing.

(4) said: generic character, sound yuè, the real meaning of the ancient form of the word "Yue", the meaning of pleasant.

(5) peng: refers to like-minded people.

(6) music (lè): with the said difference. The old note says that pleasure is in the heart, but joy is seen outside.

(7) people do not know: this sentence is incomplete, did not say people do not know what. There is a lack of object. Generally speaking, to know means to understand. The word "know" is used to mean that others don't know what they know.

(8) huff: pinyin: yùn, annoyance, resentment.

(9) Junzi: a person who is morally very cultivated.

Additional words:

And: conjunction.

Yi (yì): likewise, also.

Hu: aphorism, in a doubtful tone, can be translated as "吗".

Since: from.

Know: to understand.

And: a conjunction.

These are the words "to review". [编辑本段]第二则:為人处事 Zeng Zi said: "I have three times a day to reflect on my (wú) body: to plan for others and not be loyal? And friends, but do not believe it? Transmission (chuán) is not practiced?" (Xue Er)

Zeng Sen said: "I reflect on myself many times a day: do I do things for others with all my heart and soul, and do I keep my word with friends? Do I keep my word with my friends? Have I reviewed what my teachers have taught me?""

Zeng Sen said. "

Key words:

(1)Zeng Zi: Zeng Zi, surnamed Zeng Sen (shēn), was born in 505~436 B.C. in Nanwucheng of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (now Feixian, Shandong Province), and was a descendant of the nobility of the state of Zeng, which had been annihilated by the state of Lu. Zeng Sen was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was famous for his filial piety. He is said to have written the Classic of Filial Piety.

(2) Three Reflections (xǐng): Reflecting on oneself many times. Note: There are several interpretations of Sanxue: one is to check many times; the other is to check from many aspects. In fact, in ancient times, numbers were added in front of verbs with action to indicate that the frequency of action was more than one, and it was not necessary to recognize it as three times. Three: generalized refers to many times. Many times for self-examination and reflection.

(3) loyal: the old note said: to do their own is loyal. Here refers to the people should do their best.

(4) letter: the old note: letter, sincere. To honesty is called faith. Require people to keep faith with each other in accordance with the provisions of the rites, in order to adjust the relationship between people. Means: sincere, honest

(5) pass not learn: pass, the old note said: "received by the teacher is called pass. Teachers pass on to their own. Xi, the same as the "learning" of the word "Xi", refers to the revision, practice, exercise, etc..

Supplementary words:

We: I.

Day: every day.

Save: check, reflect.

For: for.

Scheming: to do something, to come up with an idea.

Loyalty: loyalty. [edit]The third rule:Learning Methods Zi said: "If you learn from the past, you can be a teacher." ("For Government")

Confucius said: "Reviewing what you have learned, you can gain new knowledge and experience from it. With this you can be a teacher."

Key words:

Note: There are two interpretations of the phrase "to learn by reviewing the past" in this chapter. The first one is "to learn new things by learning old things": to learn what you have already heard, and to gain new insights from it; the second one is "to learn new things by learning old things": on the one hand, you should learn new things by learning old things, and on the other hand, you should try to acquire new knowledge.

I think that the combination of these two solutions may be more complete: within the limits of ability, try to read widely the canonical books, think about the meaning of them again and again, and on the knowledge that has already been heard, but also regularly review, so that there can be insights, comprehension, and also try to absorb the new knowledge; in this way you can enter to open up the field of human knowledge, and also can retreat to give the sage's wisdom to the significance of the times. Such a blend of old and new, through the ancient and modern can be called "learning from the past to understand the new".

There are scholars who think that it is not appropriate to "learn from the past and know the new" solution, because according to the literal interpretation, only to absorb the knowledge of the past and present without comprehending the insights, is only like a buyer and seller of knowledge, not enough to be a teacher. So let's look at the meaning of "teacher". In the Analects of Confucius, the word "teacher" is found in 14 chapters, and its meaning is similar to that of a teacher today.

Gu: old knowledge.

And: a conjunction of the words "and" and "thus".

Knowing: to realize.

Can: can.

To: by virtue of.

For: to do.

Additional Words Explained:

Warming up the old to know the new:

Please note that it is not warming up the old to know the new

Explanation: warming up the old, warming up the new, warming up the new, warming up the old, warming up the old, warming up the old, warming up the old, warming up the old. To review old knowledge and gain new understanding and experience. It also refers to recalling the past to better understand the present.

From: "The Analects of Confucius - For the Governance": "To learn from the past and to understand the new, one can be a teacher." Han Ban Gu, "East Capital Fugue": "It is already difficult to know the old and the new, and those who know the virtues are seldom seen."

Example: ~ is an important method of learning.

Grammar: Conjunctive; as predicate, determiner; used in study, work or other [编辑本段]第四则:学习方法 子曰："Learning without thinking is confusing, thinking without learning is perilous." ("For the Government")

Confucius said, "To read but not to think is confusing and unproductive, and to think only in vain but not to read is to let one's studies fall into trouble."

Key words:

And: conjunction.

Then: conjunction, equivalent to "on" and "then".

Reckless (wǎng): confused and unproductive

Critical (dài): harmful. 本意：危险 [edit]第五则:学习态度 子曰："由,教女知之乎! Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, is knowing (zhì) also." ("For the Government")

Confucius said: "Zhongyu, let me teach you the correct attitude towards knowing or not knowing! To know is to know, and not to know is not to know, and this is what is wise."

Key words:

Rǔ (女)：通 "rǔ", "you", "你", "你"

知(zhì)：通 "智", "是知(智zhì)也" : through "智zhì".

Zhi: something taught by Confucius

Teach: to teach, to impart.

Hu: aphorism.

By: Zhong Yu character (Zi Lu) (542 ~ 480) Spring and Autumn period of the State of Lu Bian (today's Sishui County, Shandong Province, Quanlin Town, Bianqiao Village), Confucius' favorite disciple, known for political affairs. [edit paragraph] The sixth rule: learning attitude Zi said: "Seeing the virtuous think of qi zhen, see not virtuous and internal self-reflection also." (Li Ren)

Confucius said, "When you see a virtuous person (a person of virtue and talent), you learn from him and hope to be like him; when you see a person who is not virtuous, you reflect on whether you have the same shortcomings as him."

Key words:

Think: hope, think.

Thinking:

Thinking means reflecting on whether there are the same faults.

Qi: the same

Xian: a person of virtue and talent

Yan: in which, pronoun. [编辑本段]第七则：学习态度 子曰："Three people walk together, there must be a teacher for me." (三人行，必有我师焉). Choose those who are good and follow them, and those who are not good and change them." ("Shuzhi")

Confucius said, "When several people walk together, there must be someone among them who can serve as my teacher. I should choose their strengths to learn from them, and if I see that they have their shortcomings myself, I should correct my own habits which are the same as theirs."

Word Description:

There must be a teacher for me: when one sees a wise man, one learns from him, hoping to be on a par with him. The word "焉" is equivalent to "于之", which means "in which".

Three: more generalized

Yan: the part-word "with", there.

The word "之" means to choose the good and follow it: to replace the good

The word "之" means to change the bad: to replace the bad [edit本段]第八则：如何做人 Zeng Zi said: "The scholar cannot fail to be vigorous and resolute, and his task is heavy and the road is long. The task is heavy and the road is long. Until one's death, isn't it far away?" ("Tai Bo")

Zeng Sen said, "An ambitious man cannot help but be broad-minded and strong-willed, for he is charged with a great mission and the road is long. Isn't it also a great mission to consider the realization of the ideal of 'benevolence' as one's mission? Isn't it also very far away to not stop until you die?"

Words Explained:

Hongyi: broad-minded, strong-willed

Ren: an ancient Chinese moral category with a very broad meaning. It refers to the mutual love between people. Confucius regarded "Ren" as the highest moral principle, moral standard and moral realm. He was the first to integrate the overall moral norms into an ethical thought structure centered on ren, which includes filial piety, brotherhood, loyalty, forgiveness, propriety, knowledge, courage, respect, generosity, trust, sensitivity, and beneficence. Among them, filial piety and fraternal duty is the foundation of benevolence and one of the basic pillars of the ideological system of benevolence. His idea of sacrificing one's life for the realization of benevolence, i.e., "killing one's body in order to fulfill benevolence", has had a great influence on the later generations. The Analects of Confucius. Yan Yuan (颜渊)："Fan Chi asked about benevolence. Zi said: 'Love people'." And "To be kind to oneself is to return to one's manners. The world will be benevolent if one day he restores himself to propriety." Wei Linggong: "Zi said: 'A man of honor has no desire for life to harm benevolence, but kills his own body to fulfill benevolence.'" Zhuangzi. In Yu": "Those who are kind and cannot not be extensive, are also kind." Tan Sitong, "The Study of Benevolence. Boundaries": "Benevolence is the source of all things in heaven and earth, so the heart is empty, so the knowledge is empty." [Edit Paragraph] The Ninth Rule: How to Behave Tzu said, "When the year is cold, then we know that the pines and cypresses wither afterward." ("Zihan")

Confucius said, "It is not until the coldest season of the year that one realizes that the pines and cypresses (bǎi) are the last to wither."

Supplementary words:

Dying: withering

The coldest time of the year: in this case, the hardest time of the year, referring to time.

The pine and cypress is used here as a metaphor for those who are unyielding and clean. It tells us that only in times of danger can true heroes be seen. It was a social phenomenon at the time. [Edit Paragraph] The tenth rule: how to be a person Zigong asked: "There is a word that can be practiced for life?" Zi said: "Forgiveness! Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you." ("Wei Ling Gong")

Zi Gong asked, "Is there a word that can be practiced for life? "Confucius said: "That would probably be 'Forgiveness'! Don't force what you don't want to do on others."

Key words:

YiYin: a word.

Act: to carry out.

This is the way of forgiveness:

This is the way of forgiveness:

This is the way of forgiveness. Forgiveness: Confucianism's concept of treating others with love and kindness.

Desire: like, want. I want to do something.

Shih: to inflict.

The idiom of "Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you" means don't do to others what you don't want them to do. It has positive significance in today's social and moral cultivation, and has become a warning maxim.