What was the evaluation of official achievements in ancient China called?

In ancient China, the assessment of officials' achievements was called performance appraisal.

1. The first level means to assess the achievements of officials according to certain standards.

2. The second layer means the record of performance appraisal.

For example, the assessment indicators of officials in the Tang Dynasty:

First, the criteria are clear and classified. The assessment standards of officials in Tang Dynasty are divided into general standards and job classification standards. The general standard is "four goodness", that is, "when you say that virtue and righteousness are heard; Second, it is clear and prudent; Third, fairness can be called; Fourth, I am diligent and lazy. "

Interpretation: "Virtue and righteousness are heard", that is, venerable; "Clear and prudent", that is, clean and cautious; "Fairness can be called", that is, to judge things fairly; "Diligence and laziness" means hard work.

this is the same requirement for all officials. In the Tang Dynasty, the responsibilities of officials in politics, economy, justice, military affairs, religion and other aspects were divided into twenty-seven categories, and the post classification standard for different official responsibilities was "twenty-seven", which actually formulated the examination standards for each type of official to assess the talents of various officials, which was more detailed than the performance appraisal system of the previous Tang Dynasty.

second, it is a combination of ability and political integrity with distinct grades. In the Tang Dynasty, the merits and demerits of performance appraisal were divided into nine grades.

third, it is a wide range and quantitative assessment. In the Tang Dynasty, the scope of performance appraisal was extensive and comprehensive, and the assessment standards were also formulated for foreign officials other than Jiupin. In this way, according to the character, the merits and demerits can be divided into four grades for assessment.

Extended information:

How to implement the purpose of selecting talents and appointing people according to their abilities in ancient times, it is necessary to create a political ecology with mutual interaction and coordination of assessment, rewards and punishments, supervision and other systems in management.

First of all, assessment is an institutional measure to examine the merits and demerits, and it is also an important way to rectify official management. After the establishment of the official system in Qin and Han dynasties, regular assessment was made, and the promotion and demotion were decided to be customized according to the assessment results. After an official has performed his duties for a period of time (one year, three years, six years, nine years), his achievements, merits and demerits are assessed by superiors or specialized personnel and institutions, and the superior and inferior grades are divided to be rewarded and punished.

assessment is an important means to identify officials' behaviors and abilities, and the assessment results are the direct basis for officials' promotion or demotion.

Secondly, the reward and punishment system has the function of encouraging those who have made meritorious deeds, and deterring those who have made mistakes. Whether it is objective and fair, with clear rewards and punishments, and strictly enforced is related to the hearts and minds of the whole bureaucratic group.

during the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were two kinds of punishments for officials: public crimes and private crimes. Negligence and mistakes in work were called public crimes, while subjective intentional mistakes or crimes were called private crimes. Public crimes were lenient and private crimes were severe.

Public officials devote themselves to doing things for the public. Due to various conditions and circumstances, it is inevitable that there will be mistakes or even mistakes. Sometimes, although things are relatively big, they are forgivable in terms of their causes.

However, once public officials seek personal gain and violate the law and discipline, although sometimes things are less harmful, they must never tolerate and nurture traitors. Only in this way can those hard-working officials be tolerated and protected and dare to do things, and those who seek personal gain will be severely punished to curb the wind of abusing power for personal gain, so that the management system will be more just.

Thirdly, the supervision system has the functions of supervision, prosecution, impeachment, punishment and education, and it is an institutional sword to guard against official evils and correct the situation. In ancient times, the supervision system was set up according to the "restraint relationship", that is, supervision and administration belonged to two sets of official systems, with the same body but different things, and * * * served the unified political system.

The effectiveness of the ancient supervisory system mainly depends on: the supervisory power is relatively independent, responsible to the supreme ruler, and the supervisory picket is not subject to administrative interference and constraints; According to the law, the supervisor takes impeachment and error correction as his duty, which is a great shock to all officials; Supervision has the trend of systematization, organization and legalization, and it is connected with law enforcement and judicial departments and checks and balances each other.

Supervisors must have integrity and professional ability, and their selection, appointment and promotion are regulated by relevant laws and regulations, so as to ensure that they are powerful, promising and fearful; The supervisor's weight is low and the setting is subtle, which is conducive to giving play to the role of big and small, internal and external dimensions.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Performance Appraisal

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