Historical evolution of Rome

The date of the establishment of the city of Rome is uncertain, which is traditionally believed to be in 753 BC, which has been widely confirmed by archaeological discoveries, although people may have lived there before. Traditionally, the Romans attributed the establishment of Rome to the hero Romulus. He and his twin brother Remus are descendants of the hero Aeneas. Aeneas, the son of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, came to Italy after the Greeks occupied Troy.

Around 2000 BC, there were already Romans living here. The city was founded in April, 753, 2/kloc-0 BC, and has a long history of more than 2700 years. The Romans proudly called it "the eternal city".

According to legend, romulo, the founder of Rome, was raised by a female wolf, and the emblem of ancient Rome was designed by a female wolf to feed her children.

Rome is the birthplace and capital of the Roman Empire. 1-In the 2nd century, Rome became the largest empire in western history, and the city of Rome entered its heyday.

In the history of about 2800 years in Rome, it experienced the glorious period of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire.

1870, Italian troops captured Rome, and risorgimento's career was completed.

187 1 year, the Italian capital moved from Florence to Rome. The famous story of "mother wolf nursing baby" records the legend about the creation of the ancient city of Rome. In the 7th and 8th centuries BC, King Numitore of Rome was usurped by his younger brother Amelio, and his son was killed. His daughter Sylvia married Mars, the god of war, and gave birth to twin brothers romulo and Remo. Amelio threw twin babies into the Tiber River. Fortunately, the drowning baby is fed by the mother wolf with milk and raised by the hunter. Later, when they grew up, the two brothers killed Amelio and ushered in their grandfather Numitore's return to the throne. Numitore gave them seven hills along the Tiber River to build a new capital. After setting the city boundary privately, romulo killed Remo and named the new city Rome after himself. This day was 2 1 BC, and in April 753, it was later designated as the founding day of Rome, and the pattern of "mother wolf nursing baby" was designated as the national emblem of Rome.

Rome, the capital of Italy, is one of the cradles of world culture, with thousands of years of historical sites and rich cultural heritage. It was built on seven hills between the Tiber River, which was destroyed and revived several times. The remains of ancient Rome are large-scale, thought-provoking and lingering.

Rome, an ancient name, is known as "the city of ten thousand cities" because of its glorious history, the glory of the Roman Empire and the supremacy of the Catholic Church, all of which constitute the glory of Rome for nearly 2,500 years.

Rome is the world Catholic center, the world cultural capital and the world famous historical and cultural city. Rome is 25 kilometers west of tyrrhenian sea. There are 24 bridges across the banks of the Tiber River in the urban area. The population is 2.83 million (1988).

At the beginning of 2000 BC, the Romans moved here from the northeast. From the eighth century BC to the fourth century BC, castles were built and early Roman cities gradually formed.

From 756 to 1870, it was the capital of the papal state, and 1870 became the capital of Italy after the unification of the kingdom of Italy (the papal state retreated to the Vatican).

Industries include food, textiles, machinery, printing, chemicals, electronics and plastics. The main center of the Italian film industry. Civitavecchia on the northwest coast is its main port. One of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.

In ancient Rome, which accounts for 40% of the urban area, there are many large-scale ancient buildings (such as Flavian Semicircular Theater, Colosseum, Acrobatic Arena, Pantheon, Duke Diocletian Bathroom, etc.). ) and art treasures. The Vatican in the northwest of this city is the seat of the Vatican. There are churches, palaces, museums, universities (20 13QS latest world university ranking 30 1-400 Rome II University ranking 36), academy of sciences and library.

Rome is located in the middle of the Italian peninsula. The North-South Apennine Mountains divide the Italian Peninsula into two parts. On the west side of the Apennines, there is a Tiber River that flows into the Mediterranean Sea, and Rome is built on the Tiber River. When Rome was first built, it was about 26 kilometers away from ostia at the mouth of the Tiber River. However, due to the accumulation of sediment in the estuary, the estuary gradually extends, and the port of the ancient city of Ostia is now located 6 kilometers inland from the sea. .

Rome is located on the hilly plain in the lower reaches of the Tiber River, with the ancient city in the north and the new city in the south. Built in the 1920s and 1950s, it is a modern city with many skyscrapers.

The Vatican, where the Vatican is located, is located in the northwest corner of the ancient city. The ancient city of Rome is like a huge open-air history museum. On the ruins of the ancient capital of Rome, there are world-famous monuments such as the Imperial Senate, the Arc de Triomphe, the Chicken Pillar, the Pantheon and the Maximus Arena. There are also many fine buildings and fine works of art in the Renaissance.

Rome has a warm climate and four distinct seasons, and spring is the most suitable season for traveling in a year. In the early days of the Roman Republic, Rome was caught in a long-term struggle between civilians and nobles. At the same time, Rome began to fight against its neighbors, gradually conquering the surrounding areas and annexing territory. Rome became more and more powerful and became a big country in the western Mediterranean. But in 390 BC, Rome failed to repel the Celtic invasion. In order to defend its territory, Rome successively built city walls, canals and roads under ancient city walls. From 264 BC to 146 BC, Rome completely defeated Carthage from North Africa but controlled the western Mediterranean, conquered Macedonia and controlled the whole of Greece through four Macedonian wars from 2 15 BC to 148 BC, and controlled parts of West Asia through the Syrian war and diplomatic means. Rome has developed into a big country spanning Africa, Europe and Asia and dominating the Mediterranean.

However, after the failure of the reform of the Gragu brothers from BC 133 to BC 123, the Roman Republic entered an unstable period and reached its peak during the Roman Civil War (BC 133-the first 30 years). Caesar made a series of reforms after becoming a lifelong dictator. He expanded the Roman Square and built Julius Square (Imperial Parliament Square). Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavian came to power in 27 BC, ending the Roman Republic and entering the Roman Empire (27-476 BC). The Roman Empire (27 -476 BC) was an ancient Roman country, which occupied the whole Mediterranean at that time.

Roman Empire is usually divided into pre-imperial period (the first 27 years ~ 192) and post-imperial period (193 ~ 476), and some people divide it into the crisis period of the 3rd century (193 ~ 284). Latin was originally used in Rome, but as the territory expanded to Greece and the Middle East, Greek became the main language. Even the New Testament, then a book, was written in Greek. Due to language differences, the Roman Empire was divided into two empires, East and West, in the 5th century. Since its establishment, the Roman Empire has been expanding to the outside world and is an aggressive ancient superpower.

With Rome as the center, the Roman Empire expanded its territory and gradually controlled the whole Mediterranean region. This success is attributed to military conquest and economic advantages, as well as selective assimilation of neighboring civilizations, especially Etruscan and ancient Greece.

Roman rule extended to almost the whole of Europe and the Mediterranean coast. In BC 1 century, Rome has become a city with a population of one million, which is the center of the Roman Empire both geographically and politically. At that time, Rome already had an effective water supply and drainage system, a complete urban road network, and an effective urban fire and police system. Nevertheless, the buildings built during Octavian's reign were severely damaged by a fire in Rome in 64 years under Nero's rule (reigned from 54 to 68 years).

Under the rule of Flavivian Dynasty (69-96), Rome began large-scale urban construction. During this period, a large number of famous buildings were built, such as the Colosseum and part of the Imperial Parliament Square, and the rest were completed by Trajan (98- 1 17) and caracalla (2 17) at the beginning of the 2nd century. This period is considered to be the most prosperous period of the Roman Empire. During Diocletian's reign, the population of Rome reached its peak. However, because the emperors of the Roman Empire were keen on ostentation and extravagance and built more and more magnificent buildings, such as basilica, the Roman Empire began to decline.

With Constantine the Great building Constantinople in 330, Rome gradually lost its political status. After Octavian established the head of state system in the first 27 years, the Roman Empire entered the early period of the empire. During Octavian's reign, he fought against foreign countries and expanded his empire to the north of the Danube. Octavian's rule brought long-term stability for the next 100 years, which was called the Roman peacetime.

Augustus died in 14, and his adopted son Tiberius succeeded to the throne and founded the Jorio-Claudius dynasty. When he arrived in Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus (4 1-54 reigned), he launched a foreign war and occupied southern England, Germania, Syria and North Africa.

When Nero succeeded to the throne (from 54 to 68), because of his brutal rule, people rose up and rebelled, which led to the Jewish War.

After the civil war in which some provincial governors competed for the throne, Wei Pa Mi finally established the Flavi dynasty in 69. The Flavi dynasty was ruled by Titus and Titus Flavius Domitianus, and Marcus Cocceius nerva succeeded to the throne in 1996, which created the Antony dynasty, also known as the era of five wise emperors. These five emperors were all modest and loved their subjects, and this period was also the most powerful period of the Roman Empire since Augustus. The Roman Empire's infrastructure such as laws, road traffic, weights and measures, and monetary system were unified in this era and spread all over the country. Some scholars praised this era as "the happiest time for mankind".

The method of power alternation in the era of five wise emperors is very safe. Every emperor chooses his heir and then adopts him as his adopted son, thus avoiding political turmoil before and after the power alternation. Since these emperors were not related by blood, the Five Emperors era could not be regarded as a dynasty. The following are the five emperors of the Five Emperors era.

Marcus Cocceius Nerva (1996-1998): adopted a generous policy and initiated the system of adopted son inheritance.

Trajan (1998-1 17): When he was in office, he expanded his territory, and when he died, his empire reached its maximum. East to Mesopotamia, south to the Sahara desert in North Africa, west to Britain, north to the Carpathian Mountains and the northern shore of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea has become an imperial inland sea.

1 17-138 brave emperor Hadrian: perfected the imperial bureaucracy.

138-16 1 year Antoninus Pius: At this time, the Roman Empire reached its peak.

16 1 year-180 philosopher emperor Marcus Aurelius: at this time, the Parthian empire invaded the frontier many times, and the northern barbarians also took advantage of it. The power of the empire began to decline.

Marcus Aurelius died in 180, and his son Kang Maode succeeded him. 192, Commodus was killed, and the Anthony dynasty ended. 181-During the period of 284, with the increase of rebellion, the military strength was constantly strengthened, which threatened the emperor's administration. In the past 50 years, there have been 26 military usurpers. History calls these usurpers "military emperors" and "thirty tyrants". This period is also called the first crisis of the third century period.

After the demise of Seville Dynasty (18 1 ~ 205), the political situation was chaotic, and the Gaul Empire (259 ~ 273) including Gaul, Spain and Britain was formed in the west, and the palmira Empire (262 ~ 272) between Syria and Mesopotamia was formed in the east. Slave and peasant uprisings spread all over Italy and provinces.

In 284 AD, Diocletian (reigned from 284 to 305) gained the imperial power, and finally cleaned up this chaotic situation. He divided the emperor's power and the whole empire into four parts, which were ruled by two emperors (Augustus) and two deputy emperors (Caesar) respectively, so that the Roman Empire was temporarily stabilized, which was called the special of Dominica (also called the * * * rule of the four emperors). At that time, besides him, he gave Maxim another position as emperor, letting him rule the western part of the empire, and he became the emperor in the east. The supreme ruler was Diocletian. This is also considered to be the origin of the division of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, although he succeeded alone, his persecution of Christianity failed, which led to chaos again after his death.

In 306, his son Constantine I became emperor, unified the empire and abolished the rule of the four emperors. Although it also strongly promoted autocracy, it chose to compromise with Christian forces, and in 3 13 AD, Milan decree was issued, making Christianity the state religion. At the same time, the capital moved to Byzantium in the east and was renamed Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).

In 337, after the death of Constantine I, the battle for the throne resumed. His three sons and two nephews carved up the empire. Theodosius I (reigned from 379 to 395) was once unified, but after his death, the empire was divided into two parts: the Western Roman Empire (capital of Meti Ollanu, now Milan) and the Eastern Roman Empire (capital of Constantinople). During the great migration of Europe in the 5th century, Rome was invaded and looted by Goths (4 10), Vandals (455) and Burgundy (472).

In 476, the Western Roman Empire officially perished, and in 493, the Eastern Gothic Kingdom was established. The population of Rome is decreasing year by year, leaving only about 654.38+million in 530, but the buildings of the city are still well preserved under the rule of ostrogoths. The real disaster in Rome was the war between the Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire under the rule of Justinian I. In 537, almost all the drainage pipes in Rome were completely destroyed, the Roman parliamentary system was abolished, and the normal urban life of the Romans was destroyed in the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Goths. The last famous building built in this period was the Focas Column in 608.

Rome has belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire since 555, and the city management system was greatly influenced by the Pope. From the 8th century to 1 1 century, it was invaded and occupied by Lombards and others, and the city was confined to the banks of the Tiber River. For nearly a thousand years, Rome was once the most important, richest and largest city in the western world, even after the Roman Empire began to decline and split, and Rome finally lost its status as the capital to Milan and Lavan. The prestige of Rome surpassed that of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire).

With the rise of early Christianity, the bishop of Rome became more and more important in religion and politics, and finally became pope, and Rome became the center of Catholicism. In 4 10, Alaric I, King of Visigoth Kingdom, led troops to capture Rome and looted it. After the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Rome was alternately ruled by the Byzantine Empire and looted by the Germans. In the early Middle Ages, the population dropped to only 20,000, and Rome nominally became a part of the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until 75 1 year. Lombardi, the enemy of Byzantium, attacked the Byzantine ethical code area centered on Lavan and executed the last one.

In 756, Pippin, the king of the Frankish Kingdom, presented Rome to the Pope, endowed him with secular jurisdiction over Rome and its surrounding areas, and founded a papal state, which is called "Pippin's contribution to the earth" in history. This gave Rome a new political role. Rome, as the capital of the papal state, lasted until 1870 when the papal state was annexed by the Italian kingdom.

The Catholic apostles St. Peter and Paul were killed and martyred after the 64-year Roman fire under Nero. People think they were buried together in Rome. Although historians have doubts about this, it still made Rome a holy place for Catholics to make pilgrimages from 65438 to 0300, and it was another major pilgrimage site in the Middle Ages besides Jerusalem and Santiago in Compostela. During this period, Rome built many important buildings, including the largest church in the world, St. Peter's Hall in Renaissance and Baroque.

In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Rome, and Rome became the focus of contention between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, Rome was once a short-lived independent city, but it remained the capital and "holy city" of the papal countries for most of several centuries, even when the Catholic Church moved from Rome to avignon from 1309 to 1337.

In 1527, the troops of the Holy Roman Empire Charles V invaded Italy and looted Rome. With the support of the Holy See, Rome no longer had political power, but became the center of cultural and artistic activities in the Renaissance and Baroque period. The buildings in Renaissance and Baroque period are mainly churches, and there are many obelisks, palaces and fountain squares. These buildings have been preserved to this day. The old city of Rome is another world heritage of Rome besides the Vatican. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the population of Rome increased sharply again, reaching 65,438+10,000. However, due to the influence of the anti-Reformation movement, Rome still lagged behind the capitals of other European countries in the next few centuries. Italy finally unified and established the Kingdom of Italy at 186 1, and Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy at 187 1.

1929 Mussolini signed the Rutland Treaty with the Vatican on behalf of the Italian government. The Vatican recognized Rome as the national capital of Italy, and the Italian government recognized the Vatican's sovereignty over the Vatican.

After the victory of World War I, Rome witnessed the growth of Italian fascist forces led by Mussolini. Mussolini entered Rome in 1922 and 10, which marked the coming to power of Mussolini's Italian National Fascist Party and the birth of the Italian Empire allied with Nazi Germany. During World War II, the allied bombing and Nazi occupation caused serious damage to Rome.

After the end of World War II, the 1946 referendum decided to abolish the monarchy and establish the present Italian Republic. In the process of post-war reconstruction and modernization in Italy, Rome played a driving role behind the "Italian economic miracle" and became the "fashion capital" from 1950 s to 1960 s.