Technical data of twelve methods of ancient music

Yang Law 6: Huang Zhong, Tai Cong, Gu Xi, Yan Bin, Yi Ze, Wu She; Yin Method 6: Twelve methods are used for Luda, Jiazhong, Zhongwan, Lin Zhong, Nanwan and Ying Zhong. In ancient times, Hanshu Fa Li Ji was only called Liulv. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals began with the combination of law and calendar, and the twelve laws correspond to December, also known as December law. There are eight years in Taiqing Jade Book: the first month is a big clock, the second month is a bell, the third month is a bell, the fourth month is Zhonglu, the fifth month is a guest, the sixth month is Lin Zhong, the seventh month is Yi, and the eighth month is Nanlu. It doesn't shoot in September, bells ring in October, yellow bells ring in November and big bells ring in December.

Twelve laws refer to twelve standard sounds. That is to say, ten pipes of different lengths are used to blow out twelve kinds of standard sounds, which is called the Twelve Laws. Odd six methods are yang methods and even six methods are yin methods, which are called six methods; The six laws of yin and yang are collectively called statutes. Health home text gasification. "The Book of Changes": Therefore, it is easy to unify the heavenly heart, and the revival of divination begins to sprout. The eldest son is the stepfather and the mother is Evonne. The message should be in the rhythm of the clock, and the summary should be based on the fulcrum of the bucket. "Also: Huang Zhongjian, a sign of self-development, ugly and low.

There is an orderly and endless cycle, and the twelve laws are consistent. "-"Lv Lu Jing Yi "first recorded the study of ancient musicology in China, which was written in the Warring States Period. The book records the research results of chord length ratio of sound level. In the pentatonic scale, the next scale is generally two-thirds or three-quarters of the previous scale, so it is called the three-point profit and loss method. A scale consists of several sound groups with a difference of five degrees, which is called "five-degree law" in musicology. The pentatonic plus the sign change and the palace change two semitones form a seven-tone scale. The five-degree law is not only the basis of the five-tone system, but also leads to the birth of a more comprehensive twelve-law system. The names of these twelve sounds are beautiful and poetic, but it is difficult to translate them into other languages. Compared with western names, they are: C # C D # D EF # F G # G A # A B.

According to the five-law generation method, after generating the law 1 1 times, the last tone should be twice the original audio rate; But this is not the case, which has caused great trouble to ancient lawyers and stimulated their enthusiasm for creation and exploration. The search for the exact absolute value of the twelve scales and the proportional relationship between adjacent scales almost runs through the history of ancient civilization in China. 1957 unearthed in Xinyang, Henan province, and 1978 unearthed in Suixian, Hubei province, the melody distribution of each chime gradually approaches the twelve-average law, and the pitch and audio are close to the values determined today. But these are still based on the improvement and improvement of the three-point profit and loss method, which is not accurate enough. People in Han, Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty are searching persistently, but they can't completely solve this eternal problem. The times called for genius to end this situation, and Zhu Zi came into being. "Prince in Cloth" Zhu Zaiyu (1536— 16 1) was an outstanding musician, mathematician and astronomer in China in the Ming Dynasty. He was born in Hanoi County, Huaiqing Prefecture (now Qinyang City, Henan Province). He was a prince of Zheng Fan in the Ming Dynasty and the ninth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, a great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. His father was in prison, and his family fell into poverty. He has no intention of making a living all his life and devoted all his energy to scientific research, especially the study of temperament. After the emperor decided to restore his royal status, Zhu Zaiyu did not accept it, but continued to study behind closed doors. Zhu Zai was smart and studious since he was a child, and he could recite poems at the age of eight. "When I was a child, I realized the innate method, but it took a little longer and there was no teacher to teach me, so I was tired of distinguishing Ling Huang." He has a natural sensitivity to music. Under the influence of his father and great-uncle He Tang, Zhu Zaiyu studied knowledge seriously. In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing (1560), he wrote his first novel Thulep. In A.D. 1584, he completed the famous scientific work "New Theory of Law", and put forward the theory and calculation method of the twelve-average law for the first time, which challenged the three-point profit and loss theory followed since ancient times and made the proportional relationship between the laws more accurate. This is a brilliant creation in the history of music culture in China and the world, and it was invented more than 0/00 years before westerners.

Zhu Zaixiang is not only the proponent of the theory of the law of twelve averages, but also the first practitioner of this theory. He repeatedly developed and created the world's first musical instrument with accurate pronunciation-ZhunZhun according to the theory of the twelve average laws. He applied the mathematical operations of square root and square root to the laws, and concluded that the audio gap between the two laws was 2 quarts, 12 power, which made the numerical value accurate to more than ten decimal places, deduced the perfect geometric series, and concluded that the pitches and intervals of the laws were equal, thus successfully solving the problem of tuning scales. This is a revolution in the history of music law. After formulating the twelve-average law, Zhu Zai said happily, "The new law does not need three points of gain and loss, nor is it limited to the old law that every eight tones should be adjusted." Each note is arranged in an orderly way and can be repeated endlessly. Twelve notes are connected in one breath, which is really an achievement that music has not achieved in the past two thousand years. " Now his theory of the law of twelve averages has been widely used all over the world. 1980 Belgian audiologist Ma Rong said that he had verified Zhu Zi's experiment of tube regulation and it was proved to be correct. Zhu Zaiyu has high attainments in mathematics, astronomy and law, and has written a lot in his life. In addition to the famous Music Encyclopedia, there are New Rhyme Theory, Congenital Picture of Right and Wrong, Lv Lu's Theory of Right and Wrong, Jia Jing, Fiona Fang Picture, Lv Lu Doubt and so on.

The twelve-average law has the subtlety that twelve tones can be connected in one breath, because the audio gap between the two laws is two quarters, 12 power, and the pitch interval of each law is equal, so after the birth of the law 1 1 times,1times is just eight octaves higher than the initial pitch, which perfectly solves the tone sandhi.

"The search for the absolute value of the twelve scales and the proportional relationship between adjacent scales almost runs through the history of ancient civilization in China". Leaping into adulthood, the rhythm and temperament are yang. -"Thousand Characters"

According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor made music, Linglun used temperament to regulate Yin and Yang. (Year of the Yellow Emperor)

Ling Lun (also called Ling Lun), a musician in the era of the Yellow Emperor, used twelve bamboo tubes to time. The longest is nine inches, and the shortest is four inches and six minutes, because nine is the pole number of Yang. Then arrange the bamboo tubes in order of length, with the upper nozzle on one side flush and the lower nozzle of different lengths, like cutting green onions, leaving oblique stubble and inserting it into the soil. The bamboo tube is empty, and it is filled with ash burned with reed film. This kind of fly ash is the lightest, which is called leisure time. Bury these pipes in the shady mountain in the northwest, cover them with a cloth curtain and build a room outside. There is absolutely no wind blowing, so use them to wait for the earth's atmosphere, because the yin and yang in the underground are changing at any time. On the solstice of winter, the sun shines. Sun be the spirit, the first nine inches long, the ash in the tube is called yellow bell, which flies out by itself and makes a buzzing sound at the same time. This kind of sound is called the yellow bell, which is a child at this time and the solar term is the winter solstice. Use this sound to set the key, which is equivalent to the c key of modern music; At the same time, a time can be set to adjust the change of phenology, so it is called "rhythm yang regulation"

Furthermore, the number of laws and regulations adopts the three-point profit and loss method, that is, "first three points MINUS one, then three points plus one". The yellow bell tube is nine inches long, and its number is nine. Senior three, that is, three times (cube) of nine, is 729, and then MINUS it is 364.5(729÷2 =364.5), which is the number of days after the lunar leap year. The number of days specified in the solar calendar corresponding to solar terms is only half a day away from the 365 days in the solar calendar, which is almost acceptable for agriculture where ancient ancestors watched the weather and ate.

For details, please refer to Hanshu Calendar System (focusing on calendar) and Lushi Ancient Music in Spring and Autumn Period (focusing on narrative).