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China's accession to the WTO has exceeded the eighth anniversary. With the accession protection period and the end of the post-transition period, China's agricultural market has become one of the world's most open market. Accession to the WTO on China's agricultural impact and challenges are gradually presented, facing very fierce international competition. The pressure of agricultural import trade has increased significantly, and the barriers to export trade are increasing. Under the trend of trade liberalization how to further develop the import and export trade of agricultural products, how to improve the quality and level of agricultural foreign trade, is the development of China's agricultural economy urgently need to solve the problem. This paper makes a rough discussion on the current situation of China's agricultural market opening and its further development countermeasures issues.

Keywords: agricultural market; open status quo; development countermeasures

I. The role of China's agricultural import trade and its impact after the accession to the WTO

Agricultural issues are one of the focal points of the world trade negotiations. The Uruguay Round has fully integrated agricultural trade into the world's multilateral trading system, and the Doha Round has made substantial progress in the liberalization of agricultural trade. After the Doha Round, our country insisted on honoring the commitments on market access for agricultural products, and the prominent symbol is the substantial reduction of tariffs.

Prior to WTO accession, agricultural tariffs averaged 23.2%, and after accession to the WTO in 2001, tariffs were drastically reduced to 15.8% in 20D2, 15.3% in 2005, and 15.2% in 2006. In the five-year transition period after WTO accession, tariffs were reduced from 23.2% to 15.2%, a reduction of 8 percentage points, the magnitude of which is rare in the world. Now, China's agricultural tariffs have been far lower than the world's average tariffs on agricultural products of 62% of the level of the world's average tariffs on agricultural products to become the world's average tariffs on agricultural products is one of the lowest level of the country, for the influx of foreign agricultural products into the market in China to open the door of convenience. According to statistics, in 2005, China's agricultural imports totaled 27.18 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 17.7% over the previous year.

The entry of foreign agricultural products to increase the supply of the domestic market and the development of China's agriculture has a certain positive effect. It is because of the increase in imports of agricultural products, to solve the gap between the supply and demand of some products in the domestic market, to fill some market gaps. For example, in recent years, some of China's bulk agricultural products such as cotton, soybeans, wheat and so on, there is a large gap between supply and demand, the import of these agricultural products to meet the needs of the domestic market is necessary, only the Guangxi port in 2006, the import of edible vegetable oil amounted to 121,000 tons, valued at 53.35 million U.S. dollars, compared with 2005, respectively, an increase of 13.1 per cent and 15.7 per cent. At the same time, the import of some agricultural products also promote market competition. As the developed countries' agricultural products have the advantages of advanced technology and modern scale, it forces our country to carry out agricultural technological transformation, accelerate the process of agricultural industrialization, intensification and modernization, and make efforts to improve the technical content and economic efficiency of agricultural products. This is conducive to China's adjustment of the structure of agricultural industry, changing the mode of agricultural growth, improve the level of agricultural technology, improve the quality of agricultural products and international competitiveness.

But the decline in tariffs on agricultural products also makes China's agricultural products are facing enormous competitive pressure. This is mainly manifested in two aspects: on the one hand, developed countries' agricultural products due to subsidies, so that it has a price advantage. According to statistics, imported wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton and other agricultural products, the cif price, than China's domestic market price is generally 20% to 30% lower than the import of these agricultural products so that China's agricultural products are clearly in an unfavorable competitive position; on the other hand, foreign agricultural imports, increased market supply, directly affecting the income of farmers and farmers' employment. According to the Ministry of Agriculture estimates, such as 7.178 million tons of domestic soybeans were imported soybean substitution, substitution area of 57.973 million mu, thus reducing 8.2725 million farmers employment opportunities, the total income on the loss of 11.134 billion yuan RMB.

Must also be seen, with the acceleration of agricultural imports, will also directly increase the agricultural trade imbalance. In view of China's agricultural supply and demand structure and the actual situation of agricultural resource endowment, agricultural products, foreign dependence is relatively high, the future increase in imports of agricultural products is inevitable. Grain, cotton, sugar, wool, palm oil and other agricultural products, the number of tariff quotas remain at a high level, the quota utilization rate will be increased, imports are still expanding trend, agricultural trade deficits may often occur. In 2004 alone, the trade deficit in agricultural products amounted to 8.3 billion U.S. dollars.

In summary, since the WTO as a result of tariff reductions have increased the degree of openness of China's agricultural market. Foreign imports of agricultural products both to ensure the supply of China's market, fill the gaps, promote competition and other aspects play a positive role, but also to China's agriculture to bring a greater impact, increase the market risk and other serious challenges. In this regard, we need to fully understand, correct treatment. China's agriculture can not be blamed for some of the difficulties faced by imports of agricultural products, on the contrary, it suggests that China's agriculture to speed up the adjustment of industrial structure, improve the level of science and technology, and deepen agricultural reform to improve the urgency and importance of the international competitiveness of agriculture.

Two, after WTO accession, the development of China's agricultural export trade characteristics and its reasons

1. characteristics of the development of agricultural export trade Since WTO accession, China's exports of agricultural products in the face of the impact of foreign technical barriers and the pressure of rising production costs of the environment, due to the play of its unique advantages, so that it grows rapidly, presenting the following characteristics:

First, the agricultural exports Maintain the momentum of rapid growth, according to statistics, from January to October 2006, China's agricultural exports amounted to 24.56 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 12.7% year-on-year, reaching 30 billion U.S. dollars for the year.

Secondly, the structure of agricultural export is further optimized. At present, the export of vegetables, fruits, freshwater fish, horticultural products, livestock and poultry products is growing faster. 2006, the deep-processing exports have accounted for 47% of the total exports of agricultural products.

Third, the agricultural export market pattern of new changes. To the European Union, the United States, ASEAN, South Korea, Hong Kong, China market exports to maintain a more stable growth, to the Middle East, Russia and other emerging markets, exports also have certain development.

Fourth, agricultural export prices rose steadily. The Ministry of Commerce quality control of 30 kinds of export commodities, in 2006 there are 19 kinds of products prices rose. 2006 January to October agricultural price index rose 4.8% over the same period in the morning.

2. Reasons for the development of agricultural export trade in recent years, China's agricultural export trade, the emergence of the above characteristics, the main reasons are:

First, the country in recent years, the successive introduction of support for agricultural production, to promote the development of the rural economy and the preferential policies relating to the export of agricultural products, agricultural exports to create a favorable policy environment.

Second, all relevant departments, actively provide agricultural products public **** information services. For example, the launch of the European Union and other six market guides, tea and other four product guides, the launch of the "agricultural trade topics" of the new Web site and logo, the formation of the Ministry of Commerce as a platform for the government Web site, to the release of policies, market guides, product guides, import and export statistics, industry early warning, overseas newsletters, market dynamics as the main body to the foreign agencies, The information service system for agricultural export is formed on the platform of the government website of the Ministry of Commerce, with policy release, market guide, product guide, product guide, industry early warning, overseas newsletter, market dynamics as the main body, and with the channels of foreign agencies, multi-local commerce departments, industry organizations and scientific research units.

Thirdly, all relevant departments, industry organizations and export enterprises take the initiative to deal with foreign technical barriers and trade disputes, actively play the four body linkage response mechanism, the establishment of an early warning mechanism for agricultural products trade, strengthen the government, industry associations and their farmers to communicate information, do a good job of trade friction and early warning work, and actively expanding the emerging markets.

Fourth, localities to speed up the change of foreign trade growth mode, promote the export of agricultural products, for example, increase scientific and technological investment, promote advanced agricultural technology, increase the technical content of agricultural products; vigorously adjust the industrial structure, reduce the area of grain, edible oil, cotton and other land-intensive unfavorable to the export of the product's planting area, and increase the area of planting of crops that have a better market outlook for the export of the crop; the development of the southeast coastal areas in the capital- and technology-intensive, high value-added agricultural production, and promote the process of agricultural industrialization, intensification and modernization, thereby expanding agricultural exports.

Three, after the transition period of accession to the WTO in China's agricultural trade facing the new environment and its countermeasures

(a) China's agricultural trade facing the new environment

With China's WTO transition period to the end of the degree of openness of the market for agricultural products, the development of trade in agricultural products are facing both favorable and unfavorable to the new environment.

1. Development of agricultural trade in a favorable environment from the international point of view, the world economy and trade will maintain a period of steady growth, the world trade in agricultural products will maintain a relatively rapid growth. According to economic organizations, the future world economic growth rate will remain at about 4%, the world trade volume will increase by about 7%, which is obviously conducive to agricultural trade.

From the domestic point of view, the government in order to solve the "three rural" problem, the construction of a new socialist countryside, formulated a series of policies and measures to promote the modernization of agriculture, various departments have also introduced policies to support and benefit agriculture, the Ministry of Commerce in recent years, the study formulated a development plan for the development of exports of agricultural products and its supportive measures, which is very conducive to the development of trade in agricultural products. Very favorable.

2. The unfavorable environment for the development of agricultural trade from the international perspective, developed countries of high agricultural subsidies, high protection of the formation of unfair international trade in agricultural products has not changed the environment, and our country has committed to agricultural products no longer use export subsidies. This is facing huge competitive pressure on the cost and price of agricultural products import and export. At the same time, the rise of foreign trade protectionism, the institutionalization of technical barriers, anti-dumping continues to appear, but also exacerbated the difficulty of expanding China's agricultural export trade.

From the domestic point of view, decentralized small-scale traditional agricultural business practices and low agricultural technology is difficult to change in the short term, the cost of agricultural exports due to the rising prices of fertilizers and labor and other rising costs, affecting the competitiveness and the benefits of exports.

(II) the development of agricultural trade countermeasures suggestions

Development of agricultural trade is China's development of the rural economy, driving rural employment, increasing farmers' income, adjusting and optimizing the structure of the agricultural industry, and promote the modernization of agriculture is a major initiative to solve the "three rural" problem, the construction of a new socialist countryside is of great significance, we must take effective measures, and the construction of a new socialist countryside. Of great significance, we must take effective measures to promote its sound and rapid development, the proposed countermeasures are:

1. Full and reasonable use of WTO agricultural rules, strengthen the regulation of agricultural imports Due to the existence of structural contradiction between supply and demand of China's agricultural products, the future dependence on agricultural imports and trade will also increase. In order to enhance the effectiveness of agricultural imports, to avoid blindness, do a good job of macro-control of agricultural imports is very necessary, which requires the full and reasonable use of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture on the provisions of market access, strict quality and safety of agricultural products in the market access system, adjusting the tariff structure of agricultural products, improve the management of import tariff quotas. 2006 the country made some adjustments to the import tariff quotas, such as the cancellation of soybean oil, palm oil and rapeseed oil, and continued to implement ad valorem and compound duties on frozen chicken and other products, and adjusted the ad valorem duties appropriately according to the changes in the average import prices. Through the reform and improvement of the tariff quota system, to achieve the control of agricultural imports, so that it not only to ensure the needs of the domestic market, but also to ensure its stable and healthy development.

2. Fully utilize the agricultural support policy to improve the international competitiveness of agricultural products Increase agricultural support, in line with the WTO rules of agricultural agreements. China's agricultural support to be further strengthened, deepen and broaden the agricultural support policy. Mainly include: (1) continue to increase agricultural inputs, subsidies to key areas and the production of major products, focusing on support; (2) continue to promote the "company + base" mode of production and management, and encourage agricultural enterprises to strengthen their own base construction, to achieve the industrialization of agriculture, specialization, standardization, and to comprehensively improve product quality and safety of export products; (3) the level of agricultural support should be further strengthened, deepen and broaden the policy of agricultural support. (3) Increase investment in and development of agricultural technology, improve support for the promotion and application of agricultural science and technology, and continuously improve the ability of scientific and technological innovation; (4) Encourage leading enterprises to make full use of foreign agricultural resources, carry out cross-border investment and operation, formulate overseas marketing support plans, and actively explore international markets; (5) establish and improve the agricultural insurance system, expand the coverage of agricultural export credit insurance, and explore the risk of combining agricultural insurance and export credit insurance. insurance and export credit insurance combined risk prevention mechanism.

3. Recognize and correctly grasp the international agricultural market conditions, and actively adjust and optimize the structure of agricultural industry The international competitiveness of China's agricultural exports is affected by a variety of factors. Among them, the supply and demand of agricultural products on the international market is an important factor. It is predicted that wheat, coarse grains and rice trade will have some growth in the future, aquatic products, horticulture, fresh vegetables and livestock and poultry products exports, although there are technical barriers and quality and safety issues of the obstacles, but the prospects are generally favorable. From China's practical point of view, although food is not China's comparative advantage products, but food production can not be relaxed, to actively adjust its structure, increase the production of high-quality varieties. At the same time not to relax food production, we must actively develop the advantages of agricultural industries, cultivate China's comparative advantage products, you can appropriately reduce the production of cereals, increase the production of vegetables, horticulture, fruits, aquatic products, livestock and poultry and other products, and work to optimize the structure of exports of agricultural products. At the same time, to develop deep processing of agricultural products, increase the added value of export products, increase the export of deep-processed products and brand-name brand products.

4. Give full play to the role of public **** information service system, improve the level of service to help farmers To make China's agricultural trade continue to develop healthily, it is necessary to establish and improve the agricultural export information service system, and give full play to its positive role. This requires the integration of information resources, tracking and monitoring of key market dynamics, the establishment of an effective information dissemination mechanism, the timely release of market guides, product guides, statistical data on imports, industry early warning, overseas newsletter and other information. At the same time, we should continue to increase investment, enrich the content of information, and constantly improve the level of public **** services, to better serve the agricultural trade.

5. Utilization and proficiency in the relevant provisions of the WTO, and actively respond to trade disputes Since accession to the WTO, China's exports of agricultural products are constantly subjected to trade remedy investigations by the relevant countries or regions. According to statistics, so far there are 11 countries or regions **** initiated 15 investigations, involving about 500 million U.S. dollars, accounting for the same period of the total number of cases and the total amount of money involved in the proportion of 5% and 6% respectively. With the growing development of international trade in agricultural products, competition is intensifying, countries from their own interests, the use of anti-dumping and a variety of trade barriers to restrict imports of disputes will increase. To cope with the increasingly serious disputes over agricultural products, government departments should make full use of the established four-body linkage mechanism, give full play to the early warning mechanism for agricultural products, and strengthen the information communication between the government, industry associations and farmers. At the same time, the establishment of WTO agricultural requirements of the quality standard system, safety system and certification system, the implementation of market diversification strategy, adhere to the quality of victory. In addition, export enterprises should actively assist government departments to collect information on trade disputes, participate in chambers of commerce, associations and organizations to cope with trade disputes, and enhance the ability to cope with them.

Foreign trade is the core of the development of foreign economic relations, agricultural trade is an important element of the development of foreign trade. China must seize the opportunity to give full play to its own comparative advantages in agricultural trade, break through the various trade barriers and obstacles set up by foreign countries, so that China's agricultural market to maintain a good momentum of development, stable and healthy development, and make positive contributions to the construction of a new socialist countryside.