Theoretical Industrial Structure of College Entrance Examination

1: How to undertake the transfer of industrial structure?

1, undertake industrial transfer and promote the development of underdeveloped leading industries. First of all, it is necessary to determine the leading industries that conform to the strategic direction of regional economic development; Secondly, give priority to undertaking industrial transfer that is beneficial to the development of leading industries, and formulate corresponding industrial access policies for different industries to undertake industrial transfer; Thirdly, encourage the transformation and upgrading of existing enterprises in underdeveloped areas and encourage new investment to develop into high-tech links and emerging industries.

2. Undertake industrial transfer and coordinated development in underdeveloped areas. According to the development level of different regions, formulate targeted measures to undertake different types of industries, and at the same time consider cultivating leading industrial clusters and bridging the gap in industrial structure. Therefore, underdeveloped areas need to undertake industrial transfer from both foreign and domestic developed areas, mainly by improving project efficiency and quality. In order to realize the diversification of industrial undertaking methods in underdeveloped areas, we should pay equal attention to direct investment and indirect investment according to the characteristics and trends of industrial transfer methods, and realize the diversification of industrial undertaking methods, such as BOT financing and project financing.

3. Undertaking industrial transfer and promoting enterprise development. Actively cultivate enterprise groups to develop regional operations in undertaking industrial transfer, use industrial transfer to promote their own transformation and upgrading, and promote the scale and collectivization of enterprises in underdeveloped areas in cooperation and competition with large companies. Combine undertaking technology transfer with independent research and innovation of enterprises, and digest, absorb and re-innovate while undertaking industrial transfer technology.

In a word, underdeveloped areas should realize that industrial transfer is the inevitable trend of economic globalization, and undertaking industrial transfer is the correct choice to develop the economy. Industrial transfer and industrial undertaking are both important issues related to the economic development of various regions. Whether industrial undertakings can be done well depends mainly on the degree of coordination and integration between levels.

2. How to upgrade the industry?

The Proposal of the Central Committee on Formulating the Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, clearly put forward the important tasks and key points of promoting the optimization and upgrading of China's industrial structure during the Eleventh Five-year Plan period. It is pointed out that developing advanced manufacturing industry, increasing the proportion of service industry and strengthening the infrastructure construction of basic industries are important tasks of industrial restructuring. The key is to comprehensively improve the ability of independent innovation, strive to master core technologies and key technologies, enhance the transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements, and improve the overall technical level of the industry. " The Interim Provisions on Promoting the Adjustment of Industrial Structure, which was deliberated and adopted by the executive meeting of the State Council on June 5, 2005, further points out the objectives, principles, directions and priorities of the adjustment of industrial structure at present and in the future, which is of great significance for fully implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, strengthening and improving macro-control, changing the mode of economic growth, promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and maintaining the steady and rapid development of the national economy.

3. What kinds of natural disasters are there?

Disasters in China can be classified according to different standards. According to the causes of disasters, disasters can be divided into natural disasters, that is, events caused by natural phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, droughts, typhoons and so on. Man-made disasters are events produced by human activities, such as air pollution, industrial chemicals incidents, armed conflicts, nuclear incidents, oil spills, desertification and so on. Another classification is based on the relationship between disaster sources and human activities, which is divided into geological disasters (such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, etc. ) and ecological disasters (such as drought, desertification, soil erosion, forest destruction, etc. ).

On the transfer of industrial structure: (basically completed, all in it)

Industrial transfer

1. Concept: Industrial transfer refers to the phenomenon that some enterprises in developed regions adapt to the changes of regional comparative advantages and transfer the production of some industries to developing regions through cross-regional direct investment, thus showing the spatial distribution of industries from developed regions to developing regions.

Industrial transfer generally includes foreign direct investment, establishing marketing network, building factories and setting up R&D institutions, among which setting up R&D institutions is an advanced form of industrial transfer. The establishment of R&D institutions by multinational corporations abroad is beneficial to the integration of production and development and shortens the production cycle of new products.

2. Factors affecting industrial transfer: labor, internal transaction costs, market factors, changes in the international economic situation, adjustment of national policies, environmental factors, resource issues, etc.

Related cases:

(1) After World War II, labor-intensive industries in developed countries moved to developing countries. The main reason for importing products from developing countries is that developing countries have a large number of cheap labor.

(2) Since the Third Industrial Revolution, the industries in the northeast of the United States have moved to the west and south, mainly because of the environmental and resource problems in the northeast. The transfer of this industry is conducive to the improvement of the northeast environment, but if we do not pay attention to the development of other industries, it may also cause employment problems and economic recession.

(3) In recent years, a large number of electromechanical and IT enterprises in Taiwan Province Province have moved to the mainland, and the main factor is to find new markets.

(4) In recent years, some labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong Province have shifted to mountainous areas and two wings. The main factor is to realize the balanced development of industrial layout in the region and the coordinated development of the region (of course, there are also comparative location advantages of mountainous areas and two wings).

3. Three international industrial transfers and their impact on China.

First, in the 1950s, the United States transferred traditional industries such as steel and textiles to Japan and West Germany, focusing on developing emerging technology-intensive industries such as semiconductors, communications and computers.

Second, in the 1960s and 1980s, Japan, West Germany and other countries transferred labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries with low added value to newly industrialized countries and regions (such as the "Four Little Dragons" in Asia), focusing on developing technology-intensive industries with high added value, such as integrated circuits, precision machinery, fine chemicals, household appliances and automobiles.

Thirdly, since the 1990s, developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan and newly industrialized countries or regions such as the "Four Little Dragons" in Asia have shifted their industries that do not have competitive advantages to developing countries such as China, focusing on developing their own industries with competitive advantages.

In 1980s, China seized the historical opportunity that international labor-intensive industries, represented by textile products, moved to developing countries, and completed the rational adjustment of light and heavy industrial structure.

In 1990s, China undertook a large number of international manufacturing transfer, and entered a stage of rapid development to undertake international industrial transfer. Mechanical and electrical products became the leading export products of China.

Since the new century, China has actively undertaken the IT-led international industrial transfer, making China one of the first choices for foreign direct investment, and also promoting the rapid development of high-tech industries in China and becoming a global IT manufacturing base. At the same time, the export proportion of high-tech products has risen rapidly, which is higher than the international average.

4. At present, China has three characteristics in undertaking international industrial transfer:

First, more and more industries undertake international industrial transfer. Manufacturing industry is still the main industry for China to undertake international industrial transfer. In manufacturing industry, high energy consumption industry has become an important aspect for China to undertake international industrial transfer. In recent years, some developed countries have restricted energy-intensive projects in terms of energy consumption, environmental protection and taxation to alleviate their environmental pressure. In addition, after the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, these countries have increasingly transferred such industries to developing countries to accomplish the task of reducing greenhouse gases. High-tech industry has become an important industry for China to undertake international industrial transfer, and service industry is the new focus for China to undertake international industrial transfer.

Second, more and more regions undertake international industrial transfer. Because of its unique geographical advantages, the eastern region has always occupied a dominant position in undertaking international industrial transfer. However, the advantages of low cost of resources, environment and factors in the western region are attracting more and more domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in the western region. Foreign investors in the eastern region reinvest in the western region, which has also become the main way for the western region to undertake international industrial transfer.

Third, there are more and more ways to undertake international industrial transfer. Such as formulating preferential policies to attract foreign investment, setting up various forms of development parks, attracting investment from industrial chains, introducing and digesting technology, and developing international economic cooperation.

Multinational companies are the main body of international industrial transfer, but the role of small and medium-sized enterprises is becoming more and more obvious.

5. Domestic industrial transfer

On the one hand, the location advantage of the eastern coastal areas has declined. On the other hand, with the implementation of the western development and the promotion of the rise of central China, the transfer of some industries from the eastern coastal areas to the central and western regions has become the general trend of China's economic development. The central and western regions have a vast territory and obvious advantages in resources and location. If the central and western regions strive to improve the system and mechanism, optimize the investment environment, and promote the region to become a competitive manufacturing and high-tech industrial base, an energy and important raw material base, and a labor resource development and export base, then the central and western regions will become the best industrial transfer sites.

6. Industrial transfer and upgrading in the Pearl River Delta region

Since the reform and opening up, there have been two large-scale industrial transfers in the Pearl River Delta region. The first time began in the early days of reform and opening up, a large number of traditional manufacturing industries (clothing, textiles, electronic components, etc. ) was transferred to the Pearl River Delta region. On the one hand, this industrial transfer accelerates the process of urbanization and industrialization in the Pearl River Delta region, on the other hand, it also intensifies the environmental pollution in the Pearl River Delta region. The second industrial transfer began in the 1990s, when a large number of labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries moved to underdeveloped areas in Guangdong and even the Pan-Pearl River Delta region, and the Pearl River Delta region further optimized its industrial structure by vigorously introducing high-tech industries such as computers, information technology and bioengineering.

After more than 20 years of rapid development, the Pearl River Delta has made great achievements in undertaking international industrial transfer and has become an important engine of national economic development. At present, the Pearl River Delta also faces many difficulties in the process of undertaking international industrial transfer, which are manifested in the weakening of policy support, the increasing pressure in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, the defects of the Pearl River Delta economy itself (limited geographical space and increasingly serious resource constraints) and the lack of sustainable development stamina. Therefore, the Pearl River Delta region must adjust and optimize the structure of undertaking international industries, comprehensively improve the overall quality of industries, focus on optimizing and upgrading the secondary industry, and vigorously develop high-tech industries. Broaden the space for undertaking international industrial transfer, and carry out industrial transfer to the east and west wings and mountainous areas step by step.

In March this year, the Guangdong Provincial Government issued "Opinions on Promoting Industrial Transfer in Guangdong Province and the Pearl River Delta Mountainous Area, East and West Wings (Trial)", and industrial transfer quickly became a hot spot of widespread concern for governments at all levels and local enterprises. The Opinions mainly put forward measures to support the construction of industrial transfer parks: First, give land use policy support. The second is to provide financial support for the external infrastructure construction of the park. The third is to ensure the power supply in the park. The fourth is to strengthen employment training for enterprises in the park. Poverty alleviation through education or entrusted training, training, etc. Relevant technical schools and vocational and technical colleges in the province and the Pearl River Delta region will train professionals who are in short supply for the mountainous areas and the east and west wings. Fifth, increase policy support for industrial transfer.

7. Impact of industrial transfer on geographical environment

(1) Promote the adjustment of regional industrial structure: For the transfer place, it is conducive to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; for the undertaking place, it can speed up the adjustment of national or regional economic structure and shorten the time of industrial upgrading, thus accelerating the process of industrialization.

(2) Promoting regional industrial division of labor and cooperation: Industrial transfer can enable each region to develop corresponding industries according to its own advantages, thus promoting industrial division of labor and cooperation and promoting regional economic integration.

(3) Changing the regional geographical environment: on the one hand, industrial transfer has changed the regional geographical pattern, and the undertaking place of industrial transfer often changes from rural areas to highly industrialized areas; On the other hand, industrial transfer is often accompanied by the transfer and diffusion of environmental pollution.

(4) changing the spatial distribution of labor employment: industrial transfer places tend to reduce employment opportunities and increase the number of unemployed people; For industrial enterprises, it can increase employment opportunities and ease employment pressure.