Did Qi Jiguang's army use many firearms in the Ming Dynasty? Did you use a crossbow?

Qi Jiguang thinks that bird feathers are also suitable for cavalry, so it is inferred that the musket cavalry of Qijiajun should be famous for its accurate marksmanship. Eight, Qi Jiguang's car-making system should be closer to the Ming army during the non-Chen War in Korea. Sun Chengzong's car camp based on the tactics of Qijiajun is no different from the modern armored division, and it is a weapon for fighting cavalry in the plain area. Nine, Yuan Chonghuan's directly affiliated troops-the most elite "Ning Guan fighters" in the Ming Dynasty, all equipped with five-eye matchlock guns, and their fire assault capability was invincible at that time.

Water barracks information

Staffing: 2 posts in each battalion, ***5 10. Firearms for warships: 10 large, medium and small warships; General gun 4 doors; 40 doors of Franco machine; 30 bowls; 500 nozzles; There are 68 bird mouths.

Ming dynasty navy

Overview of the Ming navy-The strength of the Ming navy was very strong in the world at that time, and its comprehensive combat capability could rank among the top seven. From Jiajing to Wanli, there are 2 1 species of warships in Jiangsu and Zhejiang alone. If Fujian and Guangdong and Guangxi are added, there will be many kinds.

With the wide application of firearms, naval tactics have also undergone major changes. Yu Shishi, a famous anti-Japanese soldier, put forward that "naval battles are just about winning small boats with big boats and winning small boats with big shovels;" More ships are better than fewer ships, and more wars are better than less wars. " It can be seen that the naval battle of the Ming Dynasty entered the modern mode very early. During Jiajing period, more than half of the combatants of Ming warships used firearms, but in Wanli period, the proportion reached 99%.

China Navy's equipment, mainly boats, is a general term for a ship type born in Fujian coastal areas. Its bottom tip is wide, its head tip is wide, and its tail ends are inclined. Building materials are mainly pine, Chinese fir, camphor wood and nanmu in Fujian. * * * There is No.6, the lucky boat in naval battle, which refers to 1 and No.2. According to Qi Jiguang Yun, a famous anti-Japanese soldier who won several victories at 1560, "The lucky boat is as high as a city and is not driven by human power. It depends on the wind. The Japanese boat is as small as my gigolo boat, so the lucky boat runs smoothly like a car running over a mantis. According to "Wu Bei Zhi", "Between firearms and valleys, ups and downs may not make you a thief. Even if you win, there is no geometry, but you can fake it to scare the enemy. There are two things to rely on: launching a Franco machine. Missed, there is no boat and no powder in the middle, and neither is one. Fireballs and the like are put on the bow. As soon as we met, we were thrown from a height. The fire was burning and the thief boat was burning. Second, ". This shows that China Navy has a large ship type and a high freeboard, and it has obvious advantages in melee situations such as collision.

Ming Dynasty's East Expedition Navy-[1] Dafu Boat: First, it is known as Dafu Boat, with three floors, wide bottom and high fore and aft, which can accommodate 100 people to "start and stop in too deep" and poor maneuverability; [2] No.2 financial ship: No.2 financial ship is slightly smaller than 1 and is commonly used. The lucky boat is as high as a building and can hold 100 people. The bottom tip is wide, the bow is upturned and open, the tail is towering, and the draft is about 3. 5 meters, the bow of the ship is equipped with 1 gun, 6 kilogrammes of Franck machine, 3 bowls, 20 thunder guns, 60 nozzles, 10 gun, 500 crossbows, 10 gunpowder crossbows, 300 rockets and 65440 fire bricks. There are 64 crew members, 9 sailors and 55 soldiers. According to the description in Wu Bei Zhi, this huge ship is set on the third floor. Its sides are protected by boards and bamboo. It stands like a wall with two sails and a mast. This middle school has four floors. The lower floor is equipped with ballast stones, the third floor is equipped with fresh water tanks, and the second floor is where soldiers live. The top floor is the terrace, which needs to be climbed from the ladder on the third floor. On both sides, the plate wings are used as fences, and people rely on them to fight, and the arrows and guns are overlooking. It is actually a weapon in naval warfare.

The disadvantage of a lucky boat is its poor maneuverability. "It's as high as a city, and it's not human-driven. It depends on the ebb and flow of the wind, but it is inconvenient to return to Hunan. And it eats deep water, which is not good for the vast ocean. In the Caspian Sea, it is easy to be shallow, so it must be supported by a whistle boat. " ("Continued Literature General Examination")

[3] Grass-grazing boat: The third kind of blessing boat is called grass-grazing boat, also called sentry boat, which is smaller than blessing boat.

[4] Haicang Ship: The fourth type of ship is called Haicang Ship, which is similar to the sentinel ship, slightly smaller than the Fu ship, with a draft of about seven or eight feet, and the wind is small and maneuverable, which is in line with the Fu ship. The weapon is equipped with four 1,000-kilo Buddha Lang machines, three bowls, six bowls, 50 spray tubes, 80 smoke cans, 10 artillery, 50 fire bricks, 200 rockets, 6 medicine crossbows and 100 crossbows. There are 53 crew members, 9 sailors and 44 soldiers.

[5] Cangshan Ship: The smallest ship in Haicang is called Cangshan Ship, also known as Cangshan Iron. It has a small hull, above the water, with a draft of 5 feet and paddles. When it is calm, sail and sail, swaying with the wind. This ship is light and dexterous, mainly used for chasing enemies and fishing heads. Equipped with 2,000 kg Buddha Lang machine, 3 bowls, 4 bowls, 40 nozzles, 60 chimneys, 30 firebricks, 65,438+000 rockets, 4 medicine crossbows and 65,438+000 crossbows. There are 37 people in the whole ship, 4 sailors and 33 soldiers, forming the top three. The first is a spear machine and a shotgun, the third is a firearm, and the second is a cold weapon.

Firearms: Firearms in Ming Dynasty were developed on the basis of Yuan Dynasty. There are many kinds, from the spear of Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty to the spear of Yongle in the future, and the workmanship is getting more and more fine. Yongle spear diameter 14- 15 mm, the error is not more than1mm; The length is 35-36 cm, and the error is less than 1 cm. The most conservative estimate is based on the factory number of existing guns. At that time, there were at least 164000 Ming spears. In the Ming army, there has been a full-time force using ware, called Magic Machine Camp.

The Origin of Shotgun in Ming Dynasty: From the end of Song Dynasty to the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, there was a barrel-shaped firing firearm in China, which was called the ware, but its performance was not very high. In A.D. 1548 (twenty-seven years of Ming Jiajing), the Ming army captured some Japanese soldiers who were good at making matchlock guns and foreign guns in the battle to recapture Shuangyu occupied by the Portuguese. Ma Xian, Li Huai and others learned how to make muskets, and studied and improved them on this basis. 1558 (thirty-seven years of Ming Jiajing), the first batch of ten thousand muskets in China, known as "beak spears", were shotguns.

Performance of musket: Ming Army shotgun-The barrel of shotgun is made of wrought iron and weighs about 5-6 kilograms. It has a sight and a door and is mounted on a wooden bracket. A wooden bracket extends 2 inches from the shovel mouth and bends down 7 inches behind it. One piece is straight, weighing 3 Liang, and there is a match rope. Granular black powder charges 3 yuan every time, which is called lead 3 yuan. The fire door has a cover and adopts a faucet-type match rope igniter. When entering the water, light the match rope and put it into the faucet. After firing the door, hold the gun tail with your right hand and pull the trigger backwards with your index finger. The faucet landed on the fire door to ignite the medicine. "Wu Beizhi" said: "The back hand won't give up the handle and the ignition won't move, so nine times out of ten, that is, birds can be shot in the forest, hence the name", which became a "sharp weapon" in the battle at that time.

The caliber of shotgun is between 9- 13mm, and the range can reach about 300m m. The total length of the gun is112cm-150cm. Compared with various artifacts before the mid-Ming Dynasty (similar to the Firegate Gun of the same period in the West), it has the characteristics of long barrel, small caliber, light weight and convenient use for infantry and cavalry. At the end of Ming Dynasty, shotgun was the main equipment of Ming army. Each bird gunner is equipped with two powder cans, one with propellant and the other with primary explosive, carrying 300 lead bullets.

Shooting Tactics: As early as the twenty-first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1388), when General Mu Ying conquered Yunnan rebels, according to the characteristics of enemy elephant soldiers fighting before the battle, he ordered "to arrange spears and arrows in three rows, and then shoot all the arrows when the elephant soldiers entered; If you don't advance, you will retreat. If you advance, you will retreat. Do not retreat, the second line retreats, and the third line follows. "

This is the earliest firearms tactic, but it has not been handed down as a system. At the end of the 15th century, the western and Japanese armies began to use firearms side by side, more than a century later than the Ming army.

In the Ming Dynasty, a combat principle of "the magic machine is in front and the cavalry is behind" was put forward. The magical machine battalion played an important role in the battle with infantry and cavalry.

During Zongshen's reign, musket tactics were divided into two types. One is to rely on chariots to match shotguns and spears. A three-stage shooting similar to Japan. In Shi Minglu, it is recorded that the archers are divided into three columns, and the swordsman and the gunman stand on the two wings.

However, with the decline of the Ming dynasty, it seems that the Ming army never strictly enforced these tactical disciplines in the later practical application. The most typical is the battle of Salhu. When the Ming army charged the Qing cavalry, it immediately "fired" and then it was over.

Conclusion: In the Korean War, the level of artillery technology and equipment of Ming army was overwhelming. As for muskets, you chase after me. Although you are superior to Japan in technology in the end, due to the manufacturing process and system, the equipment level and tactical literacy are not as high as those of the Japanese army. From another point of view, because the Ming army mainly used guns on firearms, it largely offset the advantages of Japanese muskets, which was one of the important reasons why the Japanese army tried to avoid fighting with the Ming army in the plain during the Korean War.

Rifle type:

Bird's spear: the individual musket was developed and improved by the Ming army on the basis of the captured Japanese iron cannon. Using wrought iron to make shotguns: individual matchlock guns were developed and improved by the Ming army on the basis of Japanese iron guns captured. The pipe is made of wrought iron and weighs about 5-6 kilograms. Compared with the ware, a sight is added to illuminate the door, a match rope is clamped with a trigger to ignite, and a bent butt is installed. The barrel is slender with a diameter ratio of 50-70 times. The fire door has a cover, and the faucet type match rope igniter is used, and a match rope can be ignited many times.

Mi Lu spear: A single-soldier matchlock gun, which was created on the basis of a shotgun donated by Mi Lu countries. The spear is 5-7 feet long, weighs 6-8 Jin, and the tube is 4 feet 5 inches long. The front is equipped with a sight, the back is equipped with a camera door and a wooden or willow spear bed. There is a steel blade at the tail of the stock. When the enemy approaches, turn it over and use it as a horse-cutting knife. This spear has a long range, great power and is superior to the beak spear in structure. "Wu Bei Zhi" said: "Bird milling: the only secret shovel is the farthest poison."

Frankie spear: a large-caliber matchlock gun, between guns. Based on the matchlock gun obtained from the captured French-Portuguese ship. There is a sub-spear 9, which can fire quickly and continuously. It is heavier than ordinary matchlock guns, but it is more powerful and has a longer range.

Spinning spear: a single-soldier matchlock gun, which was created by firearms experts in the Ming Dynasty by absorbing the advantages of Rumi spear and Buddhist machine. The spear is about 6 feet long and weighs 5 Jin. It is in the form of an afterloaded spear with six spears. The ignition device is different from Rumi's, which is an impact flint gun, and its structure and performance are not much different from Rumi's. The main reason is that the ignition device is improved, and the match rope ignition method is improved to flint ignition. Flint is clamped on the hammer, and the tap of the pinch plate machine is pressed down, and due to the action of the spring, it is rubbed and ignited with flint. This not only overcomes the difficulty of shooting caused by wind and rain, but also saves the trouble of pressing the faucet by hand, which makes the shooting accuracy more accurate and can be fired at any time under various circumstances. And a retainer is added below. Pre-loading spears and firing them in turn can speed up the firing speed.

Thunder spear: Five matchlock guns. Zhao Shizhen, a firearms expert in Ming Dynasty, absorbed the advantages of shotgun and three-eye large-caliber shotgun and created a modern multi-barrel machine gun. . The single pipe is 2 feet long and distributed in a regular pentagon. Each pipe has a quasi-spark door, and the fire lines are separated by thin steel sheets. There is a long wooden handle in the tube, which is hollow and cylindrical, and there is a fireball inside. The spear can ignite the flame when it is ejected, and the handle has a gun head, which can be used in melee. Organic box with handle for ignition, with 5 tubes. There is a cowhide deck in front of the spear to protect the shooter. There is a fork on the shovel. If you kneel, shoot a bullet first, then turn 72 degrees and shoot the second tube, so that you can push. It can fire five bullets in a row, and the improved thunder spear can fire eighteen bullets in one breath.

Three-eye large-caliber short spear: a three-tube individual spear, which is made of three single spears with parallel hoops around the handle. It has the shape of a finished product, each with a protruding outer edge and a tail. The diameter of the single spear is 15mm, and the total length is 350-450 mm. Both have medicine rooms and fire doors, so you can go to continuous shooting. You can hammer the enemy after shooting.

Four-eye spear: Four-tube single-soldier spear, made of four single spears parallel to the axis, similar to three-eye large-caliber short guns.

Five rows of guns: five individual matchlock guns, the barrel is made of pure iron, each tube weighs 1 kg 4 Liang, and is 4 feet long, each with a fire door, which can hold 4 or 5 rounds of lead bullets and a certain amount of gunpowder. Five pipes are arranged in parallel and fitted with a wooden handle. After ignition, the five tubes are ignited in turn.

Five Raytheon machines: five iron individual matchlock guns, each of which is 1.5 feet long and weighs 5 Jin. The handles are arranged around, with sights, and the tubes are filled with 2 yuan, lead bullets and fire doors, and the barrel can be rotated. After ignition and shooting, it can be transferred to the next fire door, and the flat shooting can reach 120 steps (5 feet per step).

Seven-star spear: 7-tube spear on the vehicle, made of iron, 65,438+0' 3 "long, 7 tubes arranged in parallel, 1 tube centered, 6 tubes surrounded, with iron sheet outside, three hoops, all with gunpowder balls, and the tails are combined into one place, and then a 5-foot-long wooden handle is pressed. Wheel diameter 1' 5 ",7" volley "in wartime, the nozzle has low energy and great power.

Ten-eye spear: single-soldier spear, made of forged iron, weighing 15kg, 5 feet long, with 1 foot in the middle as a solid, and 2 feet at both ends as pipes. Each head is divided into five sections, each section is 4 inches long, with hoops and fire doors, and each section is filled with gunpowder and lead bullets. When using it, light one end first, fire in turn, and then turn around and fire again?

Triple spear: single soldier has multiple spears, the spear tube is long, and it is filled in three sections, each section has a fire door, which is filled section by section and fired in turn.

Ten-string spear: 65,438+00 spears, each with 65,438+00 bullets, * * 65,438+00 bullets, 65,438+00 spears parallel around the axis, and 65,438+00 spears hoop together. It is a cavalry with intensive shooting.

Face spear: a single spear is made of copper and iron, with a wooden handle at the tail and gunpowder behind the gun bore. It is packed in a small paper tube with sections, and each section of gunpowder is ignited with a lead. An iron drum is vertically inserted in the middle of the barrel, and the pellets are filled in turn. The first shell is in the barrel, and the second shell automatically falls after shooting and is fired by the second powder. This can be repeated again and again!

Horse-mounted Lang Lang machine spear: a small Lang Lang machine for cavalry, with a short gun body, a length of 154 mm, a caliber of 28 mm, a weight of 1 kg 10 and 1 kg 12, and four hoops, with a square between the second and third hoops.

Shocked spear: The enemy fought against the Ming army. When they saw the Ming army raising their guns, they fell on the ground, closed their guns and rushed forward, leaving the Ming army too late to reload. This spear starts first and then starts at intervals, making it impossible for the enemy to guard against it.

Lead ammunition group: multi-ammunition musket, cast iron, small-caliber short tube, which can hold hundreds of small projectiles. The gun can be hung around the waist. When in use, insert the iron foot at the front end into the ground first, and extend the tail to the small wooden stake to make the muzzle stand up. After hundreds of bombs were ignited, Qi Fei had a large scattering surface.

Fast gun: a long-handled musket, 5.5 feet long and weighing 5 Jin, with a sharp gun head at the front and a 2-foot-long barrel with four hoops at the back. The inner wall is smooth, and three or four gunpowder and lead bullets are loaded from the mouth, with a long handle at the back of the barrel. When in use, the gun head is removed first,

1.5 inch fire line is inserted into the barrel, and then the gun head is mounted after firing, so as to engage in close combat with the enemy.

Double-barreled spear: a double-barreled individual spear, consisting of two conjoined spears, with a long cold weapon in the middle, which is fastened to the spear with multiple hoops. In wartime, spears are fired first, and then cold weapons are melee.

Tian Fei Shenhuo Poisonous Dragon Gun: Multi-purpose individual gun, the gun body is made of copper and iron, the tube length is 1' 3, one gun is loaded, the tube body has a long handle, the gun head is on it, and there are two poisonous fire injection tubes beside the tube body. The enemy can eject the enemy from a distance, the enemy can spray poisonous fire in the vicinity, and the enemy will fight with the head of a gun.

cannon

During the Wanli period, the artillery equipped by the Ming army was divided into two parts, one was the performance of various artillery pieces, and the other was the detailed description of the Folang machine guns. Performance of all kinds of artillery

[1] Tiger Crouching Gun: Tiger Crouching Gun is one of the general guns in the middle of Ming Dynasty (some big guns were named generals in Ming Dynasty), which was created in Jiajing period. This gun is 2 feet long and weighs 36 Jin. It is equipped with an iron hoop, an iron claw and an iron trip. Fix the gun body with big nails before launching. Each batch contains 100 small lead or pebbles with 5 yuan weight, and 1 30 heavy lead or pebbles are pressed on it. Tiger crouching gun is a medium-sized gun, and it is the mainstream equipment in Ming artillery like general guns. Generally, it is mounted on a van or on horseback to shoot, which is used by infantry and operated by four people. Different from ordinary guns, the tiger squat gun is light in size and small in recoil, which is convenient for rapid shooting. Moreover, artillery shells are anti-personnel bombs, and one shot can shoot more than 100 small projectiles, which is a weapon to strike in high-density areas.

[2] Flying gun: light poison gun, cast iron, with a length of more than 1 foot, a diameter of 3 inches, a cylindrical shell, a wooden handle with a length of 2 feet 3 at the end, a length of 4 inches and a diameter of 2.5 inches, and filled with poison and iron slag. It is also a gun with a fuse at the bottom, and the enemy is killed instantly.

[3] Grab gun: medium-sized gun on board, made of pure iron, 2 feet long, weighing 95 kg, with 5 iron rings, shooting 1 kg lead bullet. Travel by destroyer car, each car has 3 doors.

[5] Big bowl spear: a small gun without sight, with short barrel, slow firing rate and short range. Because there is no sight, the hit rate is low. In the Beijing Military Museum, there is a large copper bowl-mouth tube from the fifth year of Ming Taizu Hongwu (1372), which is three inches and a quarter in diameter, one foot and one inch long and weighs 63 Jin. The inscription reads: "Zuo Wei, Water Army, No.42 Jin. From the big bowl, it can be seen that this kind of firearm was used in water combat.

[6] Flying thunderbolt: a light explosive gun, made of iron, which shoots spherical explosive shells cast by pig iron!

[7] Poisonous fire flying gun: light artillery. As a wrought iron, it is 1 extra foot long, and its charge is 10. The iron shell explodes, containing arsenic, sulfur and poison. During the war, its iron shell fragments killed and injured the enemy, destroyed its combat equipment, and poisonous gas could poison the enemy.

[8] qianzi mine gun: vehicle-mounted gun, made of copper, with a caliber of 5 inches, a pipe length of 1' 8 inches, gunpowder of 6 points, fine soil of 2 points, and lead bullets of 2 or 3 liters. The gun body is fixed to the four-wheeled vehicle with iron hoops, and there is a partition in front, so it is close to the enemy to withdraw the plate and shoot.

[9] Shenzhou VII: Vehicle-mounted gun, made of pure iron, divided into three types: heaven, earth and mystery. Tianzihao Shenqi weighs 280 Jin and is 3 feet 5 inches long. The place name God weighs 200 Jin and is 3 feet 2 inches long. Xuanming Shen weighs 150 Jin and is 3 feet 1 inch long. Each gun has a three-wheeled gun frame. The first two rounds are 2 feet 5 inches high, the last one is 1 foot 3 inches high, the front is high and the back is low, and the muzzle is high.

[10] Rong gun: vehicle-mounted gun, with two wheels at the lower part and a carriage at the upper part. The gun body is embedded in the carriage and has five iron hoops. There are two iron anchors on each side of the carriage. When landing with iron anchor, tamp with soil to reduce recoil. Dragging with mules and horses can be maneuvered with the army.

General gun: A large gun made of pig iron, 35 feet long and weighing 500 kilograms. It has a plurality of reinforcing hoops, which are divided into three types: large, medium and small. Launch 7 kg, 3 kg, 1 kg lead bullets, one car to carry. The front of the wheel is high and the back is low, so it can be directly started on the car with great power.

[12] Invincible General Gun: Each mother gun carries a gun rack and three gamete guns. When shooting, the auxiliary gun is loaded into the main gun and taken out after shooting. Then install a second gun. Each sub-gun has 500 lead bullets, which can spread more than 20 feet.

[13] Weiyuan general gun (sub-gun): Similar to modern howitzers, it has long range, fierce firepower and great power. Moreover, it is a light artillery, light and handy, easy to haul and carry in long-distance battles, especially suitable for complex terrain. "Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty" contains: the child was in the mother's womb, and the mother sent the child out, falling from the sky, and layers of fragmentation were overwhelming and amazing. ...

General cannon

Second, [1] Origin and development details: The Franc machine gun was a new type of artillery introduced from the west in the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty (65438+the beginning of the 6th century), that is, the short barrel gun.

Frank cannon is a kind of rear-loaded sliding bore iron gun. The whole gun consists of barrel, belly and auxiliary gun. When firing, first load the powder pellets into the sub-gun, then put the sub-gun into the gun bore, and light the sub-gun door to shoot. Compared with Hony Cannon, Ji Lang Cannon has thinner barrel, smaller caliber (the largest is below 85mm) and much lighter weight. The unique belly of Frank Gun is quite thick. Generally, the gun tail has a steering rudder, and the gun tube has a sight and a door. As for the concept of sub-gun, we can imagine the relationship between gun and bullet. Compared with modern fixed charge bullets, air auxiliary guns are equivalent to shells, and fire doors are equivalent to primer. When the auxiliary gun is full of gunpowder and projectiles, its function is the same as that of bullets. In addition, the gun bore can be regarded as the gun bore. The structure of Frank gun can be summarized as two points: 1. After loading gun 2. Fixed loading ammunition. We can think that Franz gun is not only the ancestor of afterloading gun, but also the embryonic form of modern metal fixed ammunition. *

Franz cannon has four advantages:

First, the shooting speed is fast. Take "Invincible General" as an example, a heavy-duty Franco machine gun. "Each mother gun carries three guns, namely a cannon car and a gamete gun. When shooting, the sub-gun is loaded into the mother gun and taken out after shooting. Then make up the second gun. " According to the actual exercise, the first three guns always took less than 20 seconds, which was great at that time.

Second, the heat dissipation is fast. Because the afterloading gun is connected to the front and back, the air is circulated, the gun tube is thin, and it is easy to dissipate heat. Fast heat dissipation can increase the continuous firing ability of artillery and reduce the possibility of spontaneous combustion of gunpowder.

3. Determine the capacity of the sub-gun. Capacity determines the loading capacity of gunpowder, so there will be no explosion accident because it is too full.

4. The auxiliary gun is made of iron, which can bear part of the powder pressure and prolong the life of the gun belly. In addition, one auxiliary gun is damaged (with many cracks), which does not affect the firing performance of the gun.

Limited by the technical level at that time, Franz cannon also had an insurmountable disadvantage: the clearance tolerance between the auxiliary gun and the belly of the gun was large, which caused the leakage of gunpowder gas, so it was not as far as the Hony cannon.

It should be said that the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the artillery of Folangji, but few of them were imported, and many of them were imitations. Moreover, the specifications of imitation artillery were various, ranging from the invincible general of multi-purpose heavy artillery (forts, field operations and warships) of more than 1,000 kilograms to the Folangji of more than 100 kilograms, and then to the "Little Folangji" of dozens of kilograms. ), even the foot soldiers have a few jins of "Ji Lang spear" (with nine shovels). In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of various types of Buddhist Langji were unearthed in the Great Wall, which was the main force of military firearms. There are three reasons: 1. Frank's gun has a small caliber, and the power of launching a flowering bomb is not great. It mainly fires shotgun bullets, with fast firing speed, large close-range lethality and wide killing area. It is a sharp weapon to protect the city. The "Invincible General" gun can be "loaded with 500 lead bullets per Zhi Zi gun, with a range of more than 20 feet." 2. Frank gun has low inner cavity requirements and simple technology (three parts are cast separately), and a large number of castings can be made with less materials. 3. Because it is not easy to explode, the technical requirements for foot soldiers are low, and long-term training is not needed (all kinds of data show that artillery explosion accidents occurred frequently at that time, but the relevant records of Frank guns are rare).

Development: In the second year of Jiajing (1523), Ji Lang, who copied the Buddha in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty, was called "General". After development and transformation, it was made into three types: large sample, medium sample and small sample, which were cast with copper and iron.

The Franco machine is 2 feet, 8 inches and 5 minutes long and weighs more than 300 kilograms. "Wu Bei Zhi" divides the imitation Buddha Lang machine into number 5. Among them, No.3 and No.4 are lighter. No.3 is four or five feet long, and each container of lead weighs 529 yuan, and the medicine is 620 yuan. No.4 is two or three feet long, each container of lead weighs three or two, and the dosage is three and a half.

1 and 2 times. No. 1 is eight or nine feet long, with lead weight 1 kg per container and dosage 1 kg. No.2 is six or seven feet long, each containing lead weight 10, and the dosage 1 12. The range of various Franco machines weighing more than 70 kilograms can reach five or six miles. 1 and 2 French machines can be used in water warfare. Fortress-style French gun weighs 1000 Jin, and its power far exceeds 1 and 2.

[2] Data performance: Frank machine guns in Ming Dynasty were the development type of early European afterloading guns, but they were different from modern afterloading guns. It has a sight in front, a door at the back, which can be aimed from the hole in the door, and a gun rack, which can be rotated up and down, left and right. The abdomen enlarged, leaving a long mouth. The outside of the gun body is wrapped in wood, and an iron hoop is used to prevent explosion. There are five Zhi Zi spears, full of ammunition, which are fired in turn at the long mouth of the abdomen.

(Note: the sub-spear is also called the gun, which is equivalent to the medicine room of the gun. It is another kind of barrel that is slightly thinner than the mother spear tube, and together with the mother spear tube, it forms a double barrel. ) Because the mother and son are separated, they are relatively light, the lightest is only 150 kg, and the heaviest can reach 1000 kg.

"History of Ming Dynasty" records the Buddha Lang machine gun: "Copper is made of it, which is five or six feet long, and the biggest one weighs more than a catty. The youngest 150 kg, with a huge abdomen and a long neck. Repair the hole in the abdomen, and there are five medicines in the abdomen, reaching more than 100 feet.

The advantage of this kind of gun is that the ammunition is pre-stored with sub-spears, so it can speed up the firing rate without temporary filling. The disadvantage is that the barrel is short and can't have a long range compared with the red easy gun. According to European data, the range of short guns is 340 to 2000 meters, and the highest hit rate is 600 to 700 meters. ] And China, because it rarely meets such a powerful maritime opponent as Europe, the French artillery shells of imitation ships are relatively light in weight, and the 1,000-kilo ju pao can be compared with the Red Yi cannon in range, reaching two or three kilometers [historical records show that the Red Yi cannon has a range of ten miles, that is, five thousand meters, which is estimated to be set in high cities, so it is difficult to achieve in field or naval battles].

[3] The difference between Franco's machine and Hongyi Gun-Hongyi Gun:1In the first half of the 7th century, it was bought from the Portuguese in Macao during the apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty (17 "1920s"). This is a kind of front-mounted smoothbore gun, that is, the European Cofilin long gun widely used on British and Dutch warships at that time.

"History of Ming Dynasty" recorded the import, shape and performance of hongyi gun: "After the arrival of the Atlantic ship, it was called hongyi in summer. It is more than 20 feet long and the heaviest can reach 3000 kilograms. " The cave can crack the stone city, and the earthquake is dozens of miles. From this point of view, the barrel length of Hony Gun is more than 20 feet, while the barrel length of Franco Gun is only "five or six feet" (see the above quotation). The former is about four times as long as the latter, and it is natural that it has a long range and great power.

At the same time, when the barrel grows up, the weight of the gun will increase accordingly, otherwise it will be difficult to ensure the structural strength of the gun body. The weight of Hony Machine Gun is 3000 kg, while that of Frang Machine Gun is only 1000 kg. On the contrary, the heavy gun body is another feature of Hony Gun, which is also its shortcoming. However, due to its long range and great power, it was able to overwhelm the Buddha's machine gun and came from behind. As people said at that time, "Today, the method of red spear carving is widely circulated in China, and the Buddhist machine is a vulgar technique." Obviously, Hony Gun, as a heavy gun with long barrel and long-range circle, belongs to the same type as the western pike mentioned above at the same time. The maximum effective range is 2000 yards, about 1830 meters.

Hony cannon: Hony cannon was introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty, also known as red cannon. Most people think that Hongyi cannon is imported from Holland. In fact, at that time, all the front-mounted muskets imported from Xihongyi were called cannons in the Ming Dynasty. Ming officials often covered these giant cannons with red cloth, so they were mistaken for "red clothes". According to textual research, only a small amount of Hongyi cannon imported in Ming Dynasty was imported from the Dutch East India Company. Later, because of the problem of Taiwan Province Province, they were hostile to the Dutch, and most of them traded with the Portuguese in Macau. At that time, there was a huge demand in the Ming Dynasty, and the Portuguese also acted as middlemen to sell British ship-borne cannons to China.

The large-caliber vessels made by ourselves in the early Ming Dynasty are exactly the same as these Hongyi guns in principle, and they all use sliding chamber fire doors for ignition, but they are quite different in concrete production. In the early Ming dynasty, this kind of vessel was mostly made of copper, with a trumpet-shaped hole and a thin barrel. Because the caliber of the barrel is too short, its appearance is basically the same as that of the earliest existing Yuan Dynasty "Wankouzha". Compared with Hony Gun, this kind of weapon has a short range because of less powder loading and poor sealing of powder gas. Moreover, it is easy to overheat and the firing rate is slow. Although copper is not easy to explode, the cost is high (copper is the metal for casting money), and copper is too soft, which will lead to the enlargement of the gun bore every time, and the shooting accuracy and range will drop rapidly. As a weapon, its life is too short, and its only advantage is its light weight. In the face of a red Yi cannon weighing several thousand kilograms, the artifacts of the early Ming Dynasty were really "dwarfed".

Artillery does have its advantages in design. Its barrel is long and the wall is thick, and it gradually thickens from the muzzle to the tail, which conforms to the principle that the chamber pressure is from high to the end when gunpowder burns. There are cylindrical ears on both sides of the center of gravity of the gun body, which can adjust the firing angle and change the range according to the amount of gunpowder. It is equipped with sight and gate, and the trajectory is calculated according to parabola with high accuracy. Most Hony cannons are about 3 meters long, with a caliber of 1 10- 130 mm and a weight of more than 2 tons.

The most prominent advantage of Hony Gun is its range. For heavy artillery, the range is an important link to measure its performance, even today. The maximum range of self-made ironware in Ming dynasty is no more than three miles, which is in danger of explosion; Generally, a three-kilo-pound Hong Yi cannon can easily hit seven or eight miles away, and historical records can hit ten miles as far as possible! Ten miles is equivalent to more than five kilometers in modern times, which is quite far away. This data has been questioned, but the performance of the same type of artillery in the west proves that this data is accurate (at that time, the concept of territorial sea existed in western European countries, and the territorial sea at that time was determined by the range of coastal guns. At the end of 16, the territorial sea was three nautical miles, about 5.5 kilometers). Long-range Hony Gun combined with flower bombs became the strongest weapon against Jin Tieqi in the late Ming Dynasty. At that time, the tactics were as follows: luring the cavalry of the late Jin Dynasty into the range of the Gongyi artillery in Chengtou, and then shooting with a bullet. The effect was so remarkable that even Nurhachi was killed. For a long time, the late Jin cavalry dared not attack Ningyuan, Jinzhou, Shanhaiguan and other strategic places equipped with red artillery.

The outstanding performance of Hony Gun in actual combat attracted the attention of the Ming Dynasty, and a large number of imitations were made in addition to imports. However, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the national strength was weak, so it was impossible to cast and import more expensive Hony Gun. However, Hony Gun gradually became the backbone of heavy firearms in Ming Dynasty, and eliminated the original heavy-duty large-caliber ware.

Blossom bomb: Blossom bomb is another name for explosive bomb. It is named after the shrapnel when it explodes, just like a blooming flower. The flower bomb originated from the firearm "fireball" in the Northern Song Dynasty (the original word is "Mao" and the bottom has the word "autumn"). It is round in shape, filled with gunpowder, wrapped in several layers of thick paper, lit the fuse of gunpowder, and then thrown into the enemy line with a sling to fry and burn the enemy soldiers. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was fired with iron cannons. The power of fireball is very limited for three reasons: 1. Paper shells can't form shrapnel to kill enemies, but only have two functions: bombing and burning. 2. The ratio of nitrate, carbon and sulfur in internal powder is 60: 22: 18, which is quite different from that of black powder 75: 15: 10, and the explosive power is greatly reduced. 3. Light weight, thin material and too close range. In order to overcome these shortcomings, an iron shell "fireball" appeared, that is, a flowering bomb. The exact time of the invention of the flowering bomb cannot be confirmed. Presumably, it was after the invention of explosive firearms with iron shells such as "Thunderbolt" and "Fire Tribulus" in the late Southern Song Dynasty.

Flower bombs in the Ming Dynasty were widely used in the war with nomadic people in the north. The following is an excerpt from a news story:

"Cultural relics workers in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region recently excavated more than 20 mines in the early Ming Dynasty in Tuoketuo County. It is said that this is the first time that a mine of Ming Dynasty was unearthed in China. The mine unearthed this time is a cast iron sphere with two sizes, the large diameter 1 1 cm and the weight 1.7 kg, and the small diameter1.7 kg. There is a raised platform on the surface of the sphere, which is about 0.6 to 0.7 cm high and about 3 cm in diameter. There is a circle with a diameter of about 0.4 to 0.5 cm in the middle of the platform. Gunpowder is black, among which the larger powder is earthy gray, and some powder is grain-sized particles.

At that time, the artillery of the Ming army was equipped with not only flowering bombs, but also solid bombs (also known as "grape bombs") and grape bombs. Solid bullets are made of iron or lead, and a small amount of them are ground into balls with stones. This kind of bullet is mainly used to attack cities and penetrate wall fortifications. It has a long range but little killing power, unless it is directly hit, and once it is directly hit by a solid bullet, it will be either dead or disabled. Look at the shotgun again. At that time, the shotgun was a powerful field artillery. It is composed of several liters of lead-iron particles. It can form a barrage when shooting, which is extremely lethal. However, the shotgun has a fatal weakness. Its range is too close, usually no more than three miles. The flower bomb is an iron shell, which can hit a long distance and is very powerful when it explodes.

Because these advanced European firearms are superior.