Geography, Climate and Customs of Russia

Russia is located in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, and most of its European territory is the Eastern European Plain. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea to the northwest. The world's largest country in terms of territory: 17,075,400 square kilometers (accounting for 76% of the territory of the Soviet Union (22 million square kilometers)), ranking first in the world, the longest east-west 9,000 kilometers, the widest north-south 4,000 kilometers. Land neighbors are Norway and Finland to the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus to the west, Ukraine to the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan to the south, and China, Mongolia and North Korea to the southeast. To the east, it is separated from Japan and the United States by the sea. The coastline is 338,064 kilometers long.

Topography

Terrain dominated by plains and plateaus:

① Major mountain ranges: the Ural Mountains, and the Greater Caucasus Mountains.

② Two major plains: the Eastern European Plain and the Western Siberian Plain.

③ Plateaus: Central Siberian Plateau and Eastern Siberian Mountains.

II. Climate

Most of the region is in the north temperate zone, with a diverse climate, dominated by temperate continental climate, but north of the Arctic Circle belongs to the frigid climate. Temperature differences are generally large, with average temperatures ranging from 1°C to -35°C in January and 11°C to 27°C in July. Annual precipitation averages 150 to 1,000 millimeters. Siberia has a high latitude, a cold climate and long winters, but long summer sunshine hours, temperatures and humidity are suitable for coniferous forest growth.

Nearly four-fifths of the population (including the Urals), most of the cities and the capital Moscow are in the European part. Almost all of the western part of the Eastern European Plain, eastward for the Ural Mountains, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the North Siberian Plain and the East Siberian mountains, the Pacific Coastal Mountains and so on. The Great Caucasus Mountains rise in the southwest, with the highest peak, Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 meters above sea level. The continental climate gradually strengthens from west to east, with long and severe winters; the Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate (cold climate), and the Pacific coast has a temperate monsoon climate. From north to south there are polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, forests, forest steppe, steppe zone and semi-desert zone. Large rivers include the Volga, Ob, Yenisei and Lena.

Rivers and Lakes

① The Volga River, the first longest river in Europe, is 3,685 kilometers long. (Russia's mother river, navigable by five seas)

② Obi River, Yenisei River (the most turbulent current), Lena River (the longest in the country) in Siberia.

③ Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea.

Natural resources

80% of Russia's total resource reserves are located in the Asian part of the country.

① Forests and hydroelectric resources.

② Mineral resources: coal (Kuzbass), oil (Tyumen and Second Baku fields), natural gas, iron (Kursk), manganese, copper, lead and zinc.

Third, cultural flavor

Russia's territory spans Europe and Asia, naturally integrating the two cultures of the East and the West. Russia attaches great importance to the development of cultural endeavors, publishing a large number of books and newspapers, and establishing many libraries, museums, cultural centers, clubs and other mass cultural facilities. Russia also attaches importance to the protection of museum treasures and historical buildings, and has expanded and built many new museums. Russian museums can be divided into revolutionary history museums, history museums, art museums, specialized museums and other museums. Famous large-scale museums of revolutionary history include the Central Museum of the Russian Revolution, the State Historical Museum, the Kremlin Museum, and the Central Naval Museum. Larger art museums include the State Painting Gallery in Moscow Koledzhiakov.

Russian literature has a long history and enjoys a great reputation in the world, with the emergence of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Belinsky, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, Sholokhov, and other world-famous great writers and writers. Russian art has a long history, painting has a long history, the famous masters of art are Levitan, Levin, Surikov, Kramskoy and so on. Russian religious music and folk music have a profound historical tradition, opera, symphony and chamber music have a distinctive national temperament, unrestrained and heroic. Russia's theater art genre and form, the earliest appeared in the palace, the 19th century into a period of prosperity, Gogol's "Chinchilla" and other social theater is full of strong flavor of the times, with a distinctive national characteristics, while emerging a number of outstanding masters of the art. Y. N. Ostrovsky is the most outstanding representative of the many drama writers in the Russian literary world after the 1850s, and is known as the "father of Russian drama". The Russian circus is also very popular in Russia, and its members are well-trained and skillful. The Russians have excellent folk art. Practical decorative arts include the artistic processing of metal, animal bone and stone, wood carving, wood frescoes, embroidery, textiles with patterns, lace weaving and so on. The most famous crafts are wooden nesting dolls, wood-carved spoons, wooden boxes, wooden bowls, wooden plates and other wooden products.