Thoughts on appreciating all kinds of ceramics

Jingdezhen porcelain has a beautiful shape, a wide variety, rich decoration and unique style.

Porcelain is as white as jade, as bright as a mirror, as thin as paper, and as loud as a chin. Blue and white, exquisite, pastel and glass are called the four famous traditional porcelains in Jingdezhen.

Thin-embryo porcelain is called a magical treasure, and porcelain carving is a traditional arts and crafts product in China.

Jingdezhen ceramic art is an important treasure in China cultural treasure house.

Pastel Zhong Kui drunk portrait

● Pastel porcelain

Pastel porcelain was created and fired during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.

It is an over-glaze color invented on the basis of Kangxi multicolored porcelain and influenced by the production process of enamel color.

Because of its elegant and soft color and the beauty of pastel embellishment, it is called "pastel".

The main raw materials and methods of pastel painting are all foreign.

When making, glass white is used as the base on the fired plain porcelain, and patterns are drawn with colored materials by traditional Chinese painting techniques, and then baked with fire.

During the reign of Kangxi, there were few pastel products and the painting style was simple. The patterns are mainly flowers and Yunlong.

During the Yongzheng period, pastel porcelain developed greatly. The product is thin and transparent, the glaze color is as white as jade, the painting is exquisite, and the brush strokes are slender and powerful, which is beautiful.

Pastel draws lessons from various painting techniques, so that the objects to be depicted, whether people, landscapes, flowers, birds, insects and fish, have strong texture, clear light and shade, distinct layers and strong three-dimensional sense.

Besides plates and bowls, there are cups, saucers, altars, cans, bottles, bottles, pots and so on.

Hua Die has the most patterns, and peony, rose, begonia and flowers of the four seasons are also common. There are bats, deer and other patterns.

Pastel changes obviously when it dries.

White porcelain is usually painted with a color, such as green, yellow, blue, carmine, purple and so on. At this time, famille rose can no longer be compared with the exquisiteness, vividness and vividness of Yongzheng period.

Pastel in Jiaqing and Daoguang periods did not develop much except inheriting the tradition of predecessors.

At that time, the glaze was thick and thick.

The pastel paintings in Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods were complicated, but the painting method was simple, the color materials were rough, the glaze layer was thin and the color was light. In order to make the colors gorgeous, pastels are often painted with gold.

These are the basis of identification.

Pastel, also called "soft color", is a kind of glaze color.

The so-called glaze color is painted on the glazed surface of the fired blank and fired in a kiln at 600 -900 degrees Celsius.

In the fifty-second year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (17 13), the traditional glaze color in China was inspired and influenced by enamel color, and opaque white material of copper enamel color was introduced, and the multi-level preparation technology of enamel color was used for reference in the process, creating a new variety of "pastel" glaze color.

According to the analysis of relevant research institutions, this kind of white material is a milky white glass containing arsenic.

It is made by mixing a natural mineral called "white arsenic" or "sub-arsenic" with lead frit, potassium nitrate and other fluxes. Jingdezhen is commonly known as "glass white".

Due to the fusion of glass white and multicolored pigments, all colors have been "powdered".

Red turns to pink, green turns to light green, yellow turns to light yellow, and other colors turn to opaque light tones. By controlling its addition, a series of different shades can be obtained, giving people a soft feeling of pink, so it is called "pastel", which is also called "soft color" compared with Kangxi hard color (multicolored).

Before the invention of famille rose, the painted porcelain in China was single-line flat painting, and the flowers made lacked three-dimensional sense.

Since the invention of glass white, when painting on porcelain, a layer of glass white is first coated on the parts that need decoration, just like a chalk book on paper, and then various pigments are rendered on the chalk.

Figures, flowers, birds, landscapes and so on drawn by this method distinguish darkness, depth and yin and yang, which increases the level and three-dimensional sense, thus forming elegant, fine, color-filling, washing and dyeing, firing and other technological steps.

In the late Kangxi period, famille rose was newly made, and the raw materials were all imported, so the painting style was simple and the handed down things were extremely rare.

In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1782), the raw materials needed for famille rose have been produced by ourselves, and the famille rose techniques have become more and more mature. Sometimes, a vessel will use more than 20 colors.

Pastel took the place of multicolor and jumped to the top of glaze color.

Not only the official kiln products are mainly decorated with pastels, but also the folk kilns are widely used.

During the Qianlong period, the firing of pastel porcelain entered a golden age.

Pastel is becoming more and more complex, which can not only draw various colors freely and smoothly, but also express the image delicately.

Its expression technique is known as the typical representative of the official kiln in Qing Dynasty, and it has become the main production product of Jingdezhen.

In the early Jiaqing period, famille rose basically retained the legacy of Qianlong dynasty, but it was far less than the prosperous time of Qianlong.

By Daoguang and Xianfeng dynasties, it had declined. Although there are many pastels, the varieties and shapes have been greatly reduced, and there are few fine products.

During the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods, due to the turmoil and decline of the whole society, there were no exquisite pastel works in Jingdezhen porcelain industry except a few official kilns.

The main forms of famille rose in Qing dynasty are pot, bottle, bottle, jar, pot, plate, washing, jar and box.

The shapes of porcelain in Qianlong period were more diverse than those in Yongzheng period, and unique furnishings emerged one after another.

The decorative varieties of famille rose in Qing Dynasty include not only white glaze famille rose and colored famille rose.

In addition to white glaze pastels and colored pastels, there are underglaze blue and white or pastels with colored bottoms above and below the knife and white or colored bottoms on the abdomen.

Painted patterns are mainly based on dragons and phoenixes, flowers, landscapes, figures, stories and other themes, which are based on the paintings of famous painters at that time and are compatible with western painting techniques.

Common flowers include rose, peony, magnolia, rose, chrysanthemum and begonia.

The chronological style of famille rose porcelain in Qing Dynasty is generally 6 characters: "Qing Dynasty" or 4 characters "Qing Dynasty".

Font: Regular script prevailed in Shunzhi and Kangxi, with more Yongzheng, more Qianlong and more Jiaqing.

The formats are single circle, double circle, acyclic column and bilateral square. Bilateral rectangles and blue-and-white versions are the mainstream, and red letters are often used in the late Qianlong period.

● Linglong porcelain

Linglong porcelain, known as [rice copper] [glass porcelain], is famous at home and abroad for its exquisiteness, crystal clear and elegance.

Nowadays, blue and white exquisiteness is not only widely used in daily Chinese and western tea sets and wine sets, but also extended to various vases, flower inserts, flower pots, chandeliers, wall lamps, leather lamps and other lamps.

The shape of "Linglong Eye" has also developed from traditional rice grains to crescent, streamline, pearl, water chestnut, polygon and other regular and irregular shapes.

Sometimes combined with [half knife mud] to form various patterns.

The glaze color of "Linglong Eye" has also developed from a single bright green to a "colorful and exquisite" in which red, yellow, green and blue complement each other, enriching and enhancing the expressive force and artistic charm of Linglong porcelain.

Blue and white porcelain is unique in the world porcelain altar. Together with blue-and-white porcelain, pastel porcelain and glazed porcelain, it is called the four traditional famous porcelain in Jingdezhen.

Blue-and-white exquisite porcelain was founded in the Ming Dynasty, which combines the advantages of blue-and-white technology and the beauty of carving art. It is exquisite, exquisite and delicate, and has a fresh and lively feeling.

According to records, the exquisite porcelain made by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory in Qing Dynasty has reached a high level, but the output is very small, only for court use.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, Jingdezhen has made great innovations in the production technology of blue and white exquisite porcelain. There are more and more kinds of decorative porcelain, more and more decorative themes, and many changes have taken place in decorative parts. It has created exquisite and colorful products, making this traditional famous porcelain more vivid and interesting.

● Blue and white porcelain

Beautiful and elegant blue and white porcelain is a famous traditional porcelain in China.

The ancients said, "multicolored is too gorgeous, extremely fresh and easy to escape, and blue and white is more gorgeous and easy to escape."

"Although blue and white porcelain has a single color, it doesn't look monotonous.

Under the wonderful pen of the porcelain painter, it is thick and light, with good thickness; Or deliberately looking for a job, with distinct levels; Still a few strokes, all of which make people feel good.

Blue and white porcelain has a long history. According to archaeological research, there were primitive blue and white products in Gongxian kiln in Henan Province in the Tang Dynasty.

By the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi had been able to produce exquisite decorative products.

Blue-and-white porcelain in Ming Dynasty is more dazzling on the basis of Yuan Dynasty. Whether it is the official kiln in Jingdezhen or the local folk kiln, there are many exquisite works.

In particular, the blue and white porcelain fired by Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Jiajing and Wanli official kilns is famous for its delicate glaze color, rich cyan, diverse shapes and rich decorative patterns.

Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in Qing Dynasty loved porcelain very much, and often put forward suggestions to improve the texture and picture, which improved the working and living environment of Jingdezhen porcelain workers and made the production of blue and white porcelain reach an unprecedented height.

The blue and white porcelain of this period is green and bright, fresh and bright, with distinct layers, especially the blue is as bright and bright as sapphire, crystal clear and smooth.

However, in the late Qianlong period, the technology of blue and white porcelain declined day by day.

Exquisite blue and white porcelain is welcomed by lovers all over the world.

In the early years, it was exported to Mediterranean countries through the ancient road "Silk Road".

Zheng He, a navigator in the Ming Dynasty, made seven voyages to the West, bringing a large number of blue and white porcelain wares to more than 30 countries in Vietnam and Malay Peninsula.

Up to now, the blue and white porcelain fragments collected by Southeast Asian countries are reluctant to throw away, and they are all hidden in the treasure house with gold.

During the orthodox period of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Yingzong hosted a banquet in Guanglu Temple to entertain foreign envoys.

100 multi-table banquet tableware is all made of blue and white porcelain. The fresh and elegant colors fascinated these foreigners. Some messengers and their wives quietly put a small handleless wine cup and plates in their dress pockets. After the banquet, they counted the tableware. It is said that as many as 580 pieces were stolen.

This shows how attractive blue and white porcelain is.

● Yan Caiglaze porcelain

Colored glazed porcelain, known as "artificial gem", is rich and colorful.

But "a thousand kilns and one treasure" and "an inch of golden porcelain is burned in an inch of golden kiln".

Now, using new scientific methods to mix ingredients and control kiln temperature not only improves the quality of glass, but also finds out the formula suitable for various firing conditions. It has successively created red core glaze, ruby red, wang hong, manganese red, iron red, flame red, titanium yellow, titanium flower, winding green, green lang kiln, mango, rosy clouds, violet and other 100 kinds of colored glazes and matte colors.

Later, high-temperature colored glazes such as feather glaze, phoenix coat glaze, rain silk glaze, rare earth color-changing glaze and rainbow glaze were successfully developed.

The glaze value presented by extraordinary splendour powder lies not only in itself, but also in creating more beautiful materials for the development of ceramic art, and promoting the birth of various ceramic decorative art forms and categories such as glaze, comprehensive color and glaze porcelain carving.

Colored glazed porcelain, also known as glazed porcelain, depends on the change of glaze color to decorate porcelain.

Usually, the glaze color can be changed by adjusting the content of various trace elements in the glaze, such as copper red, cobalt blue, iron black, lead green and so on.

Generally speaking, we divide glass into the following categories, such as blue glaze, sauce glaze, black glaze, white glaze, yellow glaze, blue glaze, blue glaze and so on.

In fact, each color can be subdivided. For example, green glaze can be divided into nearly 20 kinds, such as bean green, pink green, azure, plum green and so on.

It should be noted that the division of colored glaze is not determined by the naked eye's judgment of glaze color. For example, some blue-and-white glazes of Fujian kilns in the Song Dynasty are white intuitively, but they still belong to blue-and-white glazes due to the proportion of various trace elements.

Kiln glaze and crystalline glaze color should be included in the range of colored glazed porcelain.

It is actually quite difficult to decorate porcelain simply with glaze color, but a good glaze colored ware is famous for its simplicity, beauty and significance.

Such as the blue glaze of Ru kiln in Song Dynasty, the pink glaze of Guan kiln, the plum glaze of Longquan kiln and so on.

The porcelain-making achievements of China ceramic artists in the Song Dynasty are unparalleled so far, and the porcelain in the Song Dynasty is mainly colored glazed porcelain.

In addition to technological factors, it is more important that pure glass products conform to the traditional cultural concepts of China and the reserved, restrained and exquisite aesthetic and moral concepts of China people.

The cultural characteristic of ceramics lies not only in the fact that it reflects a wide range of social life, nature, culture, customs, philosophy and thoughts, but also in the way it reflects.

Is it a three-dimensional national cultural carrier or a static national cultural dance?

This is determined by the characteristics of ceramics.

Pieces of works, regardless of theme and style, are like notes, beating and playing, synthesizing the melody of ceramic culture.

These melodies, some gripping, some deep, some warm, some rational, some colorful, some natural, constitute an unparalleled and breathtaking large-scale symphony of China ceramic culture!

Jingdezhen ceramics is an outstanding representative of China ceramics. It is a microcosm of the Chinese nation and national psychology, and a reflection of China's cultural concepts, national psychology and cultural phenomena!

Ceramic artists can understand the characteristics of ceramic art more deeply and completely from this comparison, thus strengthening the expressive force and lyricism of ceramics and creating works with more aesthetic power and value.

Edit the classification of ceramics in this section.

There are many kinds of ceramic products, and their chemical composition, mineral composition, physical properties and manufacturing methods are often close to each other without obvious boundaries, but there are great differences in application.

Therefore, it is difficult to generalize into several systems, and there are different opinions on detailed classification. So far, there is no unified classification method in the world.

Commonly used from different angles have the following two categories:

(1) Classification according to different purposes

1. Household ceramics: such as tableware, tea sets, jars, jars, pots, pots, plates, dishes, bowls, etc.

2. Art ceramics: such as vases and sculptures.

Bricks and tiles or terracotta, clay, stone products, semi-porcelain, and even porcelain (130 relay) are made from coarse raw materials to fine raw materials, and the green body becomes dense from coarse to porous, so is the firing temperature.

Coarse pottery is the most primitive and lowest-grade ceramic ware, generally made of fusible clay.

In some cases, clinker or sand can be added to clay to reduce shrinkage.

The firing temperature of these products varies greatly, depending on the nature and quantity of impurities contained in the chemical composition of clay.

If the porosity of bricks and tiles made of it is too high, the frost resistance of the green body is not good, and the mortar is not easy to cross, so the water absorption should generally be kept between 5 ~ 15%.

The color of the green body after firing depends on the content of colored oxides in clay and the firing atmosphere. When fired in the oxidation flame, it is mainly yellow or red, and when fired in reducing flame, it is mainly cyan or black.

The blue bricks in China's building materials are made of yellow or red clay containing fe2o 3. When the fire stops, they are calcined in reducing flame to reduce Fe2O3 to FeON and blue. Pottery can be divided into ordinary pottery and exquisite pottery.

Ordinary pottery refers to products with porous coloring bodies such as pottery pots, jars, altars, urns and refractory bricks.

The water absorption of the green body of fine pottery is still 4 ~ 1.2%, so it is transparent and opaque, and it is generally white with color.

Glazes are mostly fusible glazes containing lead and boron.

Compared with stoneware, there is less flux, and the sintering temperature does not exceed 1300℃, so the green body is not fully sintered; Compared with porcelain, it has lower requirements for raw materials, greater plasticity and lower firing temperature.

It is not easy to deform, and can simplify the processes of product forming and filling.

However, the mechanical strength and impact strength of fine pottery are less than porcelain and stoneware, and its glaze is softer than the above products. When the glaze layer is damaged, the porous body is easy to be polluted, which affects the hygiene.

Fine pottery can be divided into clay, calcareous, feldspar and clinker according to different body components.

Clay pottery is close to ordinary pottery.

Lime fine pottery uses limestone as flux, and its production process is similar to that of feldspar fine pottery, but its quality is not as good as that of feldspar fine pottery, so it has been rarely produced in recent years and replaced by feldspar fine pottery.

Feldspar fine pottery, also known as hard fine pottery, takes feldspar as flux.

It is the most perfect and widely used pottery.

In modern times, many countries have used it to mass-produce daily tableware (cups, plates, etc.). ) and sanitary pottery instead of expensive porcelain.

Hot material fine pottery is to add a certain amount of clinker to the fine pottery blank to reduce shrinkage and avoid waste.

This kind of blank is mostly used for large and thick tire products (such as bathtub, washbasin, etc.). ).

In ancient books in China, stoneware was called "stone tire porcelain". Its green body is dense and completely sintered, which is very close to porcelain.

But there is no vitrification, and the water absorption rate is still below 2%. The green body is opaque and white, and most of them are allowed to develop color after firing. Therefore, the requirements for the purity of raw materials are not as high as porcelain, and raw materials are easy to obtain.

Stoneware has high strength and good thermal stability, which is very suitable for modern mechanized washing, and can successfully survive the sudden change of temperature from refrigerator to oven. In the international market, due to the development of tourism and the socialization of diet, the sales of stoneware are larger than that of pottery.

The green body of semi-porcelain is close to porcelain, but it still has 3-5% water absorption after firing (the water absorption of real porcelain is below 0.5%), so its service performance is not as good as porcelain, but better than fine pottery.

Porcelain is a higher stage of ceramic development.

Its characteristic is that the green body has been completely sintered and vitrified, so it is dense and impermeable to liquid and gas. The thin part of the tire is translucent and the cross section is shell-shaped. When you lick it with your tongue, it feels slippery and does not stick to your hands. Hard porcelain has the best performance among ceramics.

Used to make high-grade daily utensils, electric porcelain, chemical porcelain, etc.

Soft porcelain has more flux, lower firing temperature, lower mechanical strength and lower thermal stability than hard porcelain, but it has high transparency and rich decoration, and is mostly used to make artistic display porcelain.

As for sintered porcelain and bone porcelain, their firing temperature is similar to that of soft porcelain, and their advantages and disadvantages are similar to that of soft porcelain, so they should belong to the scope of soft porcelain.

These two kinds of porcelain are difficult to produce (the plasticity and drying strength of the body are poor, and the deformation is serious when firing), so the production is not universal.

Britain is a famous producer of cinerary porcelain, and Tangshan, China also produces cinerary porcelain.

Special ceramics are developed with the rapid development of modern electrical appliances, radio, aviation, atomic energy, metallurgy, machinery, chemistry and other industries, as well as cutting-edge science and technology such as computer, space technology and new energy development.

The main raw materials used in these ceramics are no longer clay, feldspar and quartz, and some green bodies also use some clay or feldspar. However, pure oxides and raw materials with special properties are used, and their manufacturing processes and performance requirements are also different.

Edit this ceramic term.

In order to make art ceramics investors and collectors better understand and master some basic knowledge of art ceramics, the proper terms of ceramics are summarized as follows.

Blue and white: the name of porcelain glaze.

Proper terms of white porcelain and celadon.

A typical blue-and-white ware is made by coating cobalt on a porcelain blank, then applying transparent glaze, and firing at one time at high temperature.

Blue and white are under glaze, so they belong to underglaze color.

Blue and white porcelain is characterized by bright, fresh, elegant, generous and decorative, and has always been cherished by people at home and abroad. But also plays an extremely important role in the process of making porcelain in the world.

Doucai: It is a combination of underglaze blue and white, underglaze red and underglaze multicolor.

Doucai was created in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, which is a combination of underglaze color (blue and white) and underglaze color.

The characteristics of Doucai are: dynamic and static storage, sharp contrast, elegant and gorgeous.

This kind of decoration shows rich expressive force and its characteristics.

Underglaze red: Also known as underglaze red, it originated from the purple erythema glaze of Jun kiln in Song Dynasty.

Can be decorated alone, can also be used with blue and red materials (this decoration is called blue and white underglaze red), and the underglaze red color is stable and heavy.

Traditionally, in China, red often represents auspiciousness and wealth, and the color of underglaze red is steady, simple, magnificent and simple, which are all factors that people are deeply willing to use.

The characteristics after firing are calmness and enthusiasm.

Pastel: also known as "ancient color", it is a variety of glaze color.

The so-called glaze color is painted on the glazed surface of the fired blank and fired in a kiln at 600 -900 degrees Celsius.

In the fifty-second year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (17 13), the traditional glaze color in China was inspired and influenced by enamel color, and opaque white material of copper enamel color was introduced, and the multi-level preparation technology of enamel color was used for reference in the process, creating a new variety of "pastel" glaze color.

This kind of white material is commonly known as "glass white".

Due to the fusion of glass white and multicolored materials, various colors have been "powdered".

Red becomes pink, green becomes light green, yellow becomes light yellow, and other colors become opaque light tones. By controlling its addition, a series of different shades can be obtained, giving people a pink and soft feeling, so this glaze color is called "pastel", and its expression technique has developed from flat filling to light and dark washing and dyeing; In style, its layout and brushwork have the characteristics of traditional Chinese painting.

Judging from the artistic effect of decoration, it has the characteristics of beauty, elegance, prudence, simplicity and grandeur.

Anything that can be expressed by painting, whether meticulous or freehand, can be expressed by pastel.

Figures, flowers, birds, landscapes and so on drawn by this method distinguish darkness, depth and yin and yang, which increases the level and three-dimensional sense, thus forming elegant, fine, color-filling, washing and dyeing, firing and other technological steps.

Overglaze color is an ancient color, which is made of red, yellow, green, blue, purple and other glass colors, and is painted on the glaze according to the needs of pattern decoration. The raw materials and vanadium red are hooked on the porcelain tire, and the method of single-line flat coating is adopted, and then it is baked twice in the "color furnace" (fired at 800-900 degrees).

Because of its distinct red and green, few levels and clear color, it is called hard color.

The antique colors are bright and crystal clear, the tone contrast is strong, the image is exaggerated, the lines are strong and powerful, and it has a strong national artistic style.

There are many objects depicted in ancient paintings, including figures, landscapes, dragons, mandarin ducks, pines and cypresses, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and plants, etc.

Ancient colored porcelain has been widely praised at previous world expositions.

It is one of the outstanding traditions of Jingdezhen ceramic technology.

In terms of age, it includes Daming Cai and Kangxi Cai; As far as color is concerned, there are three colors, five colors, red and green.

Its technical features are single line and plane, strong lines, concise and vivid brushwork, strong color contrast, exaggerated image generalization, strong folk style and strong decoration.

Xincai: Originally named Waicai, it appeared in the late Qing Dynasty and was a ceramic decoration method introduced from abroad.

First, draw various pictures or patterns on the surface of white porcelain with colorful pigments, and then bake them in a color furnace. This kind of porcelain is called new colored porcelain.

New colored porcelain is a new variety gradually developed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), after several improvements, new color decoration techniques have been enriched and developed, and combined with modern technology, it has become a widely used decorative form.

At present, among the popular new colors in Jingdezhen, there are not only new colors with China freehand brushwork style, but also bright and bright brush flowers and spray colors, regular and beautiful lithography and silk-screen decals.

After a series of reforms and innovations, the decorative style has formed the local characteristics of Jingdezhen ceramic art.

New colors include applique, painting, flower brushing, flower spraying, printing, film transfer, gold painting and coloring, color printing, corroded gold and various colors of electro-gloss.

It is characterized by rich colors, diverse decorations, beautiful blank shapes, vivid patterns and novel styles.

Colored glaze: it is a beautiful glaze made of raw materials containing nonferrous metals.

Adding different metal oxides into the glaze as colorants and firing at a certain temperature and atmosphere will present different colors of glaze and become colored glaze.

There are three classification methods: First, according to the firing temperature, it is divided into high-temperature glass (about 1300 degrees), medium-temperature glass (about 1200 degrees) and low-temperature glass (about 1000 degrees). If the firing temperature is 1250 degrees, it can be divided into high and low.

Second, according to the nature of the fired flame, it can be divided into two types: oxidized flame colored glaze and reducing flame colored glaze.

Three, according to the appearance characteristics after firing, it can be divided into monochromatic glaze, multicolor glaze, crack glaze, matt glaze and crystalline glaze.

The difference between colored glaze and ordinary colored glaze lies in the special firing process and formula of colored glaze.

The glaze of colored glaze must be calcined at a high temperature above 1.250 degrees Celsius to show its unique charm, such as light flow like oil, color flow like rainbow, and particle flow like waterfall.

Glass is colorful and changeable.

Cyan, such as bean green, shadow green, pink green, Longquan azure, etc. Red and purple, such as: Sacrificial Red, Lang Yaohong, Military Red, Rose Purple, Beauty Drunk, Glazed Red, Flaming Red, etc.

Yellow, such as titanium yellow, ivory yellow, fish yellow, pink yellow, etc.

Green, such as: green, peacock green, Venus green, brother green, etc. Black, such as black gold, rust, matte black.

Others include crystalline glaze, Yaobian Flower Glaze, Tea Powder, Titanium Flower Glaze, crack glaze, Tang Sancai, Longquan Glaze, Wax Glaze, Jinsha Glaze, Color-changing Glaze, "Kaitai Three Kinds" and Blue Glaze.

In addition, there are low-temperature colored glazes such as: western red, carmine, doll face, pink and Chili red; Ying Ge Green, Apple Green, Light Green, Caviar Green, Guapi Green, Furnace Green, Bitter Green and Water Green; Yellow, yellow, light yellow, caviar bronze, purple on a black background, etc.

Comprehensive color: it is a new decorative form that combines various techniques.

According to the requirements of the works, it uses different raw materials (over-glaze and under-glaze pigments), different expression techniques (sculpture, painting, colored glaze) and different firing techniques (high and low temperature) to achieve the overall design effect, making the porcelain decoration more perfect.

Comprehensive color works can give full play to the characteristics of various techniques and the advantages of technical operation, and fully realize the creative intention.

So it is an ideal way to decorate.

Its characteristics are flexible and colorful, and various decorative forms set off each other, complement each other and compete for beauty, which enriches the artistic language of ceramics.

Modern ceramic art: Creation becomes a space for creative subjects to exert their imagination and a medium to realize individual spiritual value.

Let ceramic art, an ancient art, become the spiritual residence of modern people.

Therefore, different from traditional pottery, modern pottery only takes clay as the material carrier, which embodies a modern artistic spirit.

It advocates free creation and individuality, even though some works still retain the form of containers.

But it is no longer for practical purposes.

It broke through the original technical specifications, abandoned the delicate, regular and symmetrical classical aesthetic taste of traditional ceramics, and developed in the direction of freedom, imagination and humanistic spirit.

What modern ceramic art creates is no longer the traditional artistic "bottles and jars", and even "bottles and jars" freely express the living experience of ceramists with the concept that "bottles and jars are art".

Therefore, modern ceramic art belongs to the inner artistic creation of individual artists.

It is separated from the matrix of ancient ceramics, forming an independent whole with the characteristics of pure art.

Porcelain carving-Porcelain carving: It is a kind of decoration of ceramics.

Generally speaking, it refers to an independent three-dimensional ceramic sculpture, which needs die printing, inlaying, hand carving, kneading, stacking, plastic molding, carving and other technological operations, and is made by high temperature firing.

Due to the different operation methods, it can be roughly divided into round carving, relief carving, pile carving, carving, inlay carving and carving. The production of Jingdezhen porcelain sculptures can be traced back to the production of 1000 "lion" and "elephant".

Contemporary Jingdezhen porcelain carving has exquisite skills and complete techniques, including garden carving, pinch carving, carving and relief carving. Products are diverse, including Buddha statues, flowers, fish and insects, pavilions, animal toys and so on. Beautiful shape, both form and spirit, varied and lifelike; Rich decoration, including high-temperature glass and underglaze multicolor; Strong artistic expression, some solemn and vigorous, some elegant and fresh, some gorgeous and dazzling.