What contribution did Qu Yuan make to the ancient culture of China?

Qu Yuan is one of the greatest patriotic poets in China and the earliest famous poet, thinker and great politician in China. He created the style of "Chu Ci" (that is, the style of "Ci Fu") and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Nine Songs and Nine Questions are the most important representative works of Qu Yuan. All of them are from the Songs of Chu written by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly Qu Yuan's works, including Li Sao and Nine Songs (Emperor Taiyi, King in the Clouds, Lady Xiang, Priestess of Death, Shao Siming, Dong Jun, Hebo, Shan Gui and National Funeral).

Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan's spirit of loving the motherland and the people, persisting in the truth, preferring to die rather than surrender, and his lofty personality of "glory for the sun and the moon" have inspired and nurtured countless Chinese sons and daughters for thousands of years, especially when the country and the nation are in danger. As a great poet, this spirit is even more obvious. It not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style, Chu Ci, has broken through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Later generations also called Chu Ci and The Book of Songs "coquettish", which are China's poems. Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan, also influenced the formation of Han Fu. 1953, the World Peace Council, which held the World Peace Congress in Moscow, decided to list Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity and called on people all over the world to solemnly commemorate him. Qu Yuan's name will remain in the hearts of people all over the world forever. At that time, New China had just been established. In order to echo the World Peace Conference and strive for international status, the Ministry of People and Culture of China decided to form a "Qu Yuan Research Group" composed of Guo Moruo, You Guoen, Zheng Zhenduo, Wen and others to organize Qu Yuan's works into a book and publish them in the vernacular. In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the geography of Sui Shu, Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. On the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in China, the custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "four cultural celebrities" in the world, which was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world. "

Qu Yuan's influence on later generations has two aspects, one is personality and the other is literature.

For thousands of years, Qu Yuan's personality has become a model for literati. Poets and poets of past dynasties, especially those who moved to other places, generally relied on Qu Yuan's spirit. It can also be said that in the history of China, Qu Yuan's spirit has formed a tradition of self-cultivation. Jia Yi in Han Dynasty and Du Fu in Tang Dynasty all directly inherited Qu Yuan's tradition. From this point of view, Qu Yuan influenced the traditional nation.

Qu Yuan's influence on literature also has two aspects. First, after Qu Yuan's Li Sao, a series of Sao-style works came into being. Since the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi's Mourning for Qu Yuan and Ode to Birds are both realistic prose styles, as are Yan Jidao's Mourning Poem and Dong Zhongshu's Ode to the Lonely Scholar. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu. There are also some works in the style of "Duiwen". Song Yu's Ask the King of Chu was the beginning, but in the Han Dynasty, Dong Fangshuo's Answering the Guest and Yang Xiong's All Dynasties were the continuation of this kind of works. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu's "Learning of Understanding" was also the tradition of this kind of works.

Of course, Qu Yuan's literary influence is very extensive, not only in the above two ends. Liu Xie's "Debate on Sao" said: "Follow the wind into the United States, and Ma Yang will be amazed by the waves. His clothes were written by poets, not by a generation. Therefore, talented people praise them, skillful people hunt for their colorful words, satirize their mountains and rivers, and children fools collect medicines. " Its influence is far-reaching and covers all history.

Qu Yuan is a poet, and only from him did China have a writer famous for his literature. He created the style of "Chu Ci" (that is, the style of "Ci Fu") and was praised as "a poet in clothes, not a generation". According to proofreading by Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and Wang Yi, there are 25 works of Qu Yuan, namely Li Sao. Nine chapters, nine chapters, 65,438+0 is traveling, Buju, fisherman. According to Sima Qian's records in Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan, there is 1 in Evocation. Some scholars believe that Zhao Da is also the work of Qu Yuan. However, some people suspect that the chapters behind Journey and some chapters in Nine Chapters were not written by Qu Yuan. According to Mr. Guo Moruo's textual research, 23 pieces of Qu Yuan's works have been handed down from generation to generation, including Nine Chapters, Lisao, Jiuwen and Nine Chapters 1 1.

Generally speaking, Li Sao, Tian Wen and Jiu Ge can be regarded as the representatives of three types of Qu Yuan's works. The content and style of Nine Chapters, Journey, Buju, Fisherman, Evocation of Soul and Zhao Da can be grouped with Lisao, most of which are well documented and meaningful, focusing on expressing the author's inner feelings. Among them, there is a distinct personality, which is the focus of all Qu Yuan's creations. Tian Wen is a poem written by Qu Yuan according to myths and legends, which embodies the author's academic attainments and views on history and nature. "Nine Songs" is a music dedicated to the gods of Chu. After being processed and polished by Qu Yuan, it is full of life breath in the expression of characters' feelings and the description of environmental atmosphere. However, it is expressed by generations of gods, not the author himself. it

Qu Yuan's works are closely related to myths. Many illusory contents are passed down from myths. Qu Yuan is also a poet who cares about reality. His works reflect various contradictions in the real society, especially the dark politics of Chu.

The style of Qu Yuan's works is obviously different from the Book of Songs. This is related to the differences in folk customs between the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin. At that time, the north had entered the patriarchal society, and the Chu region still had the legacy of clan society, which was tough and lively and not bound by etiquette. So I expressed the love of men and women and patriotism so bluntly, and the materials used were so rich that I could write anything. Writing the concept of ghosts and gods traveling together shows that all gods have ordinary folk humanity, and God is just a person who transcends ordinary people. They make the works look gorgeous, full of emotion and unrestrained. This kind of works shows different characteristics from northern literature.

From the institutional point of view, most of Qu Yuan's previous poems, whether the Book of Songs or southern folk songs, were short stories, but Qu Yuan developed into long masterpieces. Li Sao alone has more than 2,400 words. In terms of expression, Qu Yuan skillfully combined Fu, Bi and Xing, and widely used the metaphor of "vanilla beauty" to combine abstract morality, consciousness and complex reality.

In terms of language form, Qu Yuan's works have broken through the four-sentence pattern in The Book of Songs, with each sentence ranging from five, six, seven, eight and nine characters, as well as three sentences and cross sentences. Grammar is uneven and flexible. The word "Xi" and function words such as "Zhi", "Yu", "Hu" and "Er" are often used at the end of sentences to coordinate syllables and produce cadence, singing and sighing effects. In a word, his works are very creative in content and form.

After the Chu people established Guanzhong, the capital of the Han Dynasty, Qu Yuan's works had a greater influence. With the continuous study and development of Songs of the South, the literature in the north has gradually become Chu. The new five-character poems and seven-character poems are all related to Chu Sao. Fu writers in the Han Dynasty were all influenced by the Songs of the South, and there were "Sao" works in all previous dynasties after the Han Dynasty. The author often uses Qu Yuan's poems to express his thoughts. Poetry, songs, lyrics, songs, dramas, Qin lyrics, Daqu, scripts, etc. It is also difficult to count the painting art with Qu Yuan's life story as the theme, such as Qu Yuan's portrait, nine songs and Tian Wentu. Therefore, Lu Xun called Qu Yuan's works "outstanding" and "its influence on later articles is even among 300"