Classical papers in artificial intelligence field [papers in artificial intelligence field]

The history of social development is the history of technological progress. Social development provides a good external environment for artificial intelligence, which promotes social development. The following is the relevant information of my carefully compiled papers in the field of artificial intelligence, hoping to help you!

Paper 1 artificial intelligence field

Research field of artificial intelligence and its social influence

The history of social development is the history of technological progress. Social development provides a good external environment for artificial intelligence, which promotes social development. On the basis of introducing the basic meaning of artificial intelligence, this paper summarizes the research and application fields of artificial intelligence, and expounds the profound influence of the development of artificial intelligence on society from different angles.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; Research field; Social impact; Expert system

With the development of network technology and communication technology, artificial intelligence has entered all fields of social life with its strong penetration, which has greatly changed the social outlook and profoundly changed people's thinking and behavior. Exploring the influence of artificial intelligence on human progress is of great significance to promoting the development of artificial intelligence and human progress.

First, the meaning of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence, also known as machine intelligence, is a comprehensive subject developed by the mutual penetration of computer science, cybernetics, information theory, neurophysiology, psychology and linguistics. From the perspective of computer application system, artificial intelligence is a science that studies how to make intelligent machines or intelligent systems simulate human intelligence activities, thus extending human intelligence.

The research in the field of artificial intelligence officially started with 1956. Officially used at a conference held at Dartmouth University this year? Artificial intelligence? Terminology (artificial intelligence). In the following decades, people studied from the perspectives of problem solving, logical reasoning and theorem proving, natural speech understanding, games, automatic programming, expert system, learning and robotics, and established some computer systems with different degrees of artificial intelligence. For example, it can solve differential equations, design and analyze integrated circuits, synthesize human natural speech, carry out information retrieval, provide multi-mode interfaces for speech recognition and handwriting recognition, apply to expert systems for disease diagnosis, control spacecraft and underwater robots, and be closer to our lives. The IBM we are familiar with? Deep blue? Beating Kasparov, the chess master, on the chessboard is a prominent example.

Of course, the development of artificial intelligence is not smooth sailing, and because of the limitation of computer computing power, it can't imitate the thinking of human brain, which is too far from the actual demand and enters a trough. However, with the development of hardware and software, the computing power of computers is increasing exponentially. At the same time, the booming network technology ensures that computers have enough conditions to run some more demanding AI software, and now AI has more practical application foundations. Since 1990, the research of artificial intelligence has reached a new climax. On the one hand, it is because of the new progress of artificial intelligence theory, on the other hand, it is because of the rapid development of computer hardware. With the continuous improvement of computer speed, the continuous expansion of storage capacity, the continuous reduction of price and the continuous development of network technology, many tasks that could not be completed before can now be realized.

In the development of artificial intelligence, several schools have been formed, and the two main schools are symbolism and connectionism. Symbolism, also known as logical generalization school, psychological school or computer school. Its principles are mainly the hypothesis of physical symbol system (i.e. symbolic operating system) and the principle of bounded rationality, and the representatives are Newell and Simon. A lot of traditional artificial intelligence research is carried out under the impetus of this school. Connectionism holds that artificial intelligence originates from bionics, especially the study of human brain model. Its representative achievement is the brain model-MP model founded by physiologist mcculloch and mathematical logician Pitts in 1943, which created a new way for electronic devices to imitate the structure and function of human brain. In this school, there is a famous pattern recognition theory. At the end of 1980s, neural network rose rapidly and achieved great success in speech recognition and image processing.

Second, research and application in the field of artificial intelligence

(1) pattern recognition. With the rapid development of computer hardware and the continuous development of computer application fields, it is urgently required that computers can more effectively perceive information materials such as sounds, characters, images, temperatures and vibrations used by human beings to develop themselves and transform the environment. But at present, computers can't directly perceive them. External devices such as keyboards and mice are powerless to such a diverse external world. Even TV cameras and microphones, because of their low recognition technology, computers don't really know what information is recorded, and their perception of the outside world is low, which has become a narrow bottleneck in developing computer applications. Therefore, subject pattern recognition, which focuses on broadening computer application fields and improving computer's ability to perceive external information, has developed rapidly.

(2) Natural Language Understanding and Machine Translation System. Language processing is one of the earliest research fields of artificial intelligence. It is very simple for people to communicate with each other in language and establish a system that can generate sum? Do you understand? Even a computer system with only a few words is very difficult. Because it conveys a certain point? Thinking structure? It needs a huge public thinking structure related to this thinking structure. Just like a person, it needs contextual knowledge and can reason according to this knowledge. The most important achievement of natural language understanding is machine translation. At present, there are still two major problems in the real market of machine translation: one is accuracy. Because there are many technical terms in scientific and technological documents and literary works, experts are needed to carry out pre-translation processing and post-translation correction; The second is the speed of translation. Translation needs a huge font system, and effective and fast search is one of the problems to be solved. How to reduce the pre-translation processing and post-translation modification time is also a problem to be solved.

(3) Automatic programming. The research on automatic programming can not only promote the development of semi-automatic software development system, but also make the artificial intelligence system that learns by modifying its own code develop. The research work of program theory is very important for all the research work of artificial intelligence. What kind of automatic programming are we talking about? Super compiler? Or a program that can describe the purpose that the program wants to achieve at a high level, and can generate the required new program from this program. This high-level description may be an incisive statement in formal language or a loose description, which requires further dialogue between the system and users to clarify the ambiguity of the language. A great contribution of automatic programming research is to take the concept of adjustment as a problem-solving strategy.

(4) Expert system. Expert system is an intelligent computer program system with specialized knowledge. It uses artificial intelligence technology to reason and judge according to the knowledge and experience provided by one or more experts in a certain field, simulates the decision-making process of human experts and solves problems that need to be solved by experts in this field. Expert system generally consists of database and inference engine. In recent years, in the research of expert system, there have been successful examples of applying artificial intelligence technology to solve practical problems. Like what? Fault diagnosis system? This system has designed a computer interface, which can be used for human-computer interaction. Machine? Dialogue? The consultation dialogue between users and expert systems is just like the dialogue between users and experts with knowledge and experience in this field, explaining and answering users' questions. In addition, there are information retrieval systems, data analysis systems and structural optimization design systems.

The key of expert system development is how to express and use expert knowledge, that is, how to establish a database, and how to symbolize typical cases from human experts that have been proved to be helpful to solve related problems, and then input them into the computer. Expert system is different from some computer systems in the past. It is a computer program system that mainly deals with symbols. Generally, there is no algorithm solution, and the conclusion is often drawn on the basis of some incomplete, inaccurate and uncertain information. (5) Intelligent robots. Intelligent robot is another important field of artificial intelligence research, including the study of operating robot equipment programs. Up to now, although some complex robot systems have been established and thousands of robots are running in the industry, these are simple devices that perform some repetitive tasks according to pre-programmed programs. Most robots can only? Fuck? Can't? Do you see it? , don't you have it? Wisdom? . How to capture and process visual information and develop robots that can recognize images and sounds and perform anthropomorphic reasoning is another very active field of artificial intelligence. The research of artificial intelligence promotes the development of robot research and robotics. On the other hand, the research on intelligent robots has promoted the development of many artificial intelligence ideas. The research and application of intelligent robots reflect a wide range of disciplines, involving many topics. Robots have been widely used in various industries, agriculture, commerce, tourism, air and sea, national defense and other fields.

(6) Intelligent control. The development of artificial intelligence promotes the development of automatic control to intelligent control. Intelligent control is an automatic control that can independently drive intelligent machines to achieve goals without human intervention. It is the latest development stage of automatic control, and it is also an important research field of simulating human intelligence with computer. Intelligent control is a mixed control process, which has both a non-mathematical generalized world model and a mathematical formula model expressed by knowledge. It is often a non-mathematical process with complexity, incompleteness, fuzziness or uncertainty and no known algorithm, and the solution process is guided by knowledge reasoning.

Third, the influence of artificial intelligence on human society.

With the rapid development and wide application of computer technology, the idea and technology of artificial intelligence have more and more influence on human beings. The development of artificial intelligence will have a far-reaching impact on human society and will go deep into all aspects of human society.

(A) The development of artificial intelligence has changed the social outlook of human beings.

1, wealth is growing rapidly. Judging from the amount of wealth, due to the development of computer, cybernetics and automation technology, the degree of automation is rapidly improving. The same amount of labor force can produce dozens or even hundreds of times more products than in the past in the same working hours. From the perspective of wealth quality, due to the popularization and application of computers, emerging industries have developed at an unprecedented speed and scale.

2. Interpersonal communication is getting closer and closer. Nowadays, in any country with social system, due to the development of artificial intelligence, the socialization of production is increasing day by day, which increases the frequency of interpersonal communication and shortens the distance. The internet connects the whole world into a whole. Under this condition, the internationalization of production, trade, finance, education, politics and information will bring people closer together.

3. Information is rapidly increasing and updating. The development of artificial intelligence provides convenience for people to store and process information. On the one hand, people use computers to input a lot of information every day, which makes the amount of information increase geometrically; On the other hand, it speeds up the update of information. People use a large amount of information input, generated and output by computers to accelerate the depreciation of information stored on carriers. People always expect the latest information to be delivered. In order to meet this demand, more and more people further collect and input new information.

(2) The development of artificial intelligence has changed the social structure. On the one hand, people hope that artificial intelligence and intelligent machines can replace human beings in all kinds of labor, on the other hand, they are worried that their development will trigger new social problems. In fact, in the past decade, the social structure is quietly changing. People? The social structure of the machine will eventually be human? Smart machine? The social structure of machines. Intelligent robot is a kind of intelligent machine. From the perspective of development, from the hospital to see a doctor? Doctor? , nursing patients? Nurse? Waiters and office workers in hotels, restaurants and shops? Secretary? , directing traffic? Police? For the family? Office boy? And then what? Nanny? Wait, all will be served by robots. Therefore, people will have to learn to live in harmony with intelligent machines and adapt to this changed social structure.

Because artificial intelligence can replace human beings for all kinds of mental work, such as using expert systems instead of managers or doctors to make decisions, diagnose or treat patients' diseases. Therefore, some people will have to change jobs or even lose their jobs. The application of artificial intelligence in science and technology and engineering will make some people lose the opportunity to intervene in information processing activities (such as planning, diagnosis, understanding and decision-making), and even have to change their working methods.

(3) The development of artificial intelligence has improved the economic benefits of society. Artificial intelligence system has created considerable economic benefits, and expert system is a typical example. With the continuous decline of computer prices, artificial intelligence technology will be further promoted and produce greater economic benefits. A successful expert system can bring obvious economic benefits to its builders, owners and users. In the absence of experienced experts, using economic methods to perform tasks can greatly reduce labor costs and training costs. Because the software is easy to copy, expert system can widely spread expert knowledge and experience and popularize the knowledge of a limited number of expensive professionals.

If properly protected, the software can be intact for a long time; Therefore, the experience of human experts can be continued. Not limited by the life span of human experts, this is another great wealth. It is difficult for professionals in various fields (such as doctors) to keep the latest practical suggestions (such as treatment plans and methods) at the same time, but expert systems can update and save these suggestions quickly, thus benefiting end users (such as patients).

(4) The development of artificial intelligence has changed the way of human thinking. Artificial intelligence is the product of human rational activities, which prolongs people's thinking activities and is beneficial to people's correct thinking and application of correct thinking methods. The operation of artificial intelligence follows objective laws, so people are required to adopt a pragmatic attitude in application and development, which is not false at all, thinking with their brains and not being emotional at all. The development, popularization and application of artificial intelligence will affect the way of thinking and traditional concepts of human beings and make them change. For example, traditional knowledge is usually printed in books, newspapers or magazines, so it is fixed, while the knowledge base of artificial intelligence system can be constantly modified, expanded and updated. For another example, once users of expert systems begin to believe in the judgments and decisions of systems (intelligent machines), they may be reluctant to think more, become lazy, and lose their sense of responsibility and sensitivity to many problems and their solving tasks. Those students who rely too much on calculators, their active thinking ability and computing ability will also drop significantly, and increase misunderstandings. When designing and developing intelligent systems, we should consider the above problems, try our best to encourage users to take the initiative to solve problems and let their intelligence actively participate in the problem-solving process.

(5) The development of artificial intelligence has changed people's way of life. With the development of artificial intelligence, the way of human activities has changed suddenly. The network has strengthened people's horizontal connection. With the rapid development of network technology, people's contact methods have changed. As far as master-slave relationship is concerned, it used to be mainly from top to bottom. Pyramid management? , prominent now? Network management? . As far as equal contact is concerned, the frequency of contact used to be determined by distance, but now it can transcend time and space and be determined by interest.

The application of artificial intelligence mainly follows two aspects: deep connotation and extended extension. First of all, the connotation is deeply reflected in the development of simulation. Structural simulation is mostly limited by technology, and functional simulation mainly depends on developing software. Nowadays, hundreds of thousands of mature software are introduced to the market every year all over the world, which has changed people's monotonous working and living patterns, whether for business or entertainment. Secondly, extension is mainly the combination of artificial intelligence and other technologies. Photons, superconductivity and laser computers are new ways for the development of artificial intelligence. In the vast field of society, artificial intelligence provides electronic typesetting system, TV program editor, copier, learning machine, home theater, music fountain, B-ultrasound examination, CT examination and robot with the help of electromechanical photoacoustic technology, which brings new atmosphere to people's lives.