Compromise of the political system of the western countries embodied in where

Chinese and Western political system I. Ancient Greek political system 1, the city-state system In the Mediterranean Greek Peninsula's unique geographic environment, under specific historical conditions, the 8th to 6th centuries BC, Greece appeared more than two hundred slaveholding small states, historically known as the "city-state" or "city-state". The "city-state" or "city-state" was the name given to it. Small states were the prominent feature of city-states. City-states generally included urban areas and surrounding rural areas. In the minds of the ancient Greeks, "city-state" means the same blood group of people *** with the group, *** with the region and the absolute independence of the political economy. Greek city-state system of government is diverse, broadly divided into democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny and so on. Among them, Athens and Sparta were the most famous city-states. Sparta practiced aristocracy and Athens was known for its democracy. The Greek city-states practiced civic politics so that their citizens enjoyed fuller political rights. Athenian democracy, in particular, provided valuable lessons for future generations.　　(1) Establishment of democracy: monarchy - aristocracy - Thoreau's reforms - the Listhenian reforms, and finally the establishment of democracy.　　(2) Basic features: popular sovereignty and rule by turns.　　(3) Evaluation: On the one hand, it is pointed out that Athenian democracy was a product of the Greek city-states which were small in size and had its own limitations, and that the direct participation of the citizens in politics and the form of rotating rule did not always lead to a just result, and that the democratic rule in Athens still served the slave-owning class; on the other hand, it should be pointed out that the value and significance of the Athenian democracy was that: it provided the future generations with the most worthwhile reference for the form of government, and the most important reference for the human civilization. The value and significance of Athenian democracy lies in the fact that it provided a most worthy reference form of government for later generations and pointed out a way for the perfection of the form of political organization in human civilization. Athenian democracy was highly progressive at that time. Therefore, the democratic system of Athens was worthy of being a model of the democratic system of slavery in the Greek region.　　3. The unique features of the Greek city-states: ① Independence. They were not dependent on any political power and had their own legal system, officials, courts and so on. These city-states even if the alliance does not have a supreme authority, is not subordinate to each other. ② Direct democracy. The supreme authority belongs to the Citizens' Assembly, which is related to the military democracy of primitive societies, which is not found in the East, and which can elect officials, adjudicate, etc., and whose authority is higher than that of any individual. ③ Citizens. Citizens had the right to vote and to be elected, but border dwellers, Gentiles, serfs, and women had no citizenship. Citizens are only a few percent of all people. (iv) Compulsory officialdom. There were no official salaries and service was voluntary. Those elected according to the citizens' assembly were generally temporary positions, which were finished after service, and there were only a few fixed official positions. Later, a system of public service allowances was adopted, which to some extent increased citizens' motivation to participate in politics. ⑤ The rule of law. The state was to be governed according to law, with a strict judicial system. Often the founding fathers were the most important legislators. Conflicting struggles between citizens often had a tradition of being resolved first in the law, with armed confrontation used only as a last resort.　　Athens, the major city-state of ancient Greece, was the birthplace of the idea of democratic politics. Democracy in Athens was the narrowest and the fullest democracy in history. The narrowest means that the number of people enjoying democratic rights was too small; the fullest means that all citizens had direct and equal rights to legislate and govern public affairs.　　Due to the different geographical environment and economic characteristics, two different political systems emerged in ancient China and Greece and Rome.　　The political system of ancient China was centered on an authoritarian centralized system. The system of authoritarian centralization continued in China for more than 2,000 years and had a profound influence on the formation and development of the unified multi-ethnic state of China, the statehood and system of government, bureaucratic politics and administration, and even culture and education.　　The early Chinese state political system began to appear with the establishment of the Xia hereditary system. During the Shang and Zhou periods, it underwent a transformation from a coalition of square states to a ****lord of the world. The centralized system established by the Qin Dynasty had a profound impact on the development of Chinese society for the next two thousand years, while the struggle between centralization and local decentralization continued for a long period of time, but the overall trend was one of increasing authoritarian imperial power. Attention is drawn to several key points: first, the internal and external service system of the Shang Dynasty and the feudal and patriarchal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty; second, the unification of the Qin Dynasty and the "emperor system", the "three dukes and nine ministers system", and the county system; third, the rebellion of the seven kingdoms of the Han Dynasty and the centralization measures of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the fragmentation of the clans and towns of the Tang Dynasty and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and the centralization of power in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the Tang Dynasty, and the measures to strengthen centralization in the early Song Dynasty; fourth, the establishment of the three-province and six-ministry system in the Sui and Tang dynasties and the evolution of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and the strengthening of the monarchical authoritarian system in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty.　　The source of Western political civilization lies in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Whether it is the democracy of Ancient Greece or the **** and system and the head system of Ancient Rome, whether it is the legal system they created or the political wisdom of the philosophers, all of them have provided valuable reference experiences for the future generations. Among them, the most enlightening to future generations is with the ancient Greek city-state system, the democratic politics of the Athenian city-state and the laws of ancient Rome.　　The world's peoples from the primitive society into the civilized society, the earliest established countries are city-state type of small countries. That is, a city as the center, including some surrounding villages, a city and a state, so called "city state" (referred to as "city state"). The difference is that most of the other nationalities with the development of history, by the evolution of small countries into a large country to the empire, but the characteristics of the Greek civilization is that it retains the city state of small countries in the situation of the other civilizations are more long term, and in the city state system to reach the peak of its civilization prosperity and prosperity.　　Greek city-states were mostly characterized by their small size and the independence and autonomy of each state, and the city-state was an independent sovereign state centered on the city. Citizens of each state enjoyed varying degrees of political power (except for women). Slaves and foreign immigrants, on the other hand, were in a position of oppression and exploitation. Therefore, the ancient Greek city-state was actually a state organization in which citizens collectively united to defend their own interests and oppress slaves and foreigners.　　Fifth, the difference between the ancient Greek system and the Chinese system of law Ancient East and West have cultural exchanges, the two legal systems have also influenced each other. But such influence is very limited. The ancient eastern method has not been on the road of ancient Greek law, and ancient Greek law did not follow the ancient eastern method of the model, as early as two thousand years ago, Aristotle in his "Politics", has been y aware of the oriental political system and the Greek system with the essence of the difference. He pointed out that the Greek city-states were not blood groups, but social unions bound by ****same interests, "political associations". As if in response to the views of some of our contemporary historians, he states, "It is a fallacy to say that [Greek] city-state politicians were the same as [Eastern] emperors, or patriarchs, or slave-owners." (Politics, Chinese translation, p. 3) We know that human societies universally originated in the clan organizations of early cultures (such clans, according to historian Young, should technically be called surname clans). In Latin, Greek and Sanskrit, the root of the word is "procreation", which means a group of blood relatives who inherit*** the same ancestors. This kind of clan organization was the basic unit of social organization, whether found in the city-community societies of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in China, or in the ancient societies of Greece and Rome.　　One of the fundamental features of the traditional Chinese social system is that since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, blood-kin relationships have been the deep structure of interpersonal relationships in Chinese society. In the three thousand years of history since then, the clan organization of the pre-Qin era has been transformed into the clan organization after the Qin and Han Dynasties, and then into the clan organization after the Tang and Song Dynasties, and then into the village family organization after the Ming and Qing Dynasties until the modern times, although it has evolved formally, its basic structure has been able to remain unchanged and has accumulated a strong influence on the social interpersonal relations and value system. in the depths of interpersonal relationships and value systems in society. In fact, the secret of Chinese culture's great cohesive and regenerative power, continuity and stagnation, which is often lamented by historians as a mystery of history, is rooted in this.　　Take the traditional Chinese political system as an example. The relationship between the emperor and his subjects was originally a political one of subordination and domination. In medieval Europe, the political relationship between the emperor and his subjects was even a contractual one (see Research on the Economic Formation of Feudal Societies in Western Europe, p. 107). In China, on the other hand, this political relationship was not only a political one, but also an ethical one in the form of kinship. In fact, the Chinese bureaucratic political structure was at the same time a virtual political kinship structure. The emperor was called "the father of the king," and all officials were honored by the people according to their rank. They enjoyed not only political power but also paternal power. Thus, the way of governing the family was used to govern the country, and the family ethical structure became the prototype of the political and legal structure. This concept was difficult for Western politicians to understand. But it is extremely natural to the Chinese. Therefore, the most important values in traditional Chinese society are "loyalty" (a political concept) and "filial piety" (an ethical concept), "respect" (a political concept) and "kinship" (an ethical concept). "kinship" (an ethical concept). As far as function is concerned, it is very customary in Chinese society to combine the four positions of blood organization, economic organization, religious organization, and military organization into one. Politics in the kinship, agriculture in the kinship, military in the kinship, and culture and education in the kinship. Peasants worked collectively within the bloodline organization (i.e., the "community"), and levied taxes and ****. This kind of organization, which integrates family, government, education, agriculture, economics and the military, and which has even been rebuilt in modern times in the form of the "commune", is the prototype of this bloodline-centered organizational structure in the village community of ancient China (it is no accident that the "Book of the Han" and the "Biography of Zhang Lu" were issued as a large number of documents in 1958 for the study of those who set up people's communes).　　In addition, we know that the emperor called himself "Son of Heaven", recognizing his ancestry with heaven and the nature gods, which meant that he was the son of the heavenly gods. The concept of nature and the cosmos in traditional Chinese culture is centered on Dong Zhongshu's concept of the "unity of heaven and man", which is actually an ontological concept of nature based on the relationship between kin and human beings. Almost all the gods in Chinese culture (whether natural or cultural) are considered to be directly or indirectly related to the Chinese people: for example, the "Lord of Heaven", the "Mother of Earth", the "Father of the Eastern King", the "Father of the Western King", the "Father of the Western King", and the "Father of the Western King". "God of Heaven", "Mother of Earth", "Father of the Eastern King", "Mother of the Western King", and so on, to name but a few. Traditional Chinese interpersonal relationships can be summarized in the formula of two "Five Luns": one, heaven, earth, ruler, parent and teacher; two, ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, brother and friend. The former is the essence of the Five Luns, and the latter is the extension of the Five Luns in interpersonal relationships. And the deep structure of both is connected with the Chinese concept of kinship.　　But in Greece it was different. From a very early period, this bond of blood kinship was broken in Greek society and ceased to be the basic relationship that sustained the social structure. One of the important elements of the political and social reforms promoted by the democrat statesman Christiani in the sixth century B.C. was the breaking up and transformation of the remaining blood kinship organization in the Athenian social structure. The Greek city-state was not a closed agrarian society, but an open commercial society. The development of the commodity economy, the frequency and expansion of seafaring trade exchanges, and the settlement of a large number of foreigners, all of which fundamentally corroded and disintegrated the kind of blood-related kinship organization in ancient Greek society. What followed was a series of profound social changes, which led to a fundamental difference between ancient Greece and ancient China in terms of political system, social structure, and values, and determined a completely different development path between the two cultural systems of the East and the West in the future. From this we can see how absurd it is that in contemporary historiography, two such different ancient social systems are often described as essentially the same under the name of "slavery"! Now, it is time to let the historiography be liberated from such dogmatic historical formulas The ancient Greek tradition loved wisdom, which gave birth to formal logic, plane geometry and scientific experiments; the Eastern culture emphasized enlightenment, so there are the Taoist "Tao" and the Buddhist "emptiness". Most Westerners have a sense of God and believe that "God loves the world", while Easterners attach great importance to secular ethics and believe that "the benevolent love others". These cultural qualities are also clearly reflected in the law.　　The Greek city-states themselves were national organizations in which citizens were collectively united, so, despite the differences in their political systems, they all practiced civic politics to varying degrees. Under democracy, every citizen was an ex-officio member of the citizens' assembly, the highest organ of power, and all levels of official positions were open to all citizens. The democratic nature of this system was second to none in ancient history, and the development of civic politics was at its peak in the history of the ancient world. Aristocracy and democracy were the most popular forms of government in the Greek city-states. Under the aristocracy, although the highest power of the state was in the hands of some citizens - the nobility - on the other hand, the citizens' assembly, composed of all the free citizens, was formally the highest authority, and in some of the city-states, it even had considerable power.　　The establishment of Athenian democracy did not happen overnight, much less as a gracious reward from the powerful, but was the result of a long struggle. It contained both the revolt of the common people of the lower classes and the wisdom of outstanding figures. In this process, first the nobles overthrew the corrupt monarchy and established the aristocracy, thus preparing the conditions for the evolution to democracy.　　2. What were the forms of city-state government in ancient Greece? What were their main characteristics?　　Forms: aristocracy, democracy, monarchy, oligarchy and usurpation; Characteristics: small states, long-term independence and autonomy of each state.　　: ① The basic features of Athenian democracy were popular sovereignty and rule by turns.　　② The Citizens' Assembly, the Council of Five Hundred, the popular tribunals and numerous administrative and military organs of small size were the full manifestation of its democratic system of government: the Citizens' Assembly was the supreme organ of power, deliberating and deciding on all matters of state; the Council of Five Hundred, which was a subsidiary body of the Citizens' Assembly, was in charge of preparing proposals for and presiding over the Assembly; the popular tribunals were the day-to-day organs of justice; ③ All official positions were open to the citizens and were filled by election.　　Ancient China's political system, which went through the process of inception, establishment, reform, development and perfection, played an important role in the consolidation and development of the united, multi-ethnic, centralized feudal state. Among them, the local administrative system, the authoritarian centralized system and the system of electing officials had a more profound influence on Chinese history.　　1. Local administrative system: mainly including the Zhou Dynasty's feudal system, the Qin Dynasty's county system, the Jin Dynasty's Manganmouke system, the Liao Dynasty's Fan-Han partition system, the Yuan Dynasty's provincial system, the Ming Dynasty's monastic system, the eight banners system of the Later Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the Ming and Qing Dynasty's land tribalism system, and the "return of land to the stream".　　Awareness: China's local administrative system has been gradually developed and perfected since the implementation of the county system in the Qin Dynasty. This system, with its large organizational system and tight structure, has played a good role in levying corvée service, military service, collecting field levies and rents, as well as managing local public order and consolidating the borders. The reform and improvement of the local administrative system not only strengthened the centralized power and consolidated the feudal rule, but also facilitated the social stability and economic development. The local administrative system practiced by the minority regimes in China, such as the Manganmouke system and the Fan-Han partition, as well as the administrative system for governing minority areas, such as the monastic system and the Tusi system, not only further enriched and developed China's local administrative system and strengthened centralization, but also played an important historical role in the consolidation and development of China's multi-ethnic state.　　2. The establishment and evolution of the monarchical absolutist centralized power system: the Qin Dynasty established the absolutist centralized power system, consolidated in the Western Han Dynasty, perfected in the Sui and Tang dynasties, strengthened in the Northern Song Dynasty, developed in the Yuan Dynasty, and further strengthened in the Ming and Qing dynasties imperial power.　　Cognizance: Trend of development: First, the centralized administrative structure was constantly adjusted and reformed to weaken the power of the prime ministers in order to strengthen the imperial power. Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister, so that the central administrative power is divided into six ministries, basically resolved the contradiction between the imperial power and the power of phases, and further strengthened the situation of monarchical autocracy. Secondly, he constantly adjusted and reformed the local administrative structure to strengthen the central government's strict jurisdiction over the localities, especially over the border areas. The strengthening of centralized power by Emperor Taizu of Song basically eliminated the conditions for local sectarian forces, and the contradictions between the central and local governments eased, and there was no more major division of the country during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Thirdly, the control of people's thoughts was increasingly strengthened, as typified by the eight-legged system in the Ming Dynasty and the word prison in the Qing Dynasty.　　Positive effects: ① conducive to the establishment, consolidation and development of the multi-ethnic feudal state, is conducive to maintaining national unity and territorial integrity. ② It can effectively organize human, material and financial resources for large-scale economic construction and production activities, which is conducive to the development of social economy. ③ Under a unified social environment, it was conducive to the great integration of nationalities and the exchange, development and improvement of the economy and culture of various regions, which enabled the ancient people of China to create an ancient civilization that was ahead of the rest of the world.　　Negative effects: ① The dictatorship of the monarch was prone to form tyrannical rule and lead to the emergence of corruption, which became a factor hindering the development of history. ② In terms of ideology, the dictatorship clamped down on people's thoughts and led to the sad situation of "all the horses are mute". ③ During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the emergence and development of the bud of capitalism was seriously hindered.　　To summarize, in the pre-feudal period, its positive effect was the main one. In the late feudal society, its negative role gradually increased, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the further strengthening of feudal authoritarianism centralized power, binding the further development of social productive forces, the harm is particularly serious.　　When evaluating this historical phenomenon, it should be analyzed under specific historical conditions and not generalized. For example, even in the Ming and Qing dynasties, this system still plays a positive role in maintaining the consolidation of the unified multi-ethnic state and countering foreign aggression.　　　3. The system of selecting officials: it mainly includes the examination system of the Han Dynasty, the nine-piece system of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the imperial examination system from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the end of the Qing Dynasty.　　Recognize: The Han Dynasty selected officials based on "township election", reflecting the respect for the authority of the township public opinion on the scholar's moral character. However, once public opinion is linked to career advancement, it is easy to be controlled and utilized by certain powerful and influential figures or social groups. Cao Cao, judging the situation, put forward the principle of "only talent is the best", which is not only the need to seek talent in a chaotic world, but also a deliberate correction of the "election misrepresentation" of the Han Dynasty. At the end of the Han Dynasty, under the impact of warlords and warlords, the township organization was destroyed, the traditional practice of "township election" is difficult to continue. Under these circumstances, Wei of the Three Kingdoms formulated and implemented the "Nine-Product Medium-Justice System". At first, this system was dedicated to solving the problem of unifying the selection of officials by the court and the deliberation of the townships, and it was a continuation of the tradition of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty, as well as an inheritance of Cao Cao's policy of employing people. However, at the turn of the Wei and Jin dynasties, because of the monopoly of the "prominent scholarly clans" in each state and county, they favored the scholarly figures in assessing the grades, and the division of the nine grades had already deviated from the principle of "regardless of rank". Since then, throughout the period of the two Jin and the North and South Dynasties, the system of nine grades has been a bureaucratic selection system to protect the hereditary political privileges of the scholarly clans.　　During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the system of the clansmen only distributed power according to their rank, which could not satisfy the demands of a large number of landowners of low birth, and the corruption of the clansmen of high rank exacerbated the tendency of political corruption and local secession at that time, indicating that the system of the clansmen was already corrupted. At the same time, the feudal economy developed, especially after the implementation of the equalization of land, the small and medium-sized landlords grew in power and were very eager to enter the ruling class. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the unification of the country was realized, and the imperial examination system was introduced in the selection of officials in order to revolutionize politics, consolidate rule and strengthen centralization. Due to the poverty of the children of farming families in general, those who could study and take the examination could be said to be rare, and the vast majority of those who could participate in the imperial examination were the landlords of the commoner clans. Therefore, the imperial examination system was actually a system of selecting officials on behalf of the interests of the landlord class.　　Positive significance of the imperial examination system: deprived of the political privileges of the scholar-landlords, weakened the power of the local powerful clans, made the selection and appointment of feudal officials to the central government, and helped to eliminate the corruption of the local and central government in the selection of officials, changed the official selection system which was based on the recommendation since the Qin and Han dynasties, and was a great progress in history. By opening up the career path to the entire landlord class through the imperial examinations, it was conducive to enlisting talents, easing contradictions, and enlarging the base of the ruling class. The imperial examination system closely linked reading, examination and officialdom, thus improving the cultural quality of officials, greatly strengthening centralized power, contributing to the stability of the political situation, and promoting the development of education, science, technology and culture.　　Negative impact of the imperial examination system: the Ming and Qing Dynasty emphasized the "Four Books" and "Five Classics", and the eight-legged essay was used to select soldiers, which confined the thinking of the scholars and greatly restricted the creativity of the intellectuals, and to a certain extent hindered the development of science and technology and social progress, and was a cultural factor that made China lag behind the West in the modern era. It was a cultural factor that made China lag behind the West in modern times. Its various shortcomings are the product of the extreme intensification of authoritarian centralization.　　4. Clues to the development of the ancient political system and its stage-by-stage characteristics The Western Zhou emphasized the institutional construction of the state, and the "Zhou Rites" system, including the patriarchal system, the feudal system, the well-field system, and the official system, was established. This was an era of the decline of divine power, the strengthening of royal power, and the rise of humanism.　　The Warring States period saw the destruction of aristocratic hierarchies and the creation of a new set of institutions. The centralized monarchical system, the bureaucratic system, and the county system emerged and had a profound impact on subsequent history.　　The Qin Dynasty established a centralized system of government centered on the emperor, and the county system was spread throughout the country. The Western Han Dynasty inherited the political and legal systems of the Qin Dynasty, and implemented the "parallel county and state" system at the local level, which strengthened the supervision of local officials, and the establishment of the State Assassins during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty marked a more rigorous supervision system.　　Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasty, North and South Dynasty period is the transition between the two pre-feudal society in China between the heyday of the transitional stage. Many systems in this period, showing the transitional nature of the previous and the next. Such as the system of selecting and employing officials, from the Chajiao system through the "nine products in the right" system to the transition to the imperial examination system; the centralized pivotal institutions, from the "three princes and nine secretaries" system to the "three provinces and six ministries" system; the military system, which appeared in the Northern Dynasties, the government soldiers. The military system, which appeared in the Northern Dynasties, developed into the basis of the Sui and Tang government military system; tax system, Cao Wei's rent adjustment system is the goblet of the Sui and Tang rent adjustment system; land system, from the Cao Wei's "cantonment", the Western Jin Dynasty's "occupation of the field" to the Northern Wei's "equalization of land". The land system developed from the Cao Wei's "canton field" and the Western Jin's "occupied field" to the Northern Wei's "equalized field", which was directly inherited by the Sui and Tang equalized field system. These important systems in development not only supported the operation of the state apparatus during the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties, but also provided the institutional guarantee for the emergence of the Sui and Tang dynasties.　　The Sui and Tang dynasties were another period of great development of the political system of China's feudal society after the Qin and Han dynasties, and the basic framework established by them continued to influence the later period of China's feudal society. The rulers of the Sui dynasty took measures to strengthen the centralization of feudal absolutism, such as establishing the three provinces and six ministries system to improve the administrative efficiency of government departments; reforming local institutions to strengthen central control over the localities; and establishing the imperial examination system to expand the base of the landlord class power. On this basis, the Tang Dynasty further improved the authoritarian centralized politics and became the unprecedented heyday of Chinese feudal society.　　The period of the Five Dynasties, Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan was a time when China moved from a unified feudal dynasty to division and then to unification again. During this period, the frontier areas were further developed and ethnic integration was strengthened as never before; the centralized system of power was further strengthened. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty set up local Xingzhongshu Provinces, which later developed into the names of administrative regions, initially laying down the scale of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even the contemporary provinces and districts. The Yuan government set up an inspectorate on Penghu Island to govern Penghu and Taiwan; the central government's Xuanzhengyuan (宣政院) directly governed the Tibet area, and Tibet officially became an administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty strengthened the ties between the central government and the local authorities, and between the central plains and the frontiers, and consolidated and developed a multi-ethnic unified state.　　The Ming and Qing dynasties (before the Opium War) were a period of further development of the unified multi-ethnic feudal state and the decline of the feudal system. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the authoritarian regime was comprehensively strengthened, and the absolute authority of the imperial power became a characteristic of the Ming political system. In the Qing Dynasty, the Office of Military and Political Affairs was a centralized institution that had overall control over military and national affairs. The establishment of the Office of Military and Political Affairs not only reduced the number of links in the Emperor's handling of national affairs, but also improved the efficiency and confidentiality of the Emperor's handling of political affairs, and it was a manifestation of the further strengthening of centralized power in the feudal absolutism. The setting up of the Rifan Yuan unprecedentedly strengthened the central government's jurisdiction over the border ethnic groups. The boundaries of China were finalized. The system of enthronement of Tibetan religious leaders, the golden vase system, and the system of ministers stationed in Tibet strengthened the jurisdiction over the Tibetan region and were emulated by future generations.