Grade 7 Lower Biology and History (Humanistic Version) Midterm Review Outline

Seventh Grade Chinese History (Lower) Review Outline

Lesson 1: The Prosperous Sui Dynasty

I. The Unification of the Sui Dynasty

1. In 581, Yang Jian founded the Sui Dynasty, with the capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Yang Jian was the Emperor Wen of Sui.

2. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and reunited the north and south.

2. Opening of the Grand Canal

1. Purpose: to strengthen the transportation between north and south and to consolidate the rule

2. Three points: centering on Luoyang, starting from Yuhang in the south, and arriving at Zhuo County in the north, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.

Four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Generali Gully, Jiangnan River

4, significance:, it promotes China's north-south economic and cultural exchanges.

Lesson 2: "The Rule of Zhenguan"

I The Establishment of the Tang Dynasty

1, the tyranny of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, triggering the peasants' revolt, in 618, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was killed, the Sui Dynasty fell.

2. In 618, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty and set the capital at Chang'an, Li Yuan was the Gaozu of Tang.

3. After the Xuanwumen Incident, Li Shimin ascended the throne as Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, with the name of Zhenguan (贞观)

二、Zhenguan's Rule

1、原因：

1、1)the Sui dynasty as a model, and the people as the basis of the rule of the Tang dynasty. 2),2)the development of production by lightening labor, 3)the diligence in government, and the goodness of the advice, 4),and the elimination of malpractices, and the clear rule of government; 5)5),and the importance of talent. 2.Tang Taizong ruled, the social and economic prosperity, and the political and economic development. Social and economic prosperity, political clarity, social stability, rapid economic development, gradually strengthened the national strength, people's standard of living has been improved, history calls the reign of the "reign of Zhenguan".

3, Wu Zetian China's history, the only female emperor, her reign, the continuation of the policy of Zhen Guan, focusing on production, selection of talent. Her reign was characterized as "political enlightenment, rule of Zheng Guan".

The third lesson: "Kaiyuan period"

A, "Kaiyuan rule"

1, the reasons: ① reuse of talent ② clear government ③ advocate thrift

2, the economic prosperity of the period

1, agriculture: ① improvement of tools: ③ the promotion of frugality

2, the economic prosperity of the period

1 agriculture: ① improved tools: the plough and new irrigation tools - tube car

② "Tea God" Lu Yu wrote the "Tea Classic", tea production in the South of Jiangnan agriculture occupies an important position

2, handicrafts: ceramics: Yue Kiln celadon, white porcelain of the Intermediate Kiln and the Tang Sancai

3, commerce:: the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. p>3, commerce:: Tang Dynasty metropolises: Chang'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu

Third, the Anshi Rebellion was a turning point in the Tang Dynasty's transition from prosperity to decline, and in 907, the Tang Dynasty collapsed.

Lesson 4: The Creation of the Imperial Examination System

I. The Birth of the Imperial Examination System

1. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty began to select officials by means of sectional examinations, and the Imperial Examination System began to be born. Emperor Yang of Sui set up the scholar section, the formal birth of the imperial examination system in China.

Second, the imperial examination system perfect

1, the Tang Dynasty, the permanent examination subjects, in order to enter the two most important subjects, Mingjing.

2, Tang Taizong: ① greatly expanded the scale of national education; 3, Wu Zetian: ① the creation of the Imperial Examination system; ② the establishment of martial arts; 4, Tang Xuanzong: ① poems and fugues to become the main content of the entrance examination.

Three, the impact of the imperial examination system

1, the imperial examination system to improve the employment system, so that not a high degree of scholarly talent to become an official. 2, the system of the imperial examination system to promote the development of education. 3, the system of the imperial examination system to promote the development of literature and the arts. 4, the system of the imperial examination system in China's feudal society has continued for more than 1,300 years until the end of the Qing Dynasty was abolished.

Lesson 5: "Harmony as a Family"

I. The Tang Dynasty successively set up the Anxi and Beiting Duguosu (安西都护府) and the Beiting Duguosu (北庭都护府) in what is today the Xinjiang region, and they became the supreme administrative and military institutions for managing the Western Region.

II. Relations between Tang and Tubo

1. In 641, Princess Wencheng made peace with Songtsen Gampo, promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides.

2, the beginning of the 8th century, Princess Jincheng and Shakudai Zhudan and marriage, Tang-Fan "and the same as a family"

three, the Tang Xuanzong: the Uighur Huihe leader of the Huairen Khan, Mohe tribe leader of the Bohai King, the Nanzhao leader of the King of Yunnan.

Sixth lesson: foreign friendly exchanges

I. Relations between Tang and Japan

1. Japan has sent more than 10 batches of Tang envoys to China to study and visit.

2. Influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japanese culture:

1) Political reforms modeled after those of the Tang Dynasty

2) Creation of Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters

3) Learning from China in terms of social and living customs.

3. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Jianzhen succeeded in his six attempts to travel eastward to Japan, which promoted cultural exchange and development between China and Japan.

Three, the relationship between Tang and Silla

1, trade: Silla products in the first place in the Tang dynasty imports

four, Xuanzang traveled to the west: Tang Emperor Zhenguan years, Xuanzang traveled to the west of Tianzhu, retrieve a large number of Buddhist scriptures, he wrote the "Records of the West of the Tang Dynasty", is the study of Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula, as well as China's Xinjiang region of the history of the important textbooks and Buddhist studies.

Seventh lesson: the brilliant Sui and Tang culture (a)

I. Architecture

1, Sui and Tang Dynasty architecture is characterized by: grand scale, majestic, neat and not dull, gorgeous and not delicate.

2, on behalf of: ① Sui Li Chun designed and built Zhaozhou Bridge: is the world's oldest surviving a stone arch bridge; ② Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty: is the world's largest city at the time; ③ Daming Palace Hanyuan Hall: magnificent, opulent.

Two, science and technology

1, the Sui and Tang dynasties, the invention of engraved prints, the Tang Dynasty, "Diamond Sutra", is the world's earliest surviving, marked with the exact date of the engraved prints.2 Tang Dynasty, the king of medicine Sun Simiao authored the "Thousand Gold Formula".

3. Poetry

1. Characteristics of Tang poetry: rich content, diverse styles, and many talented poets.

2. Li Bai, the poet of the Tang Dynasty, is known as the "Poetry Immortal", and his masterpieces include "The City of the White Emperor" and "The Road to Shu". Poetry features: bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant.

3. Du Fu, the poet of the Tang Dynasty, is known as the "Sage of Poetry". His masterpieces include "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", and his poems are characterized by a strong and majestic atmosphere, and a deep sense of pathos.

4, the middle Tang poet Bai Juyi: masterpiece is "Qin Zhongyin", "new music", characterized by: poem straight as words, easy to understand.

Lesson 8: brilliant Sui and Tang culture (2)

I. Calligraphy and Painting

3, Tang Dynasty Calligraphy: ② Yan Zhenqing, the masterpiece is the "Yan's Family Temple Stele", characterized by the majestic and thick, known as the "Yan style".

3 Liu Gongquan, masterpiece is the "Xuan secret tower monument", characterized by the square folded steeply beautiful, strong and healthy bones, since the "Liu style".

4Tang Dynasty painters: ① Tang Dynasty Yan Liben specializes in character story painting, figure and form, representative of the "emperor" and "step in the emperor's carriage"; ② Tang Dynasty Wu Daozi, known as "painting saint", he opened the later generation of the first realistic painting, representative of the "send the son of heavenly kings".

Two, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: also known as the Cave of a Thousand Buddhas, most of which were excavated during the Sui and Tang dynasties. It is one of the largest art treasures in the world.

Third, the Sui and Tang dynasties music and dance features: magnificent, diverse styles, beautiful and harmonious, resounding and enthusiastic characteristics of the heyday. The King of Qin breaks the formation of music," "Nei Shang Yu Yi Song," "Hu Xuan Dance"

Lesson 9: the era of the establishment of national regimes

I? Establishment of Ethnic Regimes

Regimes Ethnicity Founders Time Capital City

Liao Qidan Abaoji Sui and Tang Dynasties Shangjing

North Song Dynasty Han Zhao Kuangyin 960 Tokyo

Xixia Dangxiang Yuanhao Early 11th Century Xingqing

Jin Jin Female Genghis Khan Bongdae Early 12th Century Haining

Southern Song Dynasty Han Zhao Guan 1127 Linan

I. Agricultural Development in the South

1, the performance of agricultural development: ① the introduction of Chamchung rice from Vietnam in the Northern Song Dynasty, popularized in the southern region; "Suzhou and Lake ripe, the world's feet reflect the Suzhou, Huzhou, high yield ② the Song Dynasty, the cultivation of cotton from Fujian to the Yangtze River Basin; ③ kill the number of cultivation has been developed in the hilly areas of the south of the Jiangnan newly split tea. hilly areas of the new split tea plantations.

Two, the southern crafts boom

1, silk weaving: the Northern Song Dynasty, the southern silk weaving industry has developed greatly, Shu silk fabrics "number for the crown of the world".

2, cotton weaving industry: from Hainan Island, the rise of cotton weaving industry, the Southern Song Dynasty has developed to the southeastern coastal areas.

3, porcelain industry: ① Jiangnan became the center of gravity of the porcelain industry in the Southern Song Dynasty ② Zhejiang Brother Kiln firing ice cracked porcelain ③ Jingdezhen became the porcelain capital.

4, shipbuilding: Song Dynasty shipbuilding industry in the world, Guangzhou, Quanzhou shipbuilding industry developed.

Three, the southern commercial prosperity

1, commercial metropolis: Kaifeng and Hangzhou

2, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Sichuan region appeared in the cross, is the world's first paper money.

4. The southward shift of the center of economic gravity, which began in the mid-to-late Tang Dynasty, was finalized in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Lesson Eleven: The Social Landscape of the Song Dynasty

I. Wazi and Festivals

1. With the prosperity of the urban economy, the Song dynasty citizen class continued to grow, and the cultural life of the citizens was also enriched, and the city of Tokyo had a lot of recreational and commercial venues, which were called "wazi". Wazi circled a lot of special performance circle, called "hook rail",

2, today's traditional festivals, such as the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty called the Spring Festival New Year's Day.

Lesson 12: The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

I. Unification of Mongolia by Genghis Khan: In 1206, Temujin united Mongolia and established the Mongolian state, and he was honored as Genghis Khan.

Two, the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

1, Kublai succeeded to the throne of the Khan, who is the Yuan Shizu, established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, and set the capital in 1272. 1276, the destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty.

2 social and economic development of the Yuan Dynasty ○ 1 governance of the Yellow River, the promotion of the cultivation of cotton ② the opening of two new artificial canals (Huitong River & Tonghui River) ③ the Yuan capital of the metropolis of the commercial prosperity ○ 4 frequent foreign exchanges.3 measures to strengthen the rule of the Yuan Dynasty: ○ 1 the establishment of the province system (

) ○ 2 in order to strengthen the rule of Tibet, the establishment of Xuanzhengyuan in the central ○ 3 in order to strengthen the jurisdiction of the Tibet. Ryukyu was established in the center.

Three: Ethnic Integration

1. Performance: ①Migration of border tribes into the Central Plains ○2Fusion of Khitan, Jurchen and Han Chinese ○3Formation of Hui

2. Function: Promoted the development and integration of economy and culture of all tribes.

Lesson 13: Splendid Song and Yuan Cultures (I)

I. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing was both economical and time-saving, greatly facilitating the spread of culture. Printing with movable type did not appear in Europe until the 15th century, about 400 years later than in China.

The invention of compass and gunpowder

1. Sinan was invented during the Warring States period, and the compass was invented during the Northern Song Dynasty and began to be used for navigation. 2, gunpowder is China's ancient alchemists invented, the end of the Tang Dynasty began to be used in war, the Song and Yuan dynasties gunpowder weapons are widely used in war. 13th and 14th centuries gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were introduced to the Arab and European.

3, printing, compass and gunpowder, together with papermaking, are the "four great inventions" of the ancient people of China, which are the major contributions of the Chinese people to the development of world civilization.

Lesson 14: Splendid Song and Yuan Cultures (2)

I. The Northern Song historian Sima Guang wrote the book "Ziji Tongjian," a chronological history of the period from the Warring States period to the Five Dynasties.

Song lyrics and Yuan dynasty compositions

1. Lyrics were the main form of literature in the Song dynasty, emerging in the Tang Dynasty and flourishing in the Song dynasty.

2, the Northern Song Dynasty Su Shi open words bold style, is the representative of the bold school, representative of "Nian Nujiao? Red Cliff and Ancient Times".2. Li Qingzhao, the female lyricist of the two Song dynasties, had a euphemistic style and sincere feelings, and was good at using colloquialisms, which made her look extra fresh and natural.

4The Yuan Dynasty theater was well developed, and Yuan opera consisted of miscellaneous dramas and prose compositions. The masterpiece of the Yuan Dynasty playwright Guan Hanqing was Dou'e Grievance.

Three, painting and calligraphy

1, painting: Song and Yuan paintings are reflected in the landscape painting, bird and flower painting and custom paintings, etc.

1 Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan's "Qingming Riverside" (reflecting the prosperity of the two sides of the Bianhe River in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty).

2 Yuan dynasty painter Zhao Mengfu's "Drinking Horses in Autumn Countryside", known as Zhao Mengfu's works for the "divine works". ".

2. Calligraphy: Running script was prevalent in the Song and Yuan dynasties. Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang and Su Shi of the Song Dynasty were known as the "Four Families of Song". The calligraphy of Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty is strong and robust, with profound strength.

Biology:

Grade 7 Lower Review Outline

*Overview of the Origin and Evolution of Humans

Humans and modern apes share the same **** ancestor, the ancient forest ape.

Modern hominids include: gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons, and orangutans.

Significant events in human development and evolution are: walking upright - making and using tools - further development of the brain - the creation of language. Upright walking is the basis of evolutionary development.

*Give examples of human impact on the biosphere

The indiscriminate cutting of forests has led to soil erosion, dust storms and other natural disasters;

The discharge of excessive wastewater and waste water into lake water has led to the growth of phytoplankton, such as algae, due to the abundance of nutrients in the lake water, which affects the lives of other organisms in the water;

The discharge of excessive sulphur dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere has led to the spread of harmful substances, which can easily lead to the development of human beings and the development of human beings.

The emission of excessive sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere can easily lead to the production of acid rain, which causes great harm to all kinds of creatures and all kinds of buildings; excessive carbon dioxide emissions can also lead to an increase in global temperatures, resulting in the formation of the "greenhouse effect".

Solid wastes and industrial wastewater that contain mercury, silver, and cadmium can cause a variety of illnesses: water sickness, pain sickness, etc.

**Solid wastes and industrial wastewater that contain mercury, silver, and cadmium can cause a variety of illnesses.

*Draw up a plan of action to protect the local ecosystem

*Outline the structure and function of the male reproductive system (complete the diagram on the right)

Structure Function Structure Function

Vas deferens Deliver sperm Epididymis Store and transport sperm

Urethra Drain sperm and urine Testes (which is the main sex organ of the male) Produce sperm and secrete androgen

Testes (which are the main sex organs of the male)

*Outline the structure and function of the female reproductive system

Structure Function

Ovaries (which are the main female sex organs) Produce egg cells and secrete estrogen

Tubes Carry egg cells

Uterus Site of embryonic and fetal development

Vagina Passageway for entry of sperms and output of fetus

*Describe the The process of fertilization

The sperm produced by the testes and the egg cell produced by the ovary are both germ cells. The site of fertilization of sperm and egg cells is the fallopian tube.

*Describe the process of embryonic development

Development: the process by which an embryo is formed from a fertilized egg and grows into a sexually mature individual

1. The fertilized egg divides and develops into an embryonic follicle as it moves into the uterus. After moving into the uterus, it implants in the uterine lining, a process known as pregnancy;

2. The placenta is the place where the fetus exchanges material with the mother.

3. At 40 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus is basically mature and is expelled from the mother's vagina, a process called labor.

*Describe the developmental characteristics of puberty

(1) a sudden increase in height;

(2) a marked increase in the functioning of the nervous system as well as of organs such as the heart and the lungs;

(3) the rapid development and maturation of the sex organs, accompanied by a number of physiological phenomena. Sexual organs are rapidly developed under the action of gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary gland, spermatorrhea occurs in boys and menstruation in girls, and under the action of sex hormones, secondary sexual traits, such as the knot in the throat of boys, appear.

*To develop hygiene and health care habits during puberty

Ejaculation is a normal phenomenon. "Semen is full of semen" and it is discharged when there is too much semen.

Girls should pay attention to keep a good state of mind during menstruation, adhere to appropriate exercise, pay attention to personal hygiene and so on.

Set up a great ideal, carry out normal interpersonal communication, and achieve self-esteem and self-love.

* Name the main nutrients needed by the body

Six nutrients: sugar, protein, fat, water, inorganic salts, vitamins.

Fat: the main energy storage material in the body Fat-rich foods: peanuts, animal (vegetable) oils, fatty meats, soybeans, etc.

Sugar: the main energy-supplying material in the body Sugar-rich foods: sucrose, rice, wheat, steamed buns, potatoes, sweet potatoes, etc.

Protein: raw material for growth and development, as well as repair and renewal of damaged cells Protein-rich Food: milk, eggs, fish, meat, etc. Water: the main components of the cell, accounting for about 60% -70% of body weight.

Vitamins: the human body needs less, can not supply energy, but life activities and essential substances.

Types of inorganic salts Symptoms in case of deficiency Types of vitamins Symptoms in case of deficiency Food sources

Inorganic salts containing calcium Rickets, osteoporosis Vitamin A Night blindness Liver, dairy products, fish, tomatoes, carrots, etc.

Inorganic salts containing phosphorus Anorexia, anemia, myalgia Vitamin B1 Neuritis, athlete's foot Brown rice, peanuts, lean meats, yeast and prunes, etc.

Inorganic salts containing iron Iron-deficiency anemia Vitamin C Scurvy Fruits, vegetables, etc.

Inorganic salts containing iodine Endemic goiter Vitamin D Rickets, osteoporosis Animal liver and milk, etc.

Inorganic salts containing zinc Growth and developmental deficiencies

*Describe the composition of the digestive system of the human body

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. which are composed of the digestive tract and the digestive glands.

1. The digestive tract, in order from top to bottom, is:

(1) Mouth - chewing by the teeth to grind the food, and stirring by the tongue to mix the food with the saliva

(2) Pharynx and esophagus - passageways for food, with no digestive action.

(3) Stomach - mixes food with gastric juices through peristalsis and initial digestion

(4) Small intestine - the main site of digestion and absorption (the small intestine begins in the duodenum)

(5) Large intestine -- makes the food residue pushed toward the anus (the beginning of the large intestine is the cecum)

(6) anus

2. Digestive glands

(1) Salivary glands -- secretion of saliva, salivary amylase enzyme can be initially digested starch (amylopectin) maltose)

(2) Gastric glands - secretion of gastric juice, can initially digest proteins

(3) Intestinal glands - secretion of intestinal juices, can digest sugars, proteins and fats

(4) Pancreatic glands -- secretes pancreatic fluid, which digests sugars, proteins, and fats

(5) Liver -- secretes bile, which contains no digestive enzymes and emulsifies fats.

Note: The salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are located outside the digestive tract, and the digestive juices secreted by the pancreas and liver are injected into the duodenum and then come into contact with food. The gastric and intestinal glands are located inside the digestive tract. The liver is the largest digestive gland.

*Overview of the process of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

1. Digestion of food

Proteins: Digestion begins in the stomach and is ultimately digested into amino acids

Sugars: Digestion begins in the mouth and is ultimately digested into glucose

Fats: Digestion begins in the small intestine and is ultimately digested into glycerol and fatty acids

2, Absorption

The small intestine is the main organ for absorbing nutrients, and the structural features that determine this function are: 1) the adult small intestine is generally 5-6 meters, which is the longest section of the digestive tract; 2) there are many folds in the small intestine, and on the folds, there are many villous protrusions - the small intestinal villi, which greatly increases the area of absorption in the small intestine. After being absorbed, the nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are then absorbed by the capillaries of the inner wall and transported to the whole body.

*Design a reasonable recipe

Energy for breakfast, lunch and dinner should be 30%, 40% and 30% respectively. All three meals should be on time.

To reasonably supplement a variety of human body must be five types of food, can be compared to the image of a "balanced diet pagoda"

* Concerned about food safety

Before eating vegetables and fruits, should be soaked, rinsed, or peeled;

Buy food, should pay attention to the test is qualified, whether the spoilage and so on;

When buying food, should pay attention to the test is qualified,

The food is not a good choice, and should not be used for food. spoilage, etc.

Sprouted potatoes and poisonous mushrooms and other toxic foods should not be eaten;

*Describe the composition of the human respiratory system (complete the figure on the right)

The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tract and the lungs.

The respiratory tract, from top to bottom: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, is the passageway for gases to and from the lungs. It cleans, warms and moistens the air.

The formation of phlegm: trachea and bronchial tubes have cilia on the inner surface, can not stop the dust particles, bacteria, etc. and mucus together to the pharynx, through coughing out of the body.

The lungs are the place of gas exchange, located in the thoracic cavity, the left lung two lobes, the right lung three lobes, the constituent unit is the alveoli. Approximately 16 rhythmic breaths are taken in a minute.

*Overview of the process of gas exchange at the lungs and tissue cells of the human body

1. Gas exchange in the alveoli

Because the alveolar wall and the capillary wall are a layer of flattened epithelial cells, when inhaled air reaches the alveoli, the oxygen in the air passes through

the alveolar wall and the capillary wall to enter the bloodstream; at the same time, carbon dioxide in the bloodstream also passes through the capillary walls and alveolar walls into the alveoli and is eliminated from the body with the process of exhalation.

2. Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells

Oxygen in the blood is transported to the tissue cells, and through the diffusion of gases, the oxygen can enter the tissue cells through the thinner vessel walls, while the carbon dioxide gas produced by the cells also enters the blood through the diffusion process. Oxygen that enters the cells eventually participates in respiration in the mitochondria within the cells, breaking down organic matter and providing energy for life activities.

3, the process of gas exchange between the lungs and the outside world

1) the diaphragm ____, the top of the diaphragm ____, the volume of the thoracic cavity ____, the lungs ____, the pressure of gases in the lungs accordingly ____, the gas inhalation;

2) the diaphragm ____, the top of the diaphragm ____, the volume of the thoracic cavity ____, the volume of the lungs ____, the pressure of gases in the lungs accordingly ____, the gas expulsion .

*Describe the composition of the human blood circulatory system

The blood circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

1, blood: consists of plasma and blood cells, and there are three types of blood cells: red blood cells (containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and part of the carbon dioxide), white blood cells (which phagocytose germs), and platelets (which arrest hemorrhage and accelerate clotting).

2, blood vessels:

(1) arteries, blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Characteristics: thicker walls, smaller lumen, high elasticity, fast blood flow, constant branching.

(2) Veins: blood vessels that carry blood from all parts of the body back to the heart. Characteristics: thinner walls, less elastic, smaller lumen, slower blood flow, usually with venous valves.

(3) Capillaries: connect between the smallest arteries and veins. Characteristics: allows only a single line of red blood cells to pass through, consists of a layer of flat epithelial cells, slow blood flow.

3. Heart: the left ventricle has the thickest wall.

Four chambers: above are the atria, below are the ventricles. The arteries are connected to the ventricles, and there is an arterial valve between the arteries and the ventricles so that blood can only flow from the ventricles to the arteries; the veins are connected to the atria. The atria and ventricles on the same side are connected, and there is an atrioventricular valve between the atria and ventricles so that blood can only flow from the atria to the ventricles.

*Overview of Blood Circulation

Circulatory pathways: the physical circulation is where blood travels from the left ventricle back to the right atrium, and the pulmonary circulation is where blood travels from the right ventricle back to the left atrium.

Direction of blood flow at the heart: veins → atria → ventricles → arteries

Pathway of the physical circulation: left ventricle → aorta → capillaries of the whole body and viscera → superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium

Pathway of the pulmonary circulation: right ventricle → pulmonary artery → capillaries in the lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium

Pulmonary circulation and the physical circulation converge at the heart. .

*Describe the composition of the human urinary system

Consisting of kidneys (forming urine), ureters (transporting urine), bladder (temporarily storing urine) and urethra (removing urine)

*Describe the process of formation and elimination of urine

1. Filtration of the glomeruli: In addition to the plasma of blood cells and large molecules of proteins, a portion of the water, the Inorganic salts, glucose and urea and other substances through the glomerulus and the wall of the renal capsule filtration to the cavity of the renal capsule, the formation of primary urine. The human body forms about 150 liters of primary urine every day.

2, tubular reabsorption: the original urine through the renal tubules, all of the glucose, most of the water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed into the capillaries around the renal tubules. The remaining water, inorganic salts and urea form urine. About 1.5 liters of urine are eliminated each day.

3, the discharge of urine: urine first through the ureter to the bladder, when the bladder is stored to a certain amount of urine, through the urethra to discharge urine.

4, significance: discharge of waste, regulate the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body,

maintain the normal physiological function of tissue cells.

Learn the diagrams and complete the questions

(1) If the right diagram indicates the blood vessels at the alveolar region, then I indicates _____ blood vessels, which flow _____ blood inside, and III indicates _____ blood vessels, which flow _____ blood inside;

(2) If the right diagram indicates the blood vessels at the tissue cells, then I indicates _____ blood vessels, which flow _____ blood inside, and III represents the _____ vessel, inside of which flows _____ blood.

(3) If the diagram on the right represents the blood vessels at the renal unit, then I represents the _____ blood vessel, inside of which flows _____ blood, and III represents the _____ blood vessel, inside of which flows _____ blood, and the fluid in II is filtered out to form _________.

*Describe excretory pathways

Excretion: the process by which carbon dioxide, urea, and excess water are removed from the body. Sweating, breathing, and urination are routes of excretion.

Note the difference with excretion: the process by which the residue formed after digestion of food is excreted from the body is excretion.

*Describe the components of the human nervous system

The nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves they send out.

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system; the cerebral and spinal nerves make up the peripheral nervous system.

The brain: including the right and left cerebral hemispheres, the surface is the cerebral cortex, with sensory, motor, language and other life activities of the functional areas - nerve centers.

Cerebellum: makes movement coordinated, accurate, and maintains body balance.

Spinal cord: has the function of reflex and conduction. (Can produce a regular response to external or internal stimuli, but also can conduct the response to these stimuli to the brain, is the link between the brain and the trunk, viscera pathway)

Nerves: from the spinal cord issued by the spinal cord is called the spinal nerves, distributed in the trunk, limbs of the skin and muscles. The nerves emanating from the brain are called cerebral nerves and are mostly distributed to the sensory organs, skin and muscles of the head.

Neurons: also called nerve cells, including the cell body and protrusion of two parts. Neuron is the basic unit that constitutes the structure and function of the nervous system. There are many protrusions on the cell body, and there are two kinds of protrusions: long ones and short ones.

*Outline the basic way of neuromodulation in the human body

The basic way of neuromodulation is reflexes. The structural basis of reflexes - the reflex arc. The reflex arc should consist of five parts: receptors, afferent nerves, nerve centers, efferent nerves, and effectors.

The reflex arc of the knee jerk reflex: ligament at the knee (receptor) → afferent nerve → spinal cord (nerve center) → efferent nerve → thigh muscle (effector).

Simple reflexes: born with it, e.g., contraction response, blinking response, urination response, knee-jerk reflex.

Complex reflexes: formed through the accumulation of life over a long period of time, e.g., quenching thirst by looking at a plum, hearing the bell ring and entering the classroom. Reflexes related to speech and writing are complex and unique to humans, e.g., talking about plums, talking about tigers.

*Overview of the human body through the eyes, ears and other sense organs to obtain information

Eye: cornea iris lens (ciliary muscle) vitreous body retina choroid sclera

The formation of vision process: the external object reflected light, in turn, through the cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body, and through the lens and so on refraction, and ultimately fall on the retina, the formation of an object image. The retina is a light-sensitive part of the eye. There are light-sensitive cells in the retina, and these cells transmit information about the image to the visual center of the brain through the optic nerve, which gives rise to vision.

Myopia formation: the anterior and posterior diameters of the lens are increased (excessively convex), the object falls in front of the retina, forming myopia. It can be adjusted by concave lenses.

Hyperopia formation: the anterior and posterior diameters of the lens decrease (become excessively concave) and the object falls behind the retina, forming hyperopia. It can be adjusted by a convex lens.

Outer ear: auricle (collects sound waves), external auditory canal

Middle ear: tympanic membrane (receives stimuli, produces vibrations), auditory ossicles, tympanic chamber

Ear: semicircular canals

Vestibule A condition that senses shifts in the position of the head and is associated with the maintenance of body equilibrium (e.g., motion sickness)

Inner ear Cochlea: lined with sensory cells that are sensitive to sound waves, these cells The cochlea: contains sensory cells that are sensitive to sound waves, and these cells can transmit sound wave information to the auditory center of the brain through the auditory nerve

Pharyngeal Eustachian Tube: communicates with the pharynx to regulate the pressure difference between the two sides of the tympanic membrane

Note: When encountering loud noises, you should open your mouth quickly to open the pharyngeal tube, so as to maintain a balance of air pressure inside and outside the tympanic membrane, so as to avoid breaking the tympanic membrane.

Nose: There are many cells in the mucous membrane at the upper end of the nasal cavity that are very sensitive to odor.

Tongue: there are many protrusions on the upper surface and sides that are very sensitive to flavor, and are able to discriminate between sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.

Skin: the function of feeling external stimuli such as cold, heat, pain, touch and pressure.

*Examples of hormones in the human body involved in the regulation of life activities

Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands, which secrete hormones that do not pass through the ducts, but enter directly into the capillaries within the glands and are transported throughout the body with the blood circulation.

Pituitary gland: secretes growth hormone Promotes growth and development of organisms. Abnormalities: too much in early childhood, gigantism; too little in early childhood, dwarfism.

Thyroid gland: secretes thyroid hormone Promotes development of organisms. Abnormalities: insufficient in early childhood, developmental delay, cretinism; too little in adulthood, resulting in macroglossia. Deficiency can be treated by eating foods containing iodine. Such as kelp.

Pancreas: distributed in the pancreas, secretes insulin, etc. Regulates the absorption and digestion of sugar in the body. Lack of insulin leads to the weakening of the cells' ability to absorb and utilize blood sugar, resulting in diabetes. It can be treated by injecting insulin preparations.

Ovary: secretes estrogen, etc.

Testes: secretes androgen, etc.

The human body's life activities are regulated mainly by nerves, but also by hormones.

I hope this helps!