What is the relationship between politics and administration?

The specific behaviors of various rights subjects to safeguard their own interests in the field of political superstructure and the specific relations formed therefrom. It is an important social phenomenon in a certain period of human history. Politics has great influence and function on all aspects of social life. This social phenomenon is very complicated, and political scientists and politicians of past dynasties have discussed it from different angles and different emphases, but so far there is no recognized exact definition. Administration refers to all kinds of relationships between administrative subject and administrative counterpart, administrative legal supervision subject, and all kinds of relationships when administrative subject exercises administrative functions and accepts administrative legal supervision. Administrative relations constitute the adjustment object of administrative law, which mainly includes four categories: the first category is administrative relations; The second category is the administrative legal supervision relationship; The third category is the administrative relief relationship; The fourth category is internal administrative relations. According to the conventional definition in western administrative science, everything involved in policy formulation can be called "politics" and everything involved in policy implementation can be called "administration". Politics is the formulation of national policies, and administration is the implementation of national policies, which is a technology and method. Specifically, administration is the management of state and social public utilities by state administrative organs in accordance with state laws and statutory functions and powers in order to achieve social goals and safeguard the interests of the ruling class. This shows that administration is class and super-class, and there is no administration divorced from politics. In the development of western politics and administration, the relationship between politics and administration has always been an unresolved practical and theoretical issue. Politics is the government's plan, and administration is the government's implementation. Lenin once said: "Politics is a science and an art ... It is the way, task and content of participating in state affairs, guiding the country and determining state activities. Its most important thing is the establishment of state power. Politics is a struggle between classes. Wilson and Goodnow believe that politics is the expression of national will, and administration is the implementation of national will. Politics dominates administration, and administration is subordinate to politics, which has to reflect the will of the state and politics. Politics and administration are inseparable. Let me start with the theory of dichotomy between politics and administration. In the 20th century, the dichotomy between politics and administration is not only the narrative principle of administrative theory, but also an established research method. The mainstream administrative theory is based on the dichotomy of politics and administration, constructing a theoretical system and designing a practical scheme. After 1960s and 1970s, "new public management" and "new public administration" questioned the principle of dichotomy between politics and administration, revised the ideal state of bureaucracy in public administration, and demanded to treat the procedures and behaviors in public administration more realistically, instead of being too idealistic. Since Wilson 1887 put forward the separation of administration and politics, the relationship between politics and administration has been one of the basic problems in academic circles. Although there are many academic viewpoints, Goodnow's Politics and Administration is undoubtedly an important treatise on this issue. Goodnow believes that in all government systems, there are two basic government functions, namely, expressing the will of the state and implementing it. He called these two functions "politics" and "administration". He clearly realized that "dichotomy" is only a functional division, not a structural division. " In fact, government agencies whose main function is to implement the will of the state are often given the responsibility to express the details of the will of the state ... On the other hand, the organs whose main responsibility is to express the will of the state, that is, the legislature, usually have the right to control and implement the implementation of the will of the state in some way. Therefore, the dichotomy between politics and administration was put forward, and Goodnow got a systematic theoretical explanation. It further distinguishes the different roles of administration and politics. He believes that politics is the expression of national will, and administration is the implementation of this will. "In all government systems, there are two main or basic government functions, namely, the expression function of national will and the execution function of national will. The former is called politics and the latter is called administration. "In its view, the traditional thinking of studying the government and its administration is a political method of' starting from the constitution and ending in the constitution'. This method pays too much attention to the problem from the political point of view, obliterates the particularity of the government and its administrative operation, and cannot lead to efficient administrative system design. Therefore, administrative research should start from the separation of politics and administration, and should be independent of politics, which is of great significance to China today. A country's government has two goals: efficiency and fairness. In today's rapidly developing world of science and technology, the efficiency of the government is undoubtedly very important. An efficient and responsive government, on the one hand, can be invincible in the fierce international competition, on the other hand, it can also make the domestic people stable and rich. Goodnow's "Dichotomy of Politics and Administration" was also put forward under the background of political parties' spoils sharing, administrative corruption, non-specialization and inefficiency in the United States. In China, the government failed to grasp the corresponding transformation of government functions during the transition from planned economy to market economy, but failed to straighten out the relationship between "politics" and "administration" in time, which is also one of the important reasons. Why did Wilson, Goodnow and others put forward the principle of political and administrative dichotomy? Goodnow thinks that it is the development of politics and government itself that puts forward this requirement, because the development of politics and government presents the characteristics of separation, which makes administration and politics have different characteristics. According to Goodnow's point of view, under the condition that the development of politics and government has shown such characteristics, if we still follow the traditional political and legal research methods, we will not be able to meet the requirements of political countries for administrative management. It can be seen that the principle of dichotomy between politics and administration is not a purely theoretical setting, but has a realistic basis. Goodnow explained the realistic basis of the dichotomy between politics and administration from the perspective of political development. In other words, the principle of dichotomy between politics and administration is the inevitable result of the political development of western society. This principle was first put forward by American scholars because the United States is a typical form of the development of western political civilization. It is difficult to accurately grasp the significance of the dichotomy between politics and administration if it is divorced from the political and cultural forms and institutional basis of western society. Furthermore, if we don't understand the principle of political and administrative dichotomy in a specific background, but abstract a principle with universal significance from its application background, it may lead to some negative consequences. The most direct reason for the dichotomy between politics and administration is mainly the political multiparty system and the construction of the civil service system in the administrative system. The dichotomy principle of politics and administration is not a universal principle, but it comes into being under the specific conditions of multi-party politics, and it only makes sense at a specific stage of political development. It is meaningless to talk about the dichotomy between politics and administration without specific conditions, and it may bring all kinds of unexpected negative effects. From the above, we find that the dichotomy principle of politics and administration mainly refers to the relationship between party politics and government administration. In the process of China's political reform and administrative reform, this issue has also been raised. Because China's multi-party cooperative politics is completely different from the multi-party system, it is a multi-party cooperative system under the leadership of one party. This feature of politics also determines the relationship between politics and other fields. So there is a question, whether the discussion of all issues needs the leadership of the party. To sum up, politics and administration are inseparable for our country. There are still many places in our country that need to be improved and strengthened. We still have many shortcomings, waiting for us to formulate and implement them. These make me more aware that "we live in an era of' administration-centered', in which the effectiveness of the government fundamentally depends on administrative leadership, whether it is policy formulation or policy implementation." "Now people have clearly realized that politics and administration are intertwined and inseparable. "